1993 Montreal Expos season

The 1993 Montreal Expos season was the 25th season of the franchise. The Expos finished in second place in the National League East division, with a record of 94 wins and 68 losses, three games behind the National League Champion Philadelphia Phillies.

1993 Montreal Expos
Major League affiliations
Location
Results
Record94–68
Divisional place2nd
Other information
OwnersClaude Brochu
General managersDan Duquette
ManagersFelipe Alou
Local televisionCTV Television Network
The Sports Network
(Dave Van Horne, Ken Singleton)

SRC
RDS Network
(Claude Raymond, Raymond Lebrun, Denis Casavant)
Local radioCIQC (English)
(Dave Van Horne, Bobby Winkles, Ken Singleton, Elliott Price)

CKAC (French)
(Jacques Doucet, Rodger Brulotte, Alain Chantelois)
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Offseason

Spring training

The Expos held spring training at West Palm Beach Municipal Stadium in West Palm Beach, Florida – a facility they shared with the Atlanta Braves. It was their 17th season at the stadium; they had conducted spring training there from 1969 to 1972 and since 1981.

Regular season

At the end of August, the Atlanta Braves tried to acquire Dennis Martínez from the Expos. The Expos placed Martinez's name on the waiver wire and the Braves claimed him. The Expos were not about to let Martinez go to Atlanta for the waiver fee of $20,000. After claiming Martinez, the Expos contacted the Braves to see if they were interested in talking about a trade. Martinez had the final word on any movement because his seniority gives him veto rights over a trade.[6]

Notable games
  • May 28, 1993: In a contest against the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field the Expos and Cubs end their five inning contest in a 2–2 tie.
  • September 17, 1993: One of the most exciting pennant races in team history begins, as the Expos (85 wins, 62 losses, and 1 tie) play their final series against their division rival Phillies (89 wins, 58 losses). The Expos rally back to take an 8 to 7 victory in front of 45,757 hometown fans at Montreal's Olympic Stadium. The clutch hitting hero was a hearing disabled rookie named Curtis Pride who in his first major league at-bat doubled home two runners and scored on the following play. After the game Pride said he couldn't hear the ovation but he could feel the vibration of the 45,757 Expos fans. The Expos would finish the season 94-68 but unfortunately three games out of first place.

Opening Day starters

Season standings
NL East W L Pct. GB Home Road
Philadelphia Phillies 9765 0.599 — 52–29 45–36
Montreal Expos 9468 0.580 3 55–26 39–42
St. Louis Cardinals 8775 0.537 10 49–32 38–43
Chicago Cubs 8478 0.519 13 43–38 41–40
Pittsburgh Pirates 7587 0.463 22 40–41 35–46
Florida Marlins 6498 0.395 33 35–46 29–52
New York Mets 59103 0.364 38 28–53 31–50

Record vs. opponents
1993 National League record

Sources:
Team ATL CHC CIN COL FLA HOU LAD MON NYM PHI PIT SD SF STL
Atlanta —7–510–313–07–58–58–57–59–36–67–59–47–66–6
Chicago 5–7—7–58–46–74–87–55–8–18–57–65–88–46–68–5
Cincinnati 3–105–7—9–47–56–75–84–86–64–88–49–42–115–7
Colorado 0–134–84–9—7–511–27–63–96–63–98–46–73–105–7
Florida 5–77–65–75–7—3–95–75–84–94–96–77–54–84–9
Houston 5–88–47–62–119–3—9–45–711–15–77–58–53–106–6
Los Angeles 5–85–78–56–77–54–9—6–68–42–108–49–47–66–6
Montreal 5–78–5–18–49–38–57–56–6—9–46–78–510–23–97–6
New York 3–95–86–66–69–41–114–84–9—3–104–95–74–85–8
Philadelphia 6-66–78–49–39–47–510–27–610–3—7–66–64–88–5
Pittsburgh 5–78–54–84–87–65–74–85–89–46–7—9–35–74–9
San Diego 4–94–84–97–65–75–84–92–107–56–63–9—3–107–5
San Francisco 6–76–611–210–38–410–36–79–38–48–47–510–3—4–8
St. Louis 6–65–87–57–59–46–66–66–78–55–89–45–78–4—

Notable transactions

Major League debuts

Roster
1993 Montreal Expos
Roster
Pitchers Catchers

Infielders

 Outfielders Manager

Coaches

Game log
1993 Game Log
April
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
1April 5@ Reds1–0Rijo (1–0)Martínez (0–1)Dibble (1)55,4560–1
2April 7@ Reds5–1Hill (1–0)Smiley (0–1)Rojas (1)26,1681–1
3April 8@ Reds14–11Barnes (1–0)Henry (0–1)Rojas (2)26,2802–1
4April 9@ Rockies11–4Smith (1–0)Bottenfield (0–1)80,2272–2
5April 10@ Rockies9–5Nied (1–1)Martínez (0–2)65,2612–3
6April 11@ Rockies19–9Jones (1–0)Henry (0–1)66,9873–3
7April 13Astros9–6Williams (1–0)Rojas (0–1)51,5393–4
8April 14Astros9–5Portugal (1–0)Gardiner (0–1)12,3453–5
9April 15Astros2–1Jones (2–0)Drabek (1–2)Rojas (3)13,3774–5
10April 16Rockies3–2Bottenfield (1–1)Henry (0–2)Rojas (4)17,4835–5
11April 17Rockies9–1Ruffin (1–1)Martínez (0–3)23,1665–6
12April 18Rockies4–2Hill (2–0)Wayne (0–1)25,0346–6
13April 20Dodgers7–3Nabholz (1–0)Candiotti (0–2)10,4047–6
14April 21Dodgers6–4Jones (3–0)Astacio (0–2)Barnes (1)11,1948–6
15April 22Dodgers3–1Fassero (1–0)Hershiser (2–2)Rojas (5)10,6839–6
16April 23Giants7–2Martínez (1–3)Wilson (0–2)Barnes (2)19,40110–6
17April 24Giants6–1Hill (3–0)Burba (2–1)22,03611–6
18April 25Giants4–1Swift (1–1)Nabholz (1–1)Beck (6)27,27211–7
19April 26@ Padres6–4Jones (4–0)Taylor (0–1)Wetteland (1)10,12612–7
20April 27@ Padres4–1Benes (4–1)Bottenfield (1–2)13,69212–8
21April 28@ Dodgers6–1Astacio (1–2)Martínez (1–4)35,89612–9
22April 29@ Dodgers7–3Hill (4–0)R. Martínez (2–3)32,04513–9
23April 30@ Giants5–2Swift (2–1)Nabholz (1–2)20,89313–10
May
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
24May 1@ Giants7–3Brantley (2–1)Jones (4–1)23,23413–11
25May 2@ Giants4 – 3 (11)Jackson (2–1)Fassero (1–1)29,91313–12
26May 4Padres6–1Martínez (2–4)Harris (1–5)11,73914–12
27May 5Padres6–5Wetteland (1–0)Rodriguez (1–1)12,54815–12
28May 7@ Pirates1–0Nabholz (2–2)Tomlin (1–3)Wetteland (2)30,98416–12
29May 8@ Pirates10 – 9 (10)Belinda (1–0)Bottenfield (1–3)33,73916–13
30May 9@ Pirates6 – 5 (11)Minor (4–0)Barnes (1–1)17,71416–14
31May 11Marlins6–4Rojas (1–1)Carpenter (0–1)Wetteland (3)14,04817–14
32May 12Marlins10–7Lewis (1–0)Nabholz (2–3)Harvey (11)14,56217–15
33May 13Marlins5–4Wetteland (2–0)Corsi (0–1)11,87018–15
34May 14Mets8–7Aldred (1–0)Innis (0–2)Wetteland (4)21,08319–15
35May 15Mets2–1Nabholz (3–3)Saberhagen (3–4)Barnes (3)24,54820–15
36May 16Mets4 – 3 (12)Fassero (2–1)Young (0–4)22,89821–15
37May 17@ Braves5–2Avery (3–2)Martínez (2–5)Stanton (16)43,70321–16
38May 18@ Braves1–0Heredia (1–0)Smith (2–3)Wetteland (5)46,09922–16
39May 19@ Braves1–0Glavine (6–0)Shaw (0–1)48,93622–17
40May 20@ Phillies9–3Schilling (5–1)Nabholz (3–4)28,10322–18
41May 21@ Phillies6–2Hill (5–0)Jackson (4–2)Rojas (6)41,14623–18
42May 22@ Phillies6–5Fassero (3–1)Williams (1–1)Wetteland (6)37,91124–18
43May 23@ Phillies14–7Mulholland (5–4)Heredia (1–1)West (2)52,91124–19
44May 24Cardinals4 – 1 (11)Cormier (2–3)Rojas (1–2)Smith (13)11,72524–20
45May 25Cardinals4–2Fassero (4–1)Tewksbury (4–4)Wetteland (7)15,38325–20
46May 26Cardinals6–0Hill (6–0)Magrane (2–5)14,76626–20
47May 28@ Cubs2 – 2 (5)28,52326–20
48May 29@ Cubs5–4Martínez (3–5)Scanlan (1–3)Wetteland (8)36,74027–20
49May 30@ Cubs5–2Bautista (1–0)Shaw (0–2)36,76727–21
50May 31@ Astros2–1Jones (2–4)Rojas (1–3)21,17627–22
June
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
51June 1@ Astros2–1Wetteland (3–0)Drabek (5–6)21,13228–22
52June 2@ Astros5–4Jones (3–4)Rojas (1–4)21,40528–23
53June 3Cubs7–1Martínez (4–5)Morgan (3–7)15,50729–23
54June 4Cubs3–1Shaw (1–2)Guzmán (4–5)Wetteland (9)22,78630–23
55June 5Cubs6–3Fassero (5–1)Bautista (1–1)Wetteland (10)20,20931–23
56June 6Cubs4–1Hibbard (7–3)Hill (6–1)Myers (17)16,40431–24
57June 7Reds12–3Smiley (3–7)Heredia (1–2)10,02331–25
58June 8Reds4–2Martínez (5–5)Pugh (3–7)Wetteland (11)11,77732–25
59June 9Reds3 – 2 (12)Cadaret (2–1)Gardiner (0–2)Ayala (2)11,15732–26
60June 10@ Cardinals7–4Tewksbury (5–6)Rojas (1–5)Smith (17)26,19332–27
61June 11@ Cardinals1–0Magrane (4–6)Bottenfield (1–4)Smith (18)34,95732–28
62June 12@ Cardinals13–3Cormier (3–3)Nabholz (3–5)49,80432–29
63June 13@ Cardinals3–1Martínez (6–5)Arocha (5–1)Wetteland (12)34,35133–29
64June 14Phillies10–3Mulholland (8–5)Shaw (1–3)13,23533–30
65June 15Phillies8–4Barnes (2–1)Greene (8–1)13,14234–30
66June 16Phillies4 – 3 (10)Rojas (2–5)West (1–2)14,23135–30
67June 18Braves2–1Martínez (7–5)Smoltz (6–6)Wetteland (13)19,51936–30
68June 19Braves4–3Wohlers (1–0)Rojas (2–6)Stanton (20)27,93936–31
69June 20Braves5–1Glavine (9–3)Shaw (1–4)33,13536–32
70June 21@ Mets8–3Telgheder (1–0)Barnes (2–2)Maddux (3)21,27936–33
71June 22@ Mets6–3Rojas (3–6)Young (0–9)Wetteland (14)22,03637–33
72June 23@ Mets4–3Martínez (8–5)Tanana (4–7)Wetteland (15)22,78638–33
73June 25@ Marlins3–1Armstrong (5–8)Hill (6–2)Harvey (22)41,74838–34
74June 26@ Marlins4–2Bottenfield (2–4)Hough (3–8)Wetteland (16)43,32139–34
75June 27@ Marlins9–2Hammond (9–4)Barnes (2–3)40,64939–35
76June 28Pirates9 – 5 (10)Wakefield (4–7)Scott (2–1)17,18539–36
77June 29Pirates9–2Nabholz (4–5)Wagner (3–4)14,02340–36
78June 30Pirates9–1Gardiner (1–2)Neagle (2–3)Fassero (1)15,73441–36
July
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
79July 1Pirates7–5Rojas (4–6)Cooke (5–4)Wetteland (17)13,17442–36
80July 2Dodgers4–3R.Martínez (7–4)Barnes (2–4)Gott (14)23,36842–37
81July 3Dodgers6–4Martínez (9–5)Gross (6–7)Wetteland (18)22,97943–37
82July 4Dodgers1 – 0 (11)Gott (3–5)Shaw (1–5)McDowell (2)20,77343–38
83July 5Giants10–4Burkett (13–2)Gardiner (1–3)13,41143–39
84July 6Giants13–5Hickerson (2–1)Bottenfield (2–5)13,17243–40
85July 7Giants3–0Rueter (1–0)Brummett (1–2)Wetteland (19)13,59344–40
86July 8Padres5–4Martínez (10–5)Greg Harris (8–9)Wetteland (20)12,72745–40
87July 9Padres6–1Nabholz (5–5)Worrell (0–3)14,25146–40
88July 10Padres3–2Young (1–0)Gene Harris (4–2)30,36947–40
89July 11Padres5–4Wetteland (4–0)Gene Harris (4–3)Martínez (1)21,17448–40
90July 15@ Dodgers3–2R. Martínez (8–4)Martínez (10–6)Gott (17)40,36848–41
91July 16@ Dodgers2–1P. Martínez (7–2)Wetteland (4–1)39,87848–42
92July 17@ Dodgers9 – 6 (10)Gardiner (2–3)Daal (1–2)Wetteland (21)44,60649–42
93July 18@ Dodgers2–1Candiotti (4–5)Shaw (1–6)P. Martínez (2)35,32149–43
94July 19@ Giants6–2Burba (7–2)Nabholz (5–6)16,56249–44
95July 20@ Giants8–3Swift (13–5)Martínez (10–7)18,76449–45
96July 21@ Giants4–3Hickerson (5–1)Rojas (4–7)Beck (26)18,79149–46
97July 22@ Padres10–5Hill (7–2)Benes (10–7)10,70150–46
98July 23@ Padres5–0Fassero (6–1)Brocail (2–6)Rojas (7)14,75451–46
99July 24@ Padres11–4Worrell (1–3)Nabholz (5–7)14,05351–47
100July 25@ Padres5 – 4 (10)Wetteland (5–1)Gene Harris (4–5)Rojas (8)21,58652–47
101July 27@ Pirates8–6Scott (3–1)Johnston (0–1)Wetteland (22)14,12853–47
102July 28@ Pirates3–2Petkovsek (2–0)Shaw (1–7)13,47053–48
103July 29@ Pirates3 – 2 (11)Wetteland (6–1)Minor (6–4)Heredia (1)18,82354–48
104July 30Marlins11–1Nabholz (6–7)Bowen (6–10)22,00255–48
105July 31Marlins6–5Wetteland (7–1)Turner (1–3)36,55856–48
August
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
106August 1Marlins5–4Turner (2–3)Barnes (2–5)Harvey (31)24,16256–49
107August 2Mets4–3Saberhagen (7–7)Hill (7–3)Franco (8)16,00556–50
108August 3Mets3–1Fassero (7–1)Tanana (5–11)Wetteland (23)17,40157–50
109August 4Mets3–1Nabholz (7–7)Fernandez (1–2)Wetteland (24)17,90658–50
110August 5Mets12 – 9 (13)Draper (1–1)Wetteland (24)Young (2)26,40458–51
111August 6@ Braves8–2Rueter (2–0)Smoltz (10–9)48,56459–51
112August 7@ Braves5 – 3 (10)Scott (4–1)Stanton (4–4)Wetteland (25)48,62660–51
113August 8@ Braves3–2Avery (12–4)Fassero (7–2)McMichael (5)48,71060–52
114August 10@ Phillies5–2Schilling (10–6)Nabholz (7–8)43,10460–53
115August 11@ Phillies6–5West (4–3)Wetteland (7–3)45,26060–54
116August 12@ Phillies7–4Mason (4–8)Scott (4–2)Williams (31)45,00260–55
117August 13Cardinals4 – 3 (11)Wetteland (8–3)Magrane (8–10)21,21261–55
118August 14Cardinals2–0Watson (6–0)Fassero (7–3)Smith (40)25,82061–56
119August 15Cardinals7–1Heredia (2–2)Arocha (10–4)25,20962–56
120August 17@ Cubs7–2Guzmán (11–7)Martínez (10–8)62–57
121August 17@ Cubs6–4Rueter (3–0)Harkey (8–7)Wetteland (26)32,72363–57
122August 18@ Cubs2–0Hibbard (10–9)Hill (7–4)Bautista (1)30,66163–58
123August 19@ Cubs10–2Fassero (8–3)Castillo (5–8)37,94464–58
124August 20@ Reds4–2Reardon (3–4)Rojas (4–8)Dibble (18)31,02264–59
125August 21@ Reds6–3Henry (3–8)Roper (2–3)Wetteland (27)34,39365–59
126August 22@ Reds7–2Martínez (11–8)Ayala (5–6)30,65566–59
127August 23Cubs1–0Rueter (4–0)Hibbard (10–10)Wetteland (28)15,35967–59
128August 24Cubs6–5Plesac (1–1)Hill (7–5)Myers (37)16,36067–60
129August 25Cubs7–3Fassero (9–3)Morgan (8–12)Wetteland (29)18,15168–60
130August 27Astros3–1Martínez (12–8)Drabek (7–15)Wetteland (30)16,42969–60
131August 28Astros7–3Rueter (5–0)Kile (14–5)Rojas (9)24,20370–60
132August 29Astros3–2Hill (8–5)Swindell (10–10)Wetteland (31)20,70171–60
133August 30@ Rockies6–1Fassero (10–3)Sanford (1–2)Rojas (10)47,69972–60
134August 31@ Rockies14–3Heredia (3–2)Harris (11–14)46,28873–60
September
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
135September 1@ Rockies11–3Martínez (13–8)Bottenfield (4–10)46,78174–60
136September 3@ Astros3–0Rueter (6–0)Kile (14–6)Wetteland (32)28,25775–60
137September 4@ Astros7–5Hill (9–5)Swindell (10–11)Wetteland (33)22,77176–60
138September 5@ Astros7–1Portugal (14–4)Fassero (10–4)19,63676–61
139September 6Rockies4–3Scott (5–2)Reed (7–5)Wetteland (34)40,06677–61
140September 7Rockies4–3Martínez (14–8)Moore (2–1)Wetteland (35)18,98878–61
141September 8Rockies6–1Rueter (7–0)Reynoso (9–10)Scott (1)10,76479–61
142September 10Reds4 – 3 (10)Rojas (5–8)Dibble (1–3)16,42080–61
143September 11Reds4–2Boucher (1–0)Powell (0–1)Wetteland (36)29,35381–61
144September 12Reds3–2Wetteland (9–3)Service (2–1)21,05582–61
145September 14@ Cardinals12–9Rueter (8–0)Watson (6–5)Wetteland (37)21,51583–61
146September 15@ Cardinals5–4Pérez (6–2)Barnes (2–6)21,51483–62
147September 16@ Cardinals4–3Fassero (11–4)Tewksbury (17–9)Wetteland (38)28,56584–62
148September 17Phillies8 – 7 (12)Scott (6–2)Williams (3–5)45,75785–62
149September 18Phillies5–4Greene (15–3)Boucher (1–1)Williams (39)50,43885–63
150September 19Phillies6–5Scott (7–2)Williams (3–6)40,04786–63
151September 21Braves18–5Smoltz (15–10)Hill (9–6)30,58586–64
152September 22Braves6–1Fassero (12–4)Avery (16–6)18,13287–64
153September 23Braves6–3Maddux (19–9)Martínez (14–9)25,21987–65
154September 24@ Mets6–3Nabholz (8–8)Jones (2–4)Wetteland (39)17,84288–65
155September 25@ Mets4–1Boucher (2–1)Hillman (1–9)Heredia (2)19,72889–65
156September 26@ Mets9–3Telgheder (5–2)Hill (9–7)21,55889–66
157September 27@ Marlins3–1Rapp (4–5)Fassero (12–5)Rodriguez (3)30,04889–67
158September 28@ Marlins3–2Martínez (15–9)Armstrong (9–16)Wetteland (40)27,01790–67
159September 29@ Marlins7–1Nabholz (9–8)Hammond (11–12)26,57991–67
160September 30@ Marlins5–3Shaw (2–7)Lewis (6–3)Wetteland (41)25,19092–67
October
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
161October 1Pirates6–3Heredia (4–2)Wagner (8–8)Wetteland (42)14,14893–67
162October 2Pirates4–2Ballard (4–1)Henry (3–9)Dewey (7)16,12693–68
163October 3Pirates3–1Boucher (3–1)Hope (0–2)Wetteland (43)26,27794–68
Legend:         = Win         = Loss
Bold = Expos team member

Player stats

Starters by position

Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pos Player G AB H Avg. HR RBI
CDarrin Fletcher133396101.255960
1BGreg Colbrunn7015339.255423
2BDelino DeShields123481142.295229
3BSean Berry12229978.2611449
SSWil Cordero138475118.2481058
LFMoisés Alou136482138.2861885
CFMarquis Grissom157630188.2981995
RFLarry Walker138490130.2652286

Other batters

Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Player G AB H Avg. HR RBI
Mike Lansing141491141.287345
John Vander Wal10621550.233530
Frank Bolick9521345.211424
Lou Frazier11218954.286116
Randy Ready4013434.254110
Tim Spehr538720.230210
Tim Laker438617.19807
Oreste Marrero328117.21014
Rondell White237319.260215
Derrick White174911.22424
Cliff Floyd10317.22612
Ted Wood13265.19203
Tim McIntosh20212.09502
Joe Siddall19202.10001
Archi Cianfrocco12174.23511
Curtis Pride1094.44415
Matt Stairs683.37502
Charlie Montoyo452.40003

Starting pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Player G IP W L ERA SO
Dennis Martínez35224.21593.85138
Ken Hill28183.2973.2390
Chris Nabholz26116.2984.0974
Kirk Rueter1485.2802.7331
Denis Boucher528.1311.9114

Other pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Player G IP W L ERA SO
Jeff Fassero56149.21252.29140
Brian Barnes52100.0264.4160
Jeff Shaw5595.2274.1450
Kent Bottenfield2383.0254.1233
Gil Heredia2057.1423.9240
Jimmy Jones1239.2416.3521
Butch Henry1018.1113.938
Brian Looney36.0003.007

Relief pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Player G W L SV ERA SO
John Wetteland7093431.37113
Mel Rojas6658102.9548
Tim Scott325213.7135
Mike Gardiner242305.2121
Bruce Walton40009.530
Pete Young41003.383
Sergio Valdez40009.002
Scott Aldred31006.754
Bill Risley20006.002

Award winners

1993 Major League Baseball All-Star Game

Farm system
See also: Minor League Baseball
Level Team League Manager
AAA Ottawa Lynx International League Mike Quade
AA Harrisburg Senators Eastern League Jim Tracy
A West Palm Beach Expos Florida State League Rob Leary
A Burlington Bees Midwest League Lorenzo Bundy
A-Short Season Jamestown Expos New York–Penn League Tim Torricelli
Rookie GCL Expos Gulf Coast League Nelson Norman

LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Harrisburg[13]

References
  1. Jerry Willard at Baseball Reference
  2. Doug Bochtler at Baseball Reference
  3. Curtis Pride at Baseball Reference
  4. Doug Piatt at Baseball Reference
  5. Vladimir Guerrero at Baseball Reference
  6. Chass, Murray (August 29, 1993). "NOTEBOOK; Baseball Confidential: Piercing Waiver Wire's Code of Silence". The New York Times.
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  11. "The Baseball Cube - Research Site for Pro + College Stats + draft".
  12. "MLB National League Gold Glove Award winners". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
  13. Johnson, Lloyd, and Wolff, Miles, ed., The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, 3rd edition. Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America, 2007
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