2001 Gujarat earthquake

Gujarat lies 300–400 km from the plate boundary between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate, but the current tectonics are still governed by the effects of the continuing continental collision along this boundary. During the break-up of Gondwana in the Jurassic, this area was affected by rifting with a roughly west–east trend. During the collision with Eurasia the area has undergone shortening, involving both reactivation of the original rift faults and development of new low-angle thrust faults. The related folding has formed a series of ranges, particularly in central Kutch.[8]

The focal mechanism of most earthquakes is consistent with reverse faulting on reactivated rift faults. The pattern of uplift and subsidence associated with the 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake is consistent with reactivation of such a fault.

The 2001 Gujarat earthquake was caused by movement on a previously unknown south-dipping fault, trending parallel to the inferred rift structures.[9][10] No major surface ruptures were associated with the shock, classifying it as a blind thrust earthquake. Lateral spreading was widely reported and strike-slip faulting was observed at Bharodia and Manfara.[11]

Although the death toll varies mainly between 13,805 and 20,023, earlier reports had put the death toll at 125,000, a significant overestimate.[13] Bhuj, which was situated only 20 km away from the epicentre, was devastated. Considerable damage also occurred in Bhachau and Anjar with hundreds of villages flattened in Taluka of Anjar, Bhuj and Bhachau. Over one million structures were damaged or destroyed, including many historic buildings and tourist attractions.[14] The quake destroyed around 40% of homes, eight schools, two hospitals and 4 km of road in Bhuj, and partly destroyed the city's historic Swaminarayan temple and historic forts, Prag Mahal and Aina Mahal. The Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) inspected more than 250 heritage buildings in Kutch and Saurashtra and found that about 40% of them are either collapsed or seriously damaged. Only 10% were undamaged.[15] A public hospital collapsed in Bhuj, killing about 150 patients inside.[16]

In Ahmedabad, Gujarat's commercial capital with a population of approximately 8.2 million (according to data in 2011), as many as 80 multi-storey buildings collapsed and 729 people were killed.[12] Total property damage was estimated at $7.5 billion. In Kutch, the earthquake destroyed about 60% of food and water supplies and around 258,000 houses, 90% of the district's housing stock. The biggest setback was the total demolition of the Bhuj Civil hospital. The Indian military provided emergency support which was later augmented by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society. A temporary Red Cross hospital remained in Bhuj to provide care while a replacement hospital was built.[17]

Four months after the earthquake the Gujarat government announced the Gujarat Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy. The policy proposed a different approach to urban and rural construction with the estimated cost of rebuilding to be US$1.77 billion.[18]

The main objectives of the policy included repairing, building, and strengthening houses and public buildings. Other objectives included the revival of the economy, health support, and reconstruction of the community and social infrastructure.[18]

Hinduja Hospital's relief camp at Bhuj

U.S. Air Force personnel preparing relief supplies on 3 February 2001.

The Government of Gujarat created four assistance packages worth up to US$1 billion to support the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the city. These packages assisted about 300,000 families. The government also announced a US$2.5 million package to revive small, medium, and cottage industries. The World Bank and Asian Development Bank also provided loans worth $300 million and $500 million, respectively.[20]

Assistance was offered from many countries and organisations.

International assistance[20]

Country	Relief Offered
Australia	US$550,000
Bangladesh	20,000 tons of rice and a 12-member medical team
Belgium	US$920,000
Canada	US$2 million
China	US$602,000
Greece	US$270,000 in financial aid relief supplies
Israel	150 member emergency aid mission
Italy	US$2.3 million for emergency equipment
Japan	US$3 million in financial aid and US$1,14 million worth of relief supplies and equipments[23]
Kuwait	US$250,000
Netherlands	US$2.5 million through UNICEF
New Zealand	US$200,000 grant
Pakistan	13 tons of relief material such as blankets and food
Syria	Medical and other relief supplies
Taiwan	US$100,000
United Kingdom	£10 million
United States	Relief supplies up to US$5 million
United Arab Emirates  Vietnam  Saudi Arabia	Relief material and supplies
Nepal	Relief materials and financial aid

Smritivan

Smritivan, a memorial park and museum dedicated to victims of the earthquake was built on top of Bhujia Hill in Bhuj, Kutch and opened in 2022. Spread over an area of 470 acre, it has more than 13,805 trees, each dedicated to a victim, planted in the garden and 108 small water reservoirs created on the hill.[2][24][25]

Veer Balak Smarak in Anjar is memorial dedicated to 185 school children and 20 teachers who died during the earthquake.[26][27][28]

• Earthquake zones of India
• List of earthquakes in 2001
• List of earthquakes in India

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2001 Gujarat earthquake.

• M7.7 Bhuj "Republic Day" Earthquake, 2001 – Amateur Seismic Centre
• 26 January 2001 Bhuj earthquake, Gujarat, India – University of Colorado
• Gujarat Earthquake of January 26, 2001 – Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
• Israel Defence Forces relief efforts
• The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.
• ReliefWeb's main page for this event.