1996 Minnesota Twins season

Prior to spring training, the 1996 Minnesota Twins were projected to be a contending team. The team's chances significantly worsened on March 28, 1996. Kirby Puckett, the team's franchise player, had been tattooing the Grapefruit League (spring training) for a .360 average, but that morning woke up without vision in his right eye. He was eventually diagnosed with glaucoma. Several surgeries over the next few months could not restore vision in the eye. Puckett announced his retirement from baseball on July 12. After beginning the season under the melancholy cloud of the Puckett situation, Manager Tom Kelly's team finished the year with a 78-84 record, which put it in fourth place in the American League Central Division.

1996 Minnesota Twins
Major League affiliations
Location
Results
Record78-84 (.481)
Divisional place4th
Other information
OwnersCarl Pohlad
General managersTerry Ryan
ManagersTom Kelly
Local televisionWCCO-TV
Midwest Sports Channel
(Bert Blyleven, Dick Bremer, Ryan Lefebvre, Tommy John)
Local radio830 WCCO AM
(Herb Carneal, John Gordon)
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Offseason

Regular season

  • On April 24, the Twins crushed the Detroit Tigers 24-11. The total of runs—both the Twins' 24 and the game's total of 35—were new highs in Twins history for a nine-inning game.[3]
  • Only second baseman Chuck Knoblauch was selected from the Twins for the All-Star Game at Veteran's Stadium in Philadelphia. Entering in the eighth inning as a reserve, he singled. His was just one of seven American League hits in the National League's 6-0 victory.
  • On July 25 at the Metrodome, seven Twins hit eight doubles to set a new mark. The Twins drubbed the Boston Red Sox 16-6.[4]
  • By season's end, several other offensive records had been set: Chuck Knoblauch scored 140 times, besting Rod Carew's previous club high of 128. Chip Hale had nineteen pinch hits on the year. New season highs were set for most runs scored (877) and most runs allowed (900). In addition, new club season highs were set in most hits (1663), most RBI (812), most doubles (332) and highest team batting average (.288).

Offense

Individual players on the team did excel. Paul Molitor had a standout year in his first year with his hometown team, playing as the regular designated hitter and winning a Silver Slugger Award at that position. He played in all but one game and hit .341 with 113 RBI and a league-best 225 hits. On September 16 in Kansas City, he collected his 3,000th hit, a triple off of José Rosado. He is the only player to obtain his 3,000th hit via a triple. Along with Molitor, Chuck Knoblauch also hit .341. Among the hits were 35 doubles. He also stole 45 bases. Marty Cordova had a respectable year, driving in 111 runs.

Team Leaders
StatisticPlayerQuantity
HRMarty Cordova16
RBIPaul Molitor113
BAPaul Molitor and Chuck Knoblauch.341
RunsChuck Knoblauch140

Pitching

The pitching did not match the offense. Brad Radke, Frank Rodriguez, and Rich Robertson (the three R's) all spent the whole season in the starting rotation and had losing records. The team's experiment moving Rick Aguilera from the closer's role to the starting rotation was not a successful one, as he started only 19 games. Scott Aldred also started 17 games for the team. Radke had the lowest ERA among the starters at 4.46. The rest were over five. Dave Stevens got the most saves at 11, but he was not an effective closer. Mike Trombley and Dan Naulty had effective seasons out of the bullpen, but nobody else had an ERA under five. Epitomizing the pitching woes, Mike Milchin had an ERA of 8.31 but the team still let him pitch in 26 games.

Team Leaders
StatisticPlayerQuantity
ERABrad Radke4.46
WinsFrank Rodriguez13
SavesDave Stevens11
StrikeoutsBrad Radke148

Defense

The only truly regular starters in the field were Knoblauch at second base, Pat Meares at shortstop, and Cordova in left field. In a less-than-encouraging sign for the team's postseason prospects, Scott Stahoviak saw a majority of the time at first base. Dave Hollins played 116 games at third, with Jeff Reboulet and Todd Walker also seeing time. Greg Myers and Matt Walbeck platooned at catcher. Rich Becker had the unenviable task of replacing Puckett in center field and played 121 games there. Right field was a mish-mash, with Matt Lawton playing 60 games at the position, Roberto Kelly 54, Denny Hocking 33, and Ron Coomer 23.

Season standings

AL Central W L Pct. GB Home Road
Cleveland Indians 9962 0.615 51–29 48–33
Chicago White Sox 8577 0.525 14½ 44–37 41–40
Milwaukee Brewers 8082 0.494 19½ 38–43 42–39
Minnesota Twins 7884 0.481 21½ 39–43 39–41
Kansas City Royals 7586 0.466 24 37–43 38–43

Record vs. opponents


Sources:
Team BAL BOS CAL CWS CLE DET KC MIL MIN NYY OAK SEA TEX TOR
Baltimore 7–66–64–85–711–29–39–37–53–109–47–53–10–18–5
Boston 6–78–46–61–1112–13–97–56–67–68–57–66–68–5
California 6–64–86–64–96–64–87–54–87–66–75–84–97–5
Chicago 8–46–66–65–810–37–66–76–76–75–75–78–47–5
Cleveland 7–511–19–48–512–07–67–610–33–96–68–44–87–5
Detroit 2–111–126–63–100–126–64–86–65–84–86–64–96–7
Kansas City 3–99–38–46–76–76–64–96–74–85–77–56–65–8
Milwaukee 3–95–75–77–66–78–49–49–46–67–54–96–75–7
Minnesota 5–76–68–47–63–106–67–64–95–76–76–67–58–5
New York 10–36–76–77–69–38–58–46–67–59–33–95–78–5
Oakland 4–95–87–67–56–68–47–55–77–63–98–57–64–8
Seattle 5–76–78–57–54–86–65–79–46–69–35–810–35–7
Texas 10–3–16–69–44–88–49–46–67–65–77–56–73–1010–2
Toronto 5–85–85–75–75–77–68–57–55–85–88–47–52–10

Game log

1996 Game Log: 78–84 (Home: 39–43; Away: 39–41)
April: 13–12 (Home: 8–7; Away: 5–5)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
1April 1Tigers8–6Radke (1–0)LiraStevens (1)30,1851–0
2April 2Tigers6–10SodowskyRobertson (0–1)20,1641–1
3April 3Tigers16–7Mahomes (1–0)Aldred12,2562–1
4April 5Orioles1–2MerckerGuardado (0–1)Myers22,7442–2
5April 6Orioles8–3Radke (2–0)Haynes22,3343–2
6April 7Orioles2–4MussinaRobertson (0–2)Myers14,5803–3
7April 9@ Red Sox1–9GordonRodriguez (0–1)30,8433–4
8April 11@ Red Sox6–5Radke (3–0)ClemensStevens (2)15,5944–4
9April 12@ Orioles2–3MussinaRobertson (0–3)42,6024–5
10April 13@ Orioles6–7BenitezMahomes (1–1)42,6444–6
11April 14@ Orioles4–1Rodriguez (1–1)HaynesStevens (3)42,6605–6
12April 16Indians2–7HershiserRadke (3–1)13,1035–7
13April 17Indians9–8Hansell (1–0)ShueyStevens (4)11,2766–7
14April 19Yankees7–1Rodriguez (2–1)Gooden20,2797–7
15April 20Yankees6–7WickmanGuardado (0–2)Wetteland24,5867–8
16April 21Yankees5–9RogersRadke (3–2)20,1157–9
17April 22Red Sox1–4SeleRobertson (0–4)Slocumb11,3407–10
18April 23Red Sox8–6Naulty (1–0)HudsonStevens (5)11,5338–10
19April 24@ Tigers24–11Bennett (1–0)Veres12,1899–10
20April 25@ Tigers11–1Hawkins (1–0)AldredHansell (1)11,80410–10
21April 26@ Yankees4–5RiveraRadke (3–3)Wetteland14,45010–11
22April 27@ Yankees8–6 (10)Bennett (2–0)Wickman20,02511–11
23April 28@ Yankees3–6RiveraRodriguez (2–2)Wetteland24,79311–12
24April 29Royals11–6Hansell (2–0)ClarkBennett (1)10,23712–12
25April 30Royals16–7Naulty (2–0)Magnante10,50313–12
May: 10–16 (Home: 4–6; Away: 6–10)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
26May 1Royals6–5 (10)Stevens (1–0)Montgomery11,97514–12
27May 3@ Angels1–4FinleyRobertson (0–5)Percival24,50514–13
28May 4@ Angels2–5GrimsleyRodriguez (2–3)29,26414–14
29May 5@ Angels1–5BoskieHawkins (1–1)35,54114–15
30May 6@ Mariners4–5WellsRadke (3–4)Charlton32,20314–16
31May 7@ Mariners2–0Parra (1–0)WolcottStevens (6)15,62615–16
32May 8@ Mariners7–5 (10)Guardado (1–2)WellsStevens (7)22,17516–16
33May 10@ Athletics5–15WojciechowskiRodriguez (2–4)8,27816–17
34May 11@ Athletics5–12PrietoRadke (3–5)15,79116–18
35May 12@ Athletics3–8WengertParra (1–1)13,43016–19
36May 14Blue Jays2–4HansonRobertson (0–6)Timlin13,48316–20
37May 15Blue Jays2–1Rodriguez (3–4)Hentgen11,79317–20
38May 16Blue Jays4–1Radke (4–5)QuantrillStevens (8)13,53818–20
39May 17Brewers1–12KarlParra (1–2)26,73318–21
40May 18Brewers3–7MirandaMahomes (1–2)Fetters30,59318–22
41May 19Brewers2–4SparksRobertson (0–7)Fetters24,41118–23
42May 20Brewers2–3BonesRodriguez (3–5)Fetters13,37618–24
43May 21Rangers4–3Milchin (1–0)Henneman12,32319–24
44May 22Rangers5–6PavlikParra (1–3)Henneman17,95519–25
45May 23@ Blue Jays4–5 (10)JanzenMilchin (1–1)31,16319–26
46May 24@ Blue Jays4–0Robertson (1–7)Hanson33,14120–26
47May 25@ Blue Jays6–4 (10)Guardado (2–2)CastilloStevens (9)34,11821–26
48May 26@ Blue Jays9–3Naulty (3–0)Bohanon30,17022–26
49May 28@ Brewers3–7KarlMahomes (1–3)Garcia10,11722–27
50May 29@ Brewers8–7 (12)Hansell (3–0)Lloyd14,32423–27
51May 31@ Rangers2–7HillRodriguez (3–6)32,86123–28
June: 15–13 (Home: 9–8; Away: 6–5)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
52June 1@ Rangers9–5Milchin (2–1)Henneman43,41324–28
53June 2@ Rangers6–5Guardado (3–2)Russell33,80925–28
54June 3Angels9–3Trombley (1–0)Finley10,58926–28
55June 4Angels5–3Rodriguez (4–6)GrimsleyGuardado (1)10,89927–28
56June 5Angels14–3Aldred (1–0)LangstonHansell (2)10,63928–28
57June 7Athletics4–6ReyesRadke (4–6)Corsi14,99928–29
58June 8Athletics4–2Robertson (2–7)WojciechowskiGuardado (2)29–29
59June 8Athletics7–13WasdinMahomes (1–4)22,16429–30
60June 9Athletics5–3Rodriguez (5–6)Wengert13,29130–30
61June 10Mariners13–6Aldred (2–0)WagnerTrombley (1)17,13431–30
62June 11Mariners8–18WellsAguilera (0–1)Hurtado14,39531–31
63June 12Mariners3–5WolcottRadke (4–7)Charlton15,83031–32
64June 14Tigers4–5GohrRobertson (2–8)Olson22,83131–33
65June 15Tigers4–6OlivaresRodriguez (5–7)Olson17,09931–34
66June 16Tigers4–1Aguilera (1–1)LiraHansell (3)20,64132–34
67June 17@ Yankees6–3Aldred (3–0)MendozaNaulty (1)16,18933–34
68June 18@ Yankees0–2RogersRadke (4–8)Wetteland17,59333–35
69June 20@ Tigers7–3Rodriguez (6–7)Olivares8,31034–35
70June 21@ Tigers0–2LiraAguilera (1–2)13,12734–36
71June 22@ Tigers0–6WilliamsAldred (3–1)14,50634–37
72June 23@ Tigers8–10UrbaniRadke (4–9)13,99434–38
73June 24Yankees3–0Robertson (3–8)Pettitte20,48835–38
74June 25Yankees6–1Rodriguez (7–7)Boehringer36–38
75June 25Yankees2–6MendozaSerafini (0–1)16,64136–39
76June 26Yankees1–2PolleyGuardado (3–3)Wetteland19,11636–40
77June 28@ Royals2–6AppierRadke (4–10)21,51536–41
78June 29@ Royals12–7Trombley (2–0)Linton23,23237–41
79June 30@ Royals5–2Rodriguez (8–7)GubiczaStevens (10)28,24638–41
July: 13–14 (Home: 7–10; Away: 6–4)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
80July 1@ White Sox10–7Aguilera (2–2)Sirotka19,21139–41
81July 2@ White Sox4–7FernandezAldred (3–2)Hernandez18,35739–42
82July 3@ White Sox6–5Radke (5–10)AndujarStevens (11)26,11340–42
83July 4Royals3–5LintonRobertson (3–9)Montgomery37,29540–43
84July 5Royals9–8Guardado (4–3)Montgomery18,46541–43
85July 6Royals5–8HaneyAguilera (2–3)Montgomery18,69941–44
86July 7Royals2–8BelcherAldred (3–3)14,25141–45
87July 11Indians7–11McDowellRadke (5–11)16,43841–46
88July 12Indians5–7MesaStevens (1–1)Shuey18,24641–47
89July 13Indians11–19OgeaAguilera (2–4)31,55241–48
90July 14Indians5–4Guardado (5–3)Plunk25,31242–48
91July 15White Sox16–5Aldred (4–3)McCaskill13,63643–48
92July 16White Sox2–11AlvarezRadke (5–12)18,50243–49
93July 17White Sox4–3Trombley (3–0)Simas20,75544–49
94July 18@ Indians4–5GravesGuardado (5–4)40,93444–50
95July 19@ Indians3–2Rodriguez (9–7)NagyNaulty (2)42,37345–50
96July 20@ Indians5–6 (11)ShueyStevens (1–2)43,43345–51
97July 21@ Indians5–7McDowellRadke (5–13)Shuey42,34145–52
98July 22@ Orioles9–5Robertson (4–9)HaynesTrombley (2)42,12946–52
99July 23@ Orioles3–2Aguilera (3–4)WellsNaulty (3)42,00647–52
100July 24@ Orioles11–4Rodriguez (10–7)Erickson46,18148–52
101July 25Red Sox16–6Parra (2–3)Wakefield13,92449–52
102July 26Red Sox5–1Radke (6–13)Clemens17,76850–52
103July 27Red Sox5–9GordonNaulty (3–1)22,12850–53
104July 28Red Sox9–8Aguilera (4–4)SeleNaulty (4)17,44851–53
105July 30Orioles4–16CoppingerRodriguez (10–8)16,70851–54
106July 31Orioles3–9MussinaTrombley (3–1)15,89751–55
August: 16–14 (Home: 5–6; Away: 11–8)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
107August 1Orioles2–4WellsRobertson (4–10)Myers20,37951–56
108August 2@ Red Sox10–11BrandenburgNaulty (3–2)28,04151–57
109August 3@ Red Sox3–6SeleRodriguez (10–9)Hudson19,86051–58
110August 3@ Red Sox6–0Aldred (5–3)Suppan29,13552–58
111August 4@ Red Sox6–13EshelmanKlingenbeck (0–1)29,93952–59
112August 6@ Angels4–1Radke (7–13)SpringerGuardado (3)20,05853–59
113August 7@ Angels4–0Robertson (5–10)Finley18,61154–59
114August 8@ Angels13–5Aguilera (5–4)Boskie21,28355–59
115August 9@ Mariners6–5Parra (3–3)WolcottRodriguez (1)25,13056–59
116August 10@ Mariners10–4Klingenbeck (1–1)Hitchcock34,38157–59
117August 11@ Mariners6–3Radke (8–13)WellsRodriguez (2)36,11458–59
118August 12@ Athletics1–11PrietoRobertson (5–11)10,07158–60
119August 13@ Athletics6–2Aguilera (6–4)Wengert11,15659–60
120August 14@ Athletics13–7Rodriguez (11–9)Telgheder12,72960–60
121August 16Blue Jays5–4 (10)Parra (4–3)Quantrill19,83861–60
122August 17Blue Jays11–1Robertson (6–11)Hanson20,35462–60
123August 18Blue Jays2–6HentgenAguilera (6–5)18,01062–61
124August 19Brewers1–6D'AmicoRodriguez (11–10)21,87962–62
125August 20Brewers12–7Parra (5–3)Bones14,63063–62
126August 21Brewers7–10JonesStevens (1–3)Fetters15,88563–63
127August 22Rangers2–11HillRobertson (6–12)17,34263–64
128August 23Rangers9–2Aguilera (7–5)Oliver16,16664–64
129August 24Rangers6–5Rodriguez (12–10)PavlikTrombley (3)16,64865–64
130August 25Rangers2–13WittMiller (0–1)14,81865–65
131August 26@ Blue Jays3–5GuzmanRadke (8–14)Timlin31,13465–66
132August 27@ Blue Jays6–4 (11)Trombley (4–1)Quantrill30,03366–66
133August 28@ Blue Jays1–6HentgenAguilera (7–6)30,10666–67
134August 29@ Brewers6–1Rodriguez (13–10)Karl14,92267–67
135August 30@ Brewers4–5 (12)WickmanParra (5–4)17,44467–68
136August 31@ Brewers2–3JonesRobertson (6–13)Fetters20,18767–69
September: 11–15 (Home: 6–6; Away: 5–9)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
137September 1@ Brewers6–2Aldred (6–3)Van Egmond17,07468–69
138September 2@ Rangers6–4Aguilera (8–6)HillGuardado (4)24,78669–69
139September 3@ Rangers7–9WittRodriguez (13–11)Henneman28,40169–70
140September 4@ Rangers7–6Robertson (7–13)HerediaTrombley (4)29,74470–70
141September 6Angels6–2Radke (9–14)Finley13,00671–70
142September 7Angels6–3Stevens (2–3)BoskieTrombley (5)51,01172–70
143September 8Angels2–4AbbottRodriguez (13–12)Percival14,37872–71
144September 10Athletics0–7TelghederRobertson (7–14)9,67672–72
145September 11Athletics7–2Radke (10–14)Adams9,49373–72
146September 12Athletics4–3 (12)Stevens (3–3)Mohler9,71274–72
147September 13Mariners7–13WellsMiller (0–2)15,51074–73
148September 14Mariners3–5 (10)AyalaGuardado (5–5)Charlton18,00274–74
149September 15Mariners0–7TorresRobertson (7–15)25,14274–75
150September 16@ Royals5–6RosadoRadke (10–15)Bluma16,84374–76
151September 17@ Royals2–4HaneyAldred (6–4)Bluma11,80974–77
152September 18@ Royals7–4Miller (1–2)Belcher11,58875–77
153September 19@ White Sox3–8SirotkaRodriguez (13–13)Castillo14,25375–78
154September 20@ White Sox3–7TapaniRobertson (7–16)15,67375–79
155September 21@ White Sox4–3Radke (11–15)AlvarezTrombley (6)18,86676–79
156September 22@ White Sox1–5FernandezAldred (6–5)20,11176–80
157September 23@ Indians6–7GravesParra (5–5)Mesa42,29976–81
158September 24@ Indians5–7OgeaRodriguez (13–14)Mesa42,27276–82
159September 25@ Indians3–6NagyRobertson (7–17)42,46976–83
160September 27White Sox2–4FernandezRadke (11–16)Hernandez13,05876–84
161September 28White Sox7–6Trombley (5–1)Castillo34,00877–84
162September 29White Sox5–4 (10)Guardado (6–5)Hernandez13,30678–84
Legend:        = Win        = Loss
Bold = Twins team member

Detailed records

Roster

1996 Minnesota Twins
Roster
Pitchers Catchers

Infielders

Outfielders Manager

Coaches

Notable Transactions

  • May 28: Selected Scott Aldred off waivers from the Detroit Tigers.
  • June 4: In the 1996 amateur draft, the Twins drafted future major leaguers such as Jacque Jones[5] (2nd round), Chad Allen (4th round), and Chad Moeller (7th round). The Twins botched the signing of first baseman Travis Lee, whom they signed in the first round with the second overall pick. Lee exploited a never-before used clause that allows a draft pick to become a free agent if a team doesn't make an offer within 15 days of the draft. After the Twins failed to do this, Lee left for the Arizona Diamondbacks, who gave him a $10 million signing bonus. The Twins had the last laugh, however, as Lee has proven to be a below-average hitter who has bounced from team to team.
  • August 29: Traded Dave Hollins to the Seattle Mariners for a player to be named later. On September 30, the Mariners sent David Ortiz to the Twins to complete the trade.
  • September 13, 1996: David Ortiz was sent by the Seattle Mariners to the Minnesota Twins to complete an earlier deal made on August 29, 1996. The Seattle Mariners sent a player to be named later to the Minnesota Twins for Dave Hollins.[6]

Player stats

Starters by position

Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pos Player G AB H Avg. HR RBI
CGreg Myers9732994.286647
1BScott Stahoviak130405115.2841361
2BChuck Knoblauch153578197.3411372
SSPat Meares152517138.267867
3BDave Hollins121422102.2421353
LFMarty Cordova145569176.30916111
CFRich Becker148525153.2911271
RFMatt Lawton7925265.258642
DHPaul Molitor161660225.3419113

Other batters

Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Player G AB H Avg. HR RBI
Roberto Kelly98322104.323647
Jeff Reboulet10723452.222023
Ron Coomer9523369.2961241
Matt Walbeck6321548.223224
Denny Hocking4912725.197110
Chip Hale858724.276116
Todd Walker258221.25606
Mike Durant408117.21005
Brent Brede10206.30002
Brian Raabe792.22201
Tom Quinlan460.00000

Starting pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Player G IP W L ERA SO
Brad Radke35232.011164.46148
Frank Rodriguez38206.213145.05110
Rich Robertson36186.17175.12114
Scott Aldred25122.0655.0975
Rick Aguilera19111.1865.4283
Travis Miller726.1129.2315
LaTroy Hawkins726.1118.2024
Dan Serafini14.10110.381

Other pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Player G IP W L ERA SO
José Parra2770.0556.0450
Pat Mahomes2045.0147.2030
Scott Klingenbeck1028.2117.8515

Relief pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Player G W L SV ERA SO
Dave Stevens4933114.6629
Eddie Guardado836545.2574
Greg Hansell503035.6946
Dan Naulty493243.7956
Mike Trombley435163.0157
Mike Milchin262108.3119
Erik Bennett242017.9013

Miscellaneous

Other post-season awards

Outfielder Kirby Puckett won the Roberto Clemente Award, given annually to the Major League Baseball (MLB) player who "best exemplifies the game of baseball, sportsmanship, community involvement and the individual's contribution to his team", as voted on by baseball fans and members of the media.

Farm system

Level Team League Manager
AAA Salt Lake Buzz Pacific Coast League Phil Roof
AA Hardware City Rock Cats Eastern League Al Newman
A Fort Myers Miracle Florida State League John Russell
A Fort Wayne Wizards Midwest League Dan Rohn
Rookie Elizabethton Twins Appalachian League Jose Marzan
Rookie GCL Twins Gulf Coast League Mike Boulanger

[7]

References

  1. Luis Rivas at Baseball Reference
  2. Paul Molitor at Baseball Reference
  3. "Twins 24, Tigers 11". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
  4. "Twins 16, Red Sox 6". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
  5. Jacque Jones Statistics Baseball-Reference.com
  6. David Ortiz Statistics Baseball-Reference.com
  7. Johnson, Lloyd, and Wolff, Miles, ed., The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, 2nd and 3rd editions. Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America, 1997 and 2007
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