2010–2017 Toronto serial homicides

Thomas Donald Bruce McArthur,[6] or Bruce McArthur,[7] was born on October 8, 1951,[8] in Lindsay, Ontario, and was raised on a farm in Argyle,[9] near Woodville in the Kawartha Lakes region.[8] In addition to raising McArthur and his sister, his parents fostered troubled children from Toronto, often with six to ten in their care at any given time, and had a good reputation in the area according to a family friend.[8]

A young McArthur attended a one-room schoolhouse outside Woodville. A classmate recalled him trying to be the teacher's pet and informing on mischief by the other boys, with whom he did not fit in.[8] He was also known for winning singing contests.[10] McArthur's mother was Irish Catholic and his father a Scottish Presbyterian;[11] both were devout, causing arguments in which McArthur supported his mother. This led to derision from his strict father,[12] who McArthur later felt may have sensed his homosexuality. McArthur had trouble accepting his sexual orientation,[13] which would have been seen as abnormal in rural Ontario at that time.[6]

McArthur was bussed to nearby Fenelon Falls Secondary School for his secondary education, where he met and began dating Janice Campbell, both graduating in 1970.[8] McArthur later graduated from a program in general business and married Campbell when he was aged 23.[9]

McArthur began working for the Eaton's department store chain as a buyer's assistant around 1973, in a downtown Toronto building later demolished for construction of the Eaton Centre.[6] A few blocks north from McArthur's workplace, a gay village was forming on Yonge Street between College and Wellesley streets, same-sex adult sexual behaviour having been decriminalized in 1969.[14] McArthur left Eaton's in 1978 and began working as a travelling salesman for McGregor Socks,[10] soliciting department stores to carry his merchandise.[14] He later worked as a merchandising representative for Stanfield's, a garment company.[15]

In the mid-1970s, McArthur's father was diagnosed with a brain tumour and was sent to a nursing home. McArthur became disappointed when his mother took interest in another man[10][12] and grew much closer to his father at this time.[12] His mother died of cancer in 1978 and his father died in 1981.[10]

In 1979, McArthur and his wife moved into a house on Ormond Drive in Oshawa; by 1981 they had a daughter, Melanie, and a son, Todd. In 1986, the family bought a home on Cartref Avenue in Oshawa.[10] McArthur became very active in his church, keeping himself busy to avoid examining his homosexual feelings.[12]

McArthur began having sexual affairs with men in the early 1990s. More than a year later he came out to his wife but they continued living together.[12] Sometime after 1993, McArthur's employment in the clothing trade came to an end[8][10] and the couple faced financial difficulty, in part due to legal issues connected to their then-teenaged son, Todd, who was obsessively making obscene phone calls to women he did not know.[8] The couple mortgaged their home in 1997 and declared bankruptcy in 1999.[16]

McArthur separated from his wife in 1997[9] and moved to Toronto, as there was no gay community in Oshawa at that time.[8] He frequented the bars of Church and Wellesley, Toronto's gay village, and moved into an apartment on Don Mills Road[6] while pursuing a four-year relationship with another man.[12] When they broke up and his divorce was being finalized, McArthur saw a psychiatrist and was prescribed Prozac for several months.[12] At about this time he was attempting to gain work as a landscaper.[9]

Just after noon on October 31, 2001,[17] a few weeks after his 50th birthday, McArthur followed actor and model Mark Henderson into his apartment building after being invited into Henderson's apartment[18] to see his Halloween costume. McArthur struck Henderson several times from behind[18] with an iron pipe that he often carried.[10][19] Henderson fought back before losing consciousness.[20] He called 9-1-1 when he awoke and was taken to St. Michael's Hospital. He had suffered injuries to his head and body and needed several stitches on the back of his head and his fingers, as well as six weeks of physiotherapy.[17][9]

McArthur, who turned himself in after the attack, said he did not remember the incident or why he might have done it.[12] He pleaded guilty to charges of assault with a weapon and assault causing bodily harm,[10] and on April 11, 2003, received a conditional sentence of 729 days (two years less a day). A further charge of carrying a concealed weapon was withdrawn at the time.[21] The Crown Attorney had earlier believed jail time was warranted but agreed to a conditional sentence after psychiatric and presentencing reports suggested McArthur was a low risk to reoffend.[22] The victim, said by the Crown to have been traumatized by the incident, did not provide a victim-impact statement for the sentencing, and there were concerns that McArthur's unexplained behaviour may have been due to the combination of his anti-seizure medication with amyl nitrite,[lower-alpha 1] a muscle relaxant which is sometimes taken recreationally before sex.[10][23][24]

McArthur avoided incarceration, spending the first year of his sentence under house arrest,[18] followed by a six-month curfew and three years of probation.[18] During the sentence, he was barred from Church and Wellesley except for work and medical appointments, had to stay at least 10 metres (33 ft) from the victim's home or workplace, and could not spend time with "male prostitutes". McArthur was forbidden to possess firearms for ten years. He was not to purchase, possess or consume drugs without a medical prescription, and specifically not to possess poppers. He also had to submit his DNA to a database and was compelled to undertake psychological and psychiatric counselling including anger management.[23] A criminal defence lawyer found the list of conditions uncommon and suggested that the judge was concerned that McArthur was a danger to all male prostitutes.[23] A retired homicide detective noted that parole conditions were unenforceable, were not published or made public knowledge, and that parole violators were caught only if they come to the attention of police.[27]

In 2014, McArthur was granted a record suspension[28] on the conviction, which was subsequently expunged from his record, and would not have appeared in criminal background checks during subsequent investigations.[27] Most records and exhibits were destroyed in 2010, in compliance with Toronto Police Service (TPS) retention policy. The only surviving documents were the transcripts of the guilty plea and sentencing hearing, the psychiatric report and pre-sentencing report ordered during the trial, and pictures of the victim's injuries and the weapon.[9]

In 2002, while the assault case was still before the courts, McArthur registered with Recon, a gay fetish dating website for men into BDSM,[19] where his profile noted his interest in submissive men.[16] He was active on numerous gay dating websites including Silverdaddies, Manjam, Grindr,[29] Bear411,[24] BearForest, Scruff, DaddyHunt,[10] Squirt[30] and Growlr.[31] McArthur joined Facebook in 2011 and catalogued his nightlife with pictures of parties, vacations, birthday dinners and concerts. Younger men of South Asian or Middle Eastern descent were in several pictures.[16] By this time McArthur had become a part of the gay community and was a regular at its bars.[19] Since 2007 or 2008, he was living in a 19th-floor apartment[10] at Leaside Towers[32] in Thorncliffe Park, a neighbourhood populated mainly by immigrants[33] about 5 kilometres (3 mi) northeast of Church and Wellesley.[34]

McArthur's 2003 banishment from Church and Wellesley remained well known and he had developed a reputation for BDSM and rough sex. In 2011, he told an acquaintance named Robert James about an incident in which he had been asked to leave a coffeehouse, which caused McArthur to knock all of the glasses off the counter in a rage. James decided to heed advice to stay away from McArthur, explaining that he had heard disturbing stories about him. According to James, McArthur turned red and screamed about "f---ing f---ots [sic] telling stories about me!" and, "You're just like the rest of them, you think I'm crazy."[35] A. J. Khan, a Toronto restaurant owner, remembered McArthur as a friendly regular. Towards the end of 2013, Khan inquired when McArthur came in alone instead of with his usual companion. McArthur said his boyfriend was on vacation, and when Khan noted he had seen the man the previous day, McArthur angrily left and never returned.[36]

McArthur had become a self-employed landscaper, operating under the name Artistic Designs. A colleague who installed water features on three of McArthur's projects described him as more of a gardener, operating out of a little van with old tools. He said that McArthur was always accompanied by an older white man, who appeared to be romantically involved with him, and a day labourer, usually of Southeast Asian or Middle Eastern descent. Most of McArthur's clients were wealthy elderly women who found him charming, and he had built a client base through personal recommendations.[37] During the off-season, McArthur portrayed Santa Claus at Agincourt Mall[38] and made floral gifts for charities.[39]

McArthur's separation from his wife was initially heated, though they later reconciled.[19] His son Todd was reported to have difficulty accepting his father as gay.[35] In 2014, Todd was sentenced to fourteen months in jail for making multiple obscene phone calls. He was released on bail and ordered to stay with his father at his Toronto apartment[8] and assist with McArthur's landscaping business.[6] A former friend of Todd's visited one night and discovered the wall of McArthur's bathroom was decorated with photos of naked men with erections. He said that most of the men appeared to be "East Indian" and that Todd said that they were men whom his father knew. McArthur did not hide the fact, laughing over it at breakfast.[10]

In November 2012,[40] the TPS launched a task force, dubbed "Project Houston", into the September 6, 2010, disappearance of Skandaraj "Skanda" Navaratnam,[41] believing that he had been murdered but having discovered no leads.[42] According to a 2018 W5 investigation, a man posted on cannibal website Zambian Meat in 2012 that he had killed and eaten a man in Toronto, which had led to the formation of Project Houston.[43] Police briefly investigated a possible link between Navaratnam's murder and convicted murderer Luka Magnotta, although this lead was eventually abandoned for lack of evidence.[44]

By June 2013, Project Houston had identified two other missing persons cases linked by geography and lifestyle: Abdulbasir "Basir" Faizi and Majeed "Hamid" Kayhan. Like Navaratnam, both men were middle-aged immigrants of South Asian origin who disappeared from Church and Wellesley between 2010 and 2012.[40][45][46][47] An anonymous tip linking McArthur to Navaratnam and Kayhan led police to interview him[48] on November 11, 2013.[49] Police had been told that he had a romantic relationship with Navaratnam and had visited Kayhan.[50] McArthur told police that he knew both men and regularly interacted with Navaratnam at a gay bar, but denied being in a relationship with him. McArthur also admitted to employing Kayhan, with whom he had broken off a sexual relationship. Project Houston concluded with no evidence to link the disappearances, that a crime had been committed[51] or to identify a suspect.[52] According to a 2016 case summary, there was still nothing to explain what had happened to these men.[19]

On June 26, 2017, one day after attending Pride Toronto,[53] Andrew Kinsman disappeared from Cabbagetown and was last seen in the area of his residence on Winchester Street.[54] On the evening of June 28, learning that no one had seen Kinsman in a couple of days, Ted Healey and other friends gained access to his apartment. They found no sign of disturbance, though his 17-year-old cat was out of food and water.[55] They reported Kinsman's disappearance to police the following day.[40] Kinsman, who was openly gay and had deep roots in the community, was regarded as a stable and responsible man whose friends felt would not suddenly leave, and certainly not without his cat[19] or his prescription medicine.[56] It was also noted to be unlike Kinsman to go anywhere without notifying friends or family.[56] Kinsman was active on social media[40] but investigators found his cell phone was turned off the day he disappeared.[57]

This image of missing persons caused some to suspect a serial killer.

At the end of July 2017, the TPS created a new task force, Project Prism, to investigate the disappearances of Kinsman and another man, Selim Esen, and to look for any links with the unsolved disappearances investigated under Project Houston.[24][58] Greg Downer, a friend and colleague of Kinsman's who set up Facebook groups dedicated to finding him and other missing men, organized an August 1 community safety meeting in which police gave an overview of the task force and thanked the community for "the abundance of information" that they had received. Queer refugees, transgender and two-spirit people spoke of their vulnerabilities, experiencing disproportionate violence within the LGBTQ community. Downer's group, the Missing Rainbow Community, provided strategies for staying safe when meeting people from dating apps.[58] Realizing the difficulty police faced with judicial authorizations for data from servers located outside Canada, which caused delays in the crucial early days of the missing persons investigations,[19][56] Downer appealed to dating apps to provide an option for users to consent to have their data released to police if they went missing.[58] Safety hotlines were also set up for those reluctant to speak to police.[59]

Fears of a serial killer stalking Church and Wellesley grew on November 29 when the body of Tess Richey was found by her mother in an alleyway four days after she was reported missing.[60][61] The following day police announced that the body of Alloura Wells, a homeless transgender woman, had been identified, her body having been discovered in a Rosedale ravine in August.[62][19] Because of fears in the community, TPS Chief Mark Saunders held an unprecedented December 8 news conference on the three separate investigations into the deaths of Richey and Wells and the disappearances of Kinsman and Esen. Although the cases occurred in close proximity, police did not believe they were related and Saunders said they had no evidence of a serial killer.[59][19]

Project Prism was overseen by Detective Sergeant Michael Richmond[40] and led by Detective Sergeant Hank Idsinga, who had served on the homicide squad for over thirteen years and had been assigned to Project Houston for six months.[51] The task force also included an officer from the sex crimes unit and six officers from Police 51 Division, three of whom had been members of Project Houston.[40] The investigation was difficult because of the lifestyle of the subjects, who used dating apps and frequently met people whom they had never met before.

Kinsman's disappearance was central to the creation of Project Prism because of a lead obtained at the end of July.[41] Idsinga later said that "a crucial piece of evidence" was recovered because Kinsman's disappearance had been reported within 72 hours, after which evidence could have been lost.[63] According to an agreed statement of facts read in court, police found "Bruce" on Kinsman's calendar for June 26⁠[64] ⁠– the same day Kinsman was last seen. That day, surveillance video outside Kinsman's residence showed a person matching his appearance approach a red vehicle. The video did not show a licence plate or a clear picture of the driver, but chrome siding identified it as a 2004 Dodge Caravan. There were more than 6,000 similar models in Toronto,[31] but only five were registered to someone named Bruce; of those the only 2004 model belonged to McArthur.[65] By late August or September 2017[28][41][63] they matched the van from surveillance video of McArthur's apartment, but it was no longer at his residence.[65]

Redacted warrants and police documents, partially released by a judge in mid-2018, revealed that in August and September police investigators had obtained production orders compelling the release of data from Google, Rogers Wireless, Bell Canada, Telus, Royal Bank of Canada and Manulife Bank of Canada. Around September, tracking warrants had been obtained for vehicles and phones.[66] In October, further orders were granted for information from Yahoo!, Air Canada, additional banks and Pink Triangle Press, an LGBT publisher.[66][67] McArthur was named in a September 8 request to place a judicial seal on the warrants, and a later request to seal warrants issued from September to November noted "the investigation into Bruce McArthur."[68] An October request noted "circumstantial evidence" that suggested McArthur's involvement in the disappearance of five men, including Kinsman.[69]

On October 3, plainclothes police officers arrived at Dom's Auto Parts in Courtice, Ontario, 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Toronto. They were canvassing businesses for McArthur's 2004 Dodge Caravan, which owner Dominic Vetere confirmed he had purchased on September 16. The police found it intact and had it towed away, also copying surveillance video of McArthur visiting the shop. Vetere said that officers later told him that they had found trace amounts of blood in the vehicle.[70][71][72][73] This blood was identified as Kinsman's.[69]

Court documents show that in November cadaver dogs were brought to a Mallory Crescent residence in the Leaside neighbourhood of Toronto. McArthur had an arrangement to tend to the owners' yard in exchange for storage space in their garage for his landscaping equipment. The dogs did not indicate any human remains.[69][24] A camera was installed to monitor the garage.[30] Police also obtained a log of McArthur's key fob for his apartment. With this and a tracking warrant for his cellphone, they built a timeline of the day Kinsman went missing.[69]

DNA evidence from McArthur's van which matched Kinsman and Esen[65] allowed investigators to obtain a general warrant for McArthur's apartment on December 4.[74] Police then covertly entered McArthur's residence and cloned his computer's hard drive.[75][67][65] On December 5, after consultation with the community, Project Prism issued a warning about dating apps, urging users to exercise caution when meeting someone.[76][60]

In a December 8 news conference, Project Prism investigators said they had completed 62 witness interviews, 28 judicial authorizations and assigned 308 actions of which 225 had been completed.[77][62] Police had also conducted searches, utilizing resources from the mounted and canine units; on one occasion a drone was used.[40] They said that they had no evidence to link the disappearances.[62]

The investigation picked up in January 2018, when Idsinga noted they had many 15-hour days and a 72-hour stretch of intensive investigation in mid-January.[51] On January 17, two pieces of evidence came to light directly connecting McArthur to the disappearances of Esen and of Kinsman.[63] A partial download from McArthur's computer, which was going through forensic analysis[65] of deleted files, yielded post-mortem photos of the victims that day.[78] Round-the-clock surveillance was put on McArthur, with instructions that he should be immediately arrested if observed "alone with anyone".[41]

Police executed search warrants on January 18 at five properties associated with McArthur and his landscaping business: four in Toronto and a 9-acre (3.6 ha) property about 200 kilometres (120 mi) northeast in Madoc, Ontario.[33][71] The Madoc property and a home on Conlins Road[88] were residences of Roger Horan, a landscaper and long-time friend of McArthur. Another property searched was the condominium of McArthur's former boyfriend[89] on Concorde Place. These three properties were released back to their owners by January 23.[90] Of greater concern to investigators were McArthur's high-rise apartment in Thorncliffe Park and the Mallory Crescent residence in Leaside.[89][91]

The owners of the Leaside residence were barred from their home January 18 so that forensic investigators could search it.[24] The search of the property was extended to an adjacent ravine, aided by cadaver dogs[92] and members of the heavy urban search and rescue team. Cadaver dogs took a "strong interest" in large planter boxes on January 19. The planters had frozen to the ground, requiring heaters to thaw them. A large planter was wrapped on January 22 and brought to the coroner's office.[72][69]

On January 29, police announced that they had found the dismembered skeletal remains of at least three people in two of twelve large planter boxes seized from the Leaside residence. Although the remains had not been identified, police had gathered enough evidence to charge McArthur with three additional counts of first-degree murder in the presumed deaths of Majeed Kayhan, a Project Houston subject; Soroush Mahmudi, who disappeared in 2015; and Dean Lisowick, a homeless man who was never reported missing.[81][93][52]

Former homicide detective Mark Mendelson said the investigation would become "the largest Toronto has undertaken".[80] Criminologist and Western University professor Michael Arntfield said that the alleged method of disposal suggested a sophisticated killer who had developed his craft and, as most serial killers begin in their 20s, the crimes could go back several decades[94][95] and represent the longest run of a serial killer on record.[10] McArthur's past as a travelling salesman suggested to John Bradford, a forensic psychiatrist and expert on serial murders, that police might have a province-wide investigation ahead of them.[8] Toronto crime journalist James Dubro said the allegations suggest McArthur was the deadliest known serial killer in Toronto and the "most prolific" gay serial killer in Canada.[96]

On February 8, police announced that they had found the remains of three more people in planters from the Leaside residence, and that one of the six sets of remains belonged to Kinsman,[97] identified through fingerprints.[98] Investigators said that it could be months before all the remains were identified.[99] Additional planters were seized from across the city,[100] including one from the Danforth neighbourhood[101] and two properties in North Rosedale were searched. Cadaver dogs were having trouble detecting scents due to the cold weather and frozen ground.[81] Beginning on January 19, heaters in a large tent[91] were used to gradually thaw the frozen ground in the backyard of the Leaside residence[102][103] at a location indicated by both cadaver dogs and ground-penetrating radar.[104] A forensic pathologist was expected to take at least ten days to excavate for remains by hand.[105] Forensic anthropologist Kathy Gruspier, who arrived to oversee the excavation, did not find any sign of soil disturbance by previous digging. Excavation of two sewage lines at the home was conducted on February 13,[106] and a section of one line was removed for testing.[107]

The police investigation had a continuous presence at the Leaside residence, often described as "ground zero",[108] and police established a command post on the property.[109] On February 10–11 the search of the house was completed and it was released to its owners after more than three weeks. The owners requested that police keep crime-scene tape up around the yard to deter journalists by whom they were feeling increasingly harassed.[106][110]

Police believe that some of the murders took place at McArthur's apartment, where they conducted a four-month forensic search.

Forensic investigators spent hundreds of hours searching every inch of McArthur's apartment,[63] where Idsinga suspected some of the murders occurred.[111] It took them several weeks before searching McArthur's bedroom, where they expected to find the bulk of their evidence.[108] The search concluded on May 11, having occupied ten forensic officers for nearly four months. They took more than 18,000 photographs and collected over 1,800 items. Idsinga noted the thoroughness required as the first murder was believed to have occurred eight years previously.[112] The searches of the Leaside home and McArthur's apartment made up the largest forensic investigation conducted by the TPS.[113]

On February 23, McArthur was charged with a sixth count of first-degree murder in the death of Skandaraj Navaratnam, a subject of Project Houston. Navaratnam's remains and those of Mahmudi were identified through dental records, and had been recovered from planters at the Leaside residence.[98][87][114][115]

On March 5, Toronto police held a press conference and released a photo of an unidentified deceased man alleged to be another of McArthur's victims. They had exhausted their options in identifying the man and hoped the public could help.[116] Police later received over 500 tips regarding the photo and were checking on 22 potential identities.[117][118] They also announced that a seventh set of remains had been recovered from the Leaside planters.[108][119] Michael Pollanen, Ontario's chief forensic pathologist, said his organization had never before been involved in an investigation with such scope, drawing on the skills of each member for many unique challenges, such as scientific issues related to decomposition and post-mortem dismemberment.[85]

On April 11, McArthur was charged with a seventh count of first-degree murder in the death of Abdulbasir Faizi. He was, at this point, charged with the deaths of all five men from the Project Houston and Project Prism investigations. The charge came as Faizi's remains were identified from the Leaside planters, along with those of Esen and Lisowick. Investigators had finished searching the Leaside planters, from which the remains of all but Kayhan had been identified; they had one set of unidentified remains.[117][120] They had also searched eight additional planters from elsewhere in the city, which had contained no human remains.[121]

On April 16, McArthur was charged with an eighth count of first-degree murder in the death of Kirushna Kumar Kanagaratnam,[122] whose remains were the seventh set identified from the Leaside planters.[123] Police said his name had not come from the many tips generated by the release of his post-mortem photograph but that he had been identified with help from an undisclosed international agency.[123] Kanagaratnam was a Tamil asylum-seeker who was under a deportation order[124] and had not been reported missing.[125] Police said they would look into why his name was not on a list of missing persons.[122] He had last had contact with his family in August 2015, and police believed that he had been killed between September 3 and December 14, 2015.[124][126]

The scope of the investigation was expanded at the end of February 2018, looking at outstanding murder cases, hundreds of missing-persons cases and sudden death occurrences and coordinating with other Canadian and international forces.[87] Police had received tips from around the world, including countries where McArthur had vacationed.[127][128] Idsinga said that the investigation would take years.[63]

A police source told the National Post that McArthur had covered his tracks, using aliases online, using payphones instead of cellphones and avoiding areas with surveillance cameras. The source suggested that McArthur had targeted vulnerable men who did not have a fixed address or had not told their families that they were gay.[29]

Detective-Sergeant Stacy Gallant of the TPS homicide squad's cold case unit said that active crime scenes of the investigation took precedence over revisiting cold cases. Each of 600 cold cases was being looked at for consideration of further attention.[129] They drew up a list of fifteen homicide cold cases linked to the gay village,[130] and fitting the general profile of the victims identified thus far.[120] Investigators began reviewing these cases, dating between 1975 and 1997, for a possible connection to McArthur.[117] By mid-July, forensic testing related to the cold cases was underway.[131] The cold cases include some of a series of brutal murders in the gay village between 1975 and 1978, when McArthur would have been 23–26 years old[132] and working just a few blocks south.[6][14] The victims of these crimes, all gay men, were found in their homes, naked, tied to beds, and stabbed or beaten to death in a manner described as "overkill".[14] In October 2018, homicide detective David Dickinson said that they had not yet found any links between McArthur and the cold cases.[133]

Investigators had planned to return to the thirty properties associated with McArthur in April or May, when the frozen ground had thawed, allowing cadaver dogs to operate with greater accuracy. Idsinga said he was particularly interested in excavating at three properties.[108] The excavations included a return visit to the Leaside residence, where remains had been found.[134] Additional tip-offs caused the number of properties to be searched grow to 75[117] then 100,[135] some of them outside the city.[113] A team of seven cadaver dogs, some on loan from other GTA police forces, were searching the properties by the second week of May.[136][137] These searches had concluded by the first week of June.[66] Follow-up investigations had then considered whether additional searches would be required.[138]

Between July 4 and 13,[139] twenty police investigators conducted excavations in the forested ravine behind the Leaside property. They began sifting through a large compost pile, then proceeded with the guidance of trained dogs and a forensic anthropologist.[131] They collected human remains almost every day of this search.[139] On July 20, it was announced that the remains belonged to Kayhan, and that the remains of all of McArthur's alleged victims had been identified.[140] Idsinga said that they had no evidence suggesting McArthur was connected to any other deaths, though the investigation into cold cases was continuing.[141]

Waterloo Regional Police contacted Ontario's serial predator crime investigations coordinator to inquire about McArthur in the November 2002 disappearance of David MacDermott from downtown Kitchener.[142] Jon Riley of Meaford is another possible victim; he had gone to Toronto to find work in landscaping, planning to stay in a shelter at Church and Wellesley, and disappeared in May 2013.[143][144]

In mid-November 2017, Richmond said that there was no evidence to establish or exclude that a serial killer was responsible for the disappearances.[40] Saunders told the community on December 8, "The evidence today tells us there's not a serial killer".[59] Police first said that they were dealing with an alleged serial killer on January 29, 2018, confirming what some in the community had feared for years.[51] Some questioned whether police had been taking their concerns seriously.[152] Nicki Ward, a director of the Church-Wellesley Neighbourhood Association, asked, "Why weren't we listened to earlier? Perhaps some lives could have been saved if that was the case."[150]

Saunders responded that police were not being "coy" about community safety, but that he had been speaking of the evidence that they had at that time.[79] Saunders, who had been a homicide detective for nine years, was an investigator first and spoke in terms of evidence that could be presented in court.[41] Idsinga said that police knew "something was up" with the disappearances in Project Houston, that they had hunches of a killer operating at Church and Wellesley, but that he could not say it without evidence.[161] TPS spokesperson Meaghan Gray noted that while there were theories connecting the disappearances, there had been no evidence at that time.[69]

James Dubro, a long-time Toronto crime journalist and past president of the Crime Writers of Canada, wrote in July 2017 that a serial killer – though not ruled out by police – was highly unlikely.[45] Jooyoung Lee, a University of Toronto associate professor who teaches a course on serial homicides, said in November 2017 that the disappearances had the warning signs of a serial killer but that it remained unclear and that serial killers were very rare.[40]

Sasha Reid, a University of Toronto PhD candidate specializing in statistical analysis of missing persons and sexually motivated killers, was compiling a missing-persons database when she came across the Project Houston disappearances. She noticed a pattern and concluded that a serial killer was operating in Toronto.[195] Reid said she informed police of her findings and provided a basic criminal profile in July 2017, the month Project Prism was created. She was not contacted again by police, probably because her academic data could not be used in court.[196] Reid's profile identified a suspect of colour in his early 30s, which excluded McArthur.[197] Reid noted that the term serial killer was problematic as it is defined and used differently by various organizations, legal jurisdictions, researchers and the media.[32]

Mike Arntfield, a criminologist and Western University professor, has advocated data-based approaches to augment traditional investigative work, particularly in detecting elusive criminals like serial killers. His research team developed an algorithm to perform cluster analysis on 800,000 American murders catalogued by the Murder Accountability Project, which has led to arrests in Cleveland and Chicago And in Drachten. There is no equivalent database in Canada, which lacks standardized reporting.[198]

Arntfield had been critical of the TPS for not admitting that there was a serial killer, suggesting that they could have made an arrest sooner if they had. He made a comparison to the Seminole Heights serial killer in Tampa Bay, Florida, where police warned the public of a serial killer in November 2017. This led to 5,000 tips being reported, one of which resulted in an arrest.[32] On October 23, 2017, Tampa's interim police chief avoided the term serial killer when three victims had been killed with the same weapon;[199] it was only used after a fourth murder in November when police obtained surveillance video of the same suspect at two crime scenes.[200] In comparison, the TPS said they did not have evidence of a murder or that any of the suspicious disappearances were connected until January 17, the day before McArthur's arrest.[63] The large number of tips generated in Tampa may have been influenced by a US$100,000 reward offered at that time.[200]

Gay activists and editorial writers have suggested that police only looked at the disappearances seriously when a white man, Andrew Kinsman, was reported missing.[41][201][152][202] Idsinga denied this, noting that Project Houston was a bigger investigation. He also noted that Kinsman's disappearance in June 2017 was important to the creation of Project Prism because of evidence obtained in July, not because of race.[41][63] CBC News examined hundreds of pages of partially redacted court orders unsealed in September 2018, and concluded that there had been "considerable effort" toward investigating all three Project Houston subjects.[42]

Jooyoung Lee suggested that there was racism within the gay community, indicated by the relatively weak responses to the disappearances of the brown-skinned men in contrast with the campaign to find Kinsman.[203] There have also been suggestions that McArthur was initially overlooked as a suspect because he is white.[204] In 2017, Reid theorized that the killer was a person of colour like the victims, later stating this was because serial killers tend to target familiar communities.[196]

TPS Chief Mark Saunders, 2015

While defending the Project Houston investigation and responding to criticisms that police should have recognized the alleged serial killer sooner, Saunders expressed his frustrations to The Globe and Mail that some sources were reporting incidents after McArthur's arrest which could have changed the course of the investigation had they been reported at the time. He was quoted as saying, "We knew that people were missing and we knew we didn't have the right answers. But nobody was coming to us with anything."[205] This was run on the front page of the national newspaper on February 27, 2018, under the headline: "Toronto police chief says civilians failed to help investigation into alleged serial killer".[206]

The story was widely cited by other media outlets and caused a backlash against Saunders, with his comments taken by LGBTQ leaders and the community as victim blaming.[207] One group held a rally outside police headquarters calling for Saunders' resignation.[29] In a later interview with CP24, Saunders apologized if his comments to the Globe were "misconstrued or taken in the wrong context"[116] and that he had not intended to single out the LGBTQ community.[208] Saunders had expressed gratitude toward the community for their help in the investigation in earlier instances,[54][33] on one occasion saying he was "proud of the fact that the community did help us out in this".[209] Mayor John Tory defended Saunders as a leader who could repair relationships with the city's communities, despite his "awkward language" in the interview.[207]

One widely covered story in the media was the account of a 52-year-old part-time university teacher[3] from Thunder Bay[210] who had known McArthur for about ten years. According to the man, McArthur had contacted him on the Bear411 app and suggested that they meet for dinner at Church and Wellesley.[210] After dinner the man got into the back of McArthur's van where they began kissing, petting and undressing. At this point the man claims that McArthur grabbed his neck and violently twisted it, forcing his face into McArthur's crotch. "I really thought my neck was going to be snapped the way he twisted it." The man grabbed McArthur's elbow, squeezing the joint until he was able to make McArthur let go.[210] The man did not report the alleged incident to police until after McArthur's arrest,[19][211] yet felt police could have arrested him sooner.[210] The man alleges this happened in April 2017,[3] about the time that Esen disappeared.

Another man claimed to have been invited through a dating app to McArthur's apartment for a liaison involving "bondage and submission role-playing"[116] in late July 2017. McArthur did not want to go to the man's apartment because of security cameras in the area.[29] McArthur made a GHB cocktail for the man, who requested a dosage to relax and "heighten the sexual encounter". The man soon began sweating heavily, suggesting he had been overdosed.[203] The man alleged that McArthur ignored his limits and safe words and blocked his airway "with his penis, with his hands, with his body weight sitting on my chest". The man said he lost consciousness and was saved by the return of McArthur's roommate. The man said he was contacted by police the day after McArthur's arrest, and from their questions realized McArthur had photographed him bound in what was described as "a kill position".[116]

In early March 2018, Idsinga said that he learned of "concerning information" in the case which he immediately reported to the professional standards unit;[212] they began an internal investigation on March 5. Police did not release any details[116] but Idsinga said it was serious enough to affect the careers of officers involved.[208]

The media roughly described an incident alleged to have occurred on June 20, 2016,[49] in which McArthur and an unidentified man whom he met through a dating app were masturbating each other in the back of McArthur's van in a McDonald's parking lot[212][213] in North York.[214] McArthur allegedly began throttling the man, who broke free and said he would report what happened to police.[212][213] Sources then vary, with McArthur following the man to a police station[212] or driving to a Scarborough police station while the man phoned police.[213][214] McArthur either claimed it was the man who had choked him,[208] or that the man had asked to be choked then panicked and fled.[212] According to one source, McArthur was placed under arrest and taken from 41 Division in Scarborough to 32 Division in North York where the investigation continued.[214] No occurrence report was filed[212] and McArthur was not charged.[213] Homicide investigators only became aware of the alleged incident after McArthur's arrest,[215] when the man came forward again to bring it to their attention.[212]

In an agreed statement of fact read in court, Cantlon said that the victim of the "attempted choking" had known McArthur for years. The victim called 9-1-1 after he escaped while McArthur went to the police and said the incident was consensual. He was let go, as police believed his story was credible.[189] McArthur's 2003 conviction did not come up on background checks.[28] McArthur had pictures of this man; in some he was wearing a fur coat similar to the one in which McArthur posed his victims.[31]

On February 1, 2019, Sgt. Paul Gauthier from 32 Division was charged by the professional standards unit with insubordination and neglect of duty[214] regarding policy on reporting domestic violence, such as videotaping the complainant's statement and obtaining photos of the complainant's injuries.[216] Gauthier's attorney said that the decision to not charge McArthur in 2016 was made in consultation with Gauthier's supervisor,[217] and that the investigation and arrest of McArthur was fully documented.[50] The allegations against the officer are not criminal.[218] Gauthier had fifteen years on the job and was highly regarded by colleagues, praised for his work with difficult cases involving human trafficking.[219]

In a two-page letter emailed to colleagues and obtained by news outlets, Gauthier stated that he was being made a scapegoat. He wrote that the reports were completed and available[220] from the night of the incident,[221] that he had spoken to Project Prism officers regarding it after they had identified McArthur's van, and that there were no complaints then.[220] Gauthier wrote that this changed after Saunders' February 27 interview in The Globe and Mail. The following day, Saunders' friend and former partner Idsinga called Gauthier's investigation into question with the professional standards unit.[220] The following week it was leaked to the media,[221] and Gauthier suggested that this was done to divert attention from Saunders' remarks.[216] The professional standards unit received special permission from the civilian Toronto Police Services Board (TPSB) to lay charges against Gauthier, as their investigation exceeded the six-month window required under the Police Act.[220] Gauthier's lawyer and Toronto Police Association (TPA) President Mike McCormack have stated that the case should be heard by an independent judge instead of a tribunal officer appointed by Saunders.[216][220]

Gauthier has not made his first appearance at the tribunal.[78] He has been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder[220] and wrote that he is undergoing treatment due to the toll of being blamed for the murders of Esen and Kinsman.[221] On August 23, 2021, Gauthier was found not guilty on charges of insubordination and neglect of duty.[222]

The TPS receives over 4,000 missing-persons reports each year,[209] with most resolved within a few days.[40] 51 Division, which includes Church and Wellesley, had 600 missing persons between 2014 and 2018 and about thirty cases remained open in March 2018.[144] According to Lusia Dion, who runs the website Ontario's Missing Adults, missing men are taken less seriously as, "We tend to think they can take care of themselves."[223]

The circumstances of a disappearance are considered by TPS before committing resources to a search, especially for an adult.[224] The city had been working to reduce the TPS budget, which exceeded $1 billion in 2016.[225] In July 2017 the TPA claimed that there was a staffing crisis with working conditions at "a breaking point", noting that staff had been reduced by 500 officers since 2010 while a budgetary task force recommended a hiring freeze.[225] An unexpected number of early retirements were attributed by the TPA to stress and morale, and McCormack noted "when we have a stressed-out officer, when we have people who are burned out, it really does impact public interaction".[226]

On December 8, 2017, Saunders announced an internal probe to assess the TPS's response to Richey's disappearance, to determine if there was a procedural, training or other issue. He specifically noted the importance of call uptake and absorbing the circumstances of a reported disappearance.[227][59][61] At a February 29 TPSB meeting, Tory moved to have the internal report made public – or as much as could be released given the ongoing investigation and legal proceedings. The board and Saunders agreed to hear public input on the report.[114][116]

Alloura Wells' family claimed Toronto police officers told them that her case "was not high priority" because she was homeless for several years.[59] Her disappearance was reported by her father in early November 2017, four months after her Facebook account went dormant.[227] Her body had been found on August 5, but was badly decomposed and was not identified until November 23.[77] The person who found Wells' body informed both police and The 519 community centre, but 519 staff failed to follow up with police or transgender-focused organizations. Wells' friends say that this resulted in her body being unidentified for months. In mid-December, 519 executives apologized for their "mishandling of information" but placed full blame on the police. A petition started that month called for the resignation of the 519's executive director, alleging prejudice against transgender and homeless people. The 519 board called for an independent fact-finding review of the allegations.[228]

Tory has been supportive of police[52][208] while acknowledging legitimate questions about the investigation that would be answered in due course.[152] Councillor Kristyn Wong-Tam, whose ward includes Church and Wellesley, supported police at the time of McArthur's arrest when they expressed gratitude and noted that it was a complicated case.[229] But by the end of February they said that the police relationship with the community had to be rebuilt[205] and in early March that they were "no longer surprised" by "incompetence" in the investigation.[230] At McArthur's sentencing in 2019, Justice McMahon praised TPS for their investigation.[193]

Pride Toronto had been in closed-door talks about the TPS returning to the parade after controversially being banned in 2017. Progress was made but criticisms following McArthur's arrest led to an April 2 statement by Pride's executive director and five LGBT organizations asking the TPS to withdraw its application to march in uniform.[231][232] The statement cited community feelings that investigations were "insufficient" and that concerns were "dismissed".[233] Saunders had hoped that participation would demonstrate a "shared commitment to progress and healing", and considered the many TPS members who identify as LGBTQ and wished to march in the event built on inclusiveness.[234]

In a March 9 statement, Saunders said that he understood the public's frustrations with the limited information that had been released during the investigation. He announced finalized plans for a dedicated missing persons unit, community outreach, and a professional standards review of the Richey and Wells cases. He also stated that he believed there were serious issues of systemic bias which required an independent external review, and that he had been working with other officials on how to hold such a review without affecting investigations and prosecutions.[208][235]

The missing persons unit, staffed by six police detectives and an analyst, began work in July 2018. They have been tasked with digitizing and reviewing thousands of missing persons files dating to 1953, and to act as a central hub to review each active missing persons case. Their protocols are intended to flag suspicious disappearances in the early hours of an investigation and detect if broader investigations are warranted. Investigations will continue to be run by officers in each of the TPS's seventeen divisions.[236]

The Missing Persons Act would make it easier for police to obtain judicial orders for access to phone records or financial information in a missing persons case. Previously police could only obtain such records if a crime was suspected. The Act was passed in March 2018[237] by Ontario's Liberal government as part of Bill 175, but as of October 2018 it has been stalled by the new Progressive Conservative government of Premier Doug Ford with no timeline for bringing it into effect.[236]

In January 2018, the Alliance for South Asian AIDS Prevention (ASAAP) demanded that the TPSB commission an external review of the investigation.[152][238] In late February Saunders came to the conclusion that the public could not get clear and credible answers without an independent external review, and suggested as much to Tory and Andy Pringle, chair of the TPSB. He further suggested that the review consider systemic bias in the force.[239] Tory's March 7 call for a public provincial inquiry was reviewed by Ontario's attorney general, who cautiously suggested that it wait until after criminal proceedings.[215][240]

In mid-March, a group of LGBTQ advocates demanded an immediate inquiry. Legal experts suggested that criminal investigations and prosecutions be protected by a publication ban on witness testimony, or by preserving records and taking witness statements under seal until the trials were over.[241][242][243] Protocol for an external review was debated on March 22 by the TPSB, which voted to back an external review that would exclude the McArthur serial murder investigation.[207][244]

In mid-April, the board unanimously approved a working group to define the specifics of the external review. The group consisted of TPSB member Ken Jeffers, ASAAP board member Shakir Rahim, sex-worker advocate Monica Forrester and lawyer Sara Mainville who specializes in cases involving indigenous peoples. The TPSB named Breese Davies, vice-president of the Criminal Lawyers' Association, in a facilitator role.[245] The TPSB had to request $25,000 from the city's budget committee for the working group and its legal consultation fees.[246] The working group reported on June 15 that the missing-persons investigations of McArthur's alleged victims could be examined up to the point at which the investigations involved McArthur. They estimated that the inquiry would take 15 months and cost $2.5 million.[247] Tory was adamant that the community be adequately consulted and increased this figure to $3 million, which would go before city council.[248]

The review is to examine TPS handling of missing-persons reports, biases within the service, and any obstacles that prevented Lisowick and Kanagaratnam from being reported missing. Specific investigations to be examined will include Project Houston, Project Prism, and the investigations into the deaths Alloura Wells and Tess Richey.[249] Past reviews are also to be examined including the review into the 1981 bathhouse raids, the city auditor's report following the Paul Callow investigation, and the Missing Women Commission of Inquiry following the Robert Pickton case in British Columbia.[248]

On June 25, on the recommendation of the working group,[250] the TPSB announced that it had retained Justice Gloria Epstein, who would retire as a part-time Ontario Appeal Court judge on September 1 to lead the review. Epstein had been appointed to the Ontario Superior Court of Justice in 1993[251] and made a prominent ruling that the Ontario Family Law Act definition of spouse was unconstitutional because it discriminated against homosexual couples.[250] Epstein asked Mark Sandler to serve as the review's legal counsel.[252]

In October, the review was compiling documents and establishing an advisory panel to aid "extensive outreach to the community."[236] The advisory panel was named in January 2019, and included Forrester, ASAAP executive director Haran Vijayanathan, activist Ron Rosenes, Indigenous lawyer Christa Big Canoe, former Ontario Court of Justice chief Brian Lennox, former member of the Gay Officers Action League Michele Lent, workplace human rights lawyer Andrew Pinto, and Parkdale Queen West Community Health Centre executive director Angela Robertson.[253][254]

When McArthur pleaded guilty to eight murders on January 29, 2019, it removed concerns regarding his fair trial rights. Epstein wrote a letter to the TPSB requesting a mandate to fully examine the investigation and perform a more thorough review. Pringle was taking it under advisement, while consulting with the Ontario Attorney-General;[255] a public inquiry can only be ordered by the provincial government. The same day, Tory spoke in favour of a "broader inquiry". A spokesperson for the Ministry of the Attorney General declined to comment as the matter was still before the courts.[256] Civil litigation lawyer Douglas Elliott suggested that rather than conducting separate investigations, that Epstein be named to lead a public inquiry with a provincial mandate and subpoena powers.[257]

Canadian media have drawn criticism for the imbalance in images of McArthur and his alleged victims. One widely published picture is of McArthur smiling at the camera as he posed at Niagara Falls. Lisowick, in comparison, was mostly known by a police mug shot. TPS spokesman Mark Pugash explained that they only release pictures if there is a "valid investigative purpose".[258]

Media outlets with tight deadlines obtain photos from the Internet, and copied pictures from McArthur's Facebook page and online dating profiles within minutes of his arrest. Flattering pictures that he had used to define himself thus became his image in the media. The slain men who had Facebook accounts posted fewer pictures and Lisowick, a homeless man, had no digital footprint; so the first available picture was a police-released mug shot.[258]

Editor Kathy English said that the Toronto Star would continue to publish Facebook photos of McArthur as a journalistic duty to report reality. Editor Sylvia Stead of The Globe and Mail stated that "true news photos" should be recent, like courtroom sketches, and that the balance should be in favour of the victims.[259] Nikki Ward, a director of the Church-Wellesley Neighbourhood Association and graphic artist, obtained a photograph of Lisowick at a vigil which she cleaned up and shared with media outlets so that his mug shot would not have to be used.[258]

Another controversial photo was that of a dead man which police released in hopes that the public could help identify him.[116] The Star chose not to publish the photo because of its disturbing nature.[124] A version cleaned up by Ward to better represent the man in life and a sketch by a TPS forensic artist were released at an April 11 news conference.[121][117]

A free concert called #LoveWins was initiated by Kristyn Wong-Tam, the only openly LGBTQ member of city council. In production since December 2017, the event went public on March 7 through a news release and Facebook page, described as "part vigil, part celebration". The proposed March 29 event drew criticisms, from logos of corporate sponsors to holding a celebration when the unnamed dead were still in forensic laboratories. The event was chaired by Salah Bachir, president of Cineplex Media, who identified as a "queer Arab man" and was both sad and angry about the crimes, having known some of the victims personally while his sister was a landscaping client of McArthur's.[260]

Sara Malabar, who produced the opening and closing events for 2014 WorldPride, started a Facebook page titled "Stop Love Wins Concert" and threatened to organize a protest if it was not cancelled. Another critic noted that events are pressured to go mainstream when attracting corporate sponsors, and overlook the needs of the community that they are meant to address. It was also noted that marginalized communities could make better use of the resources than by throwing a party.[260]

On March 10, Wong-Tam's website announced that the event would be postponed to address concerns, admitting that the event had sparked unnecessary division at a historic moment for the community. Malabar offered to help in creating a more appropriate event, with more LGBTQ performers.[261]