2018 Colombian presidential election

During the previous election held in 2014, a second round was held as no candidate attained more than 50% of the vote. The candidates were incumbent president Juan Manuel Santos of the Party of the U and Óscar Iván Zuluaga of the Democratic Center. The election centred on the issue of how to continue peace negotiations with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).[11] In the run-off, Santos defeated Zuluaga, earning 50% of the vote to his opponent's 44%.[12]

In June 2015, both houses of congress approved legislation limiting presidents to a single four-year term with a formal ban on re-election, restoring the term limits that were in place before 2005. President Santos, who submitted the bill upon re-election in the 2014 presidential election, said the re-election ban would restore a balance of power in Colombia. The bill faced criticism from supporters and members of the Democratic Center party led by former president and rival of Santos, Álvaro Uribe. They argued the purpose of the bill's introduction was to prevent Uribe from seeking a non-consecutive third term to the presidency. Edward Rodríguez, a Democratic Center member of congress, described the re-election ban as "revenge against Uribe".[13]

On 27 September 2016, the government signed a peace agreement with the FARC. A referendum took place on 12 October to ratify the deal; however, voters narrowly rejected it. President Santos then negotiated with staunch opponents of the agreement like Uribe and reentered into talks with the FARC. The FARC and the Colombian government agreed to a revised peace deal on 24 November. The modified agreement included changes, such as an agreement that the deal would not be part of the constitution. Rather than put the revised deal through another referendum for ratification, Santos sent the agreement to congress.[14] The Senate voted to ratify the deal on 29 November, which was followed by the approval by the chamber of representatives. The ratification marked an end to 50 years of conflict.[15]

Colombian Presidents are elected for four-year terms using a two-round system; if no candidate receives a majority of the vote in the first round, a runoff is held between the top two candidates.[2] The Vice President is elected on the same ticket as the President. Presidents are limited to a single four-year term and Article 191 of the constitution requires candidates to be Colombian by birth and at least thirty years old.

In line with the constitution, Colombian citizens by birth or by naturalization, aged eighteen or older have the right to vote. Several scenarios can cause the loss of the right to vote, as outlined in the constitution. Citizens in detention centers can vote from the establishments determined by the National Civil Registry. The civil registry inscription is not automatic, and citizens must go to the regional office of the Registry to register.[16]

Legislative act # 2 of 2015 established that the runner-up in the presidential elections is given a seat in the Senate and their Vice President candidate will become a member of the House of Representatives.[17]

The following lists display candidates in the order they appeared on the ballot and show the most recent political office they have held as of the time of the election.[18]

Candidates in the runoff

Party		Presidential nominee		Vice-Presidential nominee		Coalition
	Humane Colombia		Gustavo Petro Mayor of Bogotá (2012–2014; 2014–2015)		Ángela Robledo Member of the Chamber of Representatives for Bogotá (2010–2018)	Social Inclusion for Peace
	Democratic Center		Iván Duque Senator (2014–2018)		Marta Lucía Ramírez Senator (2006–2009)	Great Alliance for Colombia

Candidates not in the runoff

Party		Presidential nominee		Vice-Presidential nominee[lower-alpha 1]		Coalition
	Colombian Liberal Party		Humberto De la Calle Ambassador to the OAS (2001–2003)		Clara López Obregón (ASI) Minister of Labour (2016–2017)	PLC–ASI
	We Are All Colombia		Jorge Trujillo Senator (2009–2010)		Fredy Obando Pinillo	—
	Citizens' Compromise		Sergio Fajardo Governor of Antioquia (2012–2015)		Claudia López Hernández (PVA) Senator (2014–2018)	Colombia Coalition
	Independent		Germán Vargas Lleras[lower-alpha 2] Vice President of Colombia (2014–2017)		Juan Carlos Pinzón (CR) Ambassador to the United States (2015–2017)	Mejor Vargas Lleras

Two coalitions, the right-wing Great Alliance for Colombia and left-wing Social Inclusion for Peace, held primary elections concurrently with the legislative elections on 11 March.[34]

Results

Party			Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic Center		Iván Duque	4,044,509	67.76%
	Independent		Marta Lucía Ramírez	1,538,882	25.78%
	La Patria de Pie		Alejandro Ordóñez	385,110	6.45%
Source: Semana

Duque won the nomination, and following his victory, he selected the runner-up, Ramírez, to be the alliance's vice presidential nominee.[34]

Results

Party			Candidate	Votes	%
	Humane Colombia		Gustavo Petro	2,853,731	84.67%
	Indigenous and Social Alternative Movement
	Citizen Force		Carlos Caceido	515,309	15.32%
Source: Semana

Petro secured the nomination by a large margin and won all departments, losing only in Caceido's home department of Magdalena.[39] Following the primary election, Petro selected Ángela Robledo of the Green Alliance and a member of the chamber of representatives as his running mate.[40]

According to polling data, significant issues amongst voters were unemployment, healthcare, corruption and the FARC peace agreement.[2]

Iván Duque, a lawyer, senator, protege of Uribe, and the nominee for the Democratic Center party, campaigned on promoting innovation, job creation, economic recovery, environmental preservation and opposing the FARC peace agreement. Before his nomination, most of the public was not familiar with Duque.[3] He rose to prominence during the 2016 peace referendum due to his staunch opposition. However, he stated that Duque was still in favour of peace but aimed to keep the FARC out of Colombian politics and prosecute FARC and National Liberation Army (ELN) rebels. On narcotics, Duque expressed his support for the war on drugs and sought to eliminate all coca production. He emphasised a message of opposing corruption and implementing economic reform; for instance; he proposed a simplification of the tax code. Due to Duque's youth and light experience, opponents and critics painted him as unprepared to head the executive branch, leading some to claim further that the senator was a puppet of Uribe. Duque countered these claims by saying it was time for a new generation to take over, and whilst he did highlight his close ties to Uribe, he emphasised that he was "his own man". Critics also attacked Duque for his opposition to the peace agreement, his refusal to rule out fracking and alleged ties to paramilitary groups.[41][42]

Economist Gustavo Petro of Humane Colombia, a former mayor of Bogotá and former M-19 guerilla who was previously a candidate in the 2010 presidential election, ran a populist campaign focusing on decreasing inequality and tackling climate change. Supported by a coalition of left and centre-left parties, Petro also emphasised workers' rights and campaigned to improve labour conditions in both urban and rural areas. He aimed to reduce poverty by implementing land reforms and establishing a "popular bank" that would offer loans to impoverished citizens. Petro supported the introduction of state-funded universal healthcare that would replace the unpopular private-funded system. Furthermore, he sought to restrict the use of fossil fuels and intended to ban any further exploration of mining and fracking in favour of renewable energy sources. Several months before the election, Petro survived an assassination attempt when a bullet pierced through his armoured van. He presented himself as a successor to prominent slain left-wing politicians such as Jorge Eliecer Gaitan and Luis Carlos Galán. Petro furthermore highlighted the need to end political persecution in the country. Petro's opponents claimed that he would "turn Colombia into another Venezuela", citing his prior support for former Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez. Critics said his policy proposals would not attract foreign investment and that his plans to abandon non-renewable energy, which accounted for 2-4% of Colombia's GDP, were not feasible at the time. Opponents also claimed that his policies would result in an economic disaster.[43][44]

Veteran politician Humberto De la Calle, who served as vice president to Ernesto Samper,[45] was the nominee for the Colombian Liberal Party. De la Calle played a crucial role in negotiating the peace deal with the FARC and campaigned on policies to assist the country post-conflict, including investments in job creation and regions that were heavily affected by the conflict. He entered the presidential race to keep Duque from winning the presidency. De la Calle supported increasing environmental protection and stricter criteria for the issue of mining licenses, both as a means of promoting ecotourism. Due to the high presence of labour inequality and gender-based violence, De la Calle announced his intention to establish a ministry of women to tackle these issues. He furthermore proposed a significant reform of the education sector, seeking to transform the financing and structure and change the ministry of education to the ministry of intelligence. De la Calle's proposals included other policies with broad support amongst the youth, such as modifying the unpopular student loan program and abolishing compulsory military service. Whilst on the campaign trail, De la Calle struggled to gain momentum and often trailed his opponents in the polls. The peace agreement, a controversial topic amongst voters, did not help boost support for De la Calle. His 30 years of political experience proved a double-edged sword; some voters saw this as a benefit, but others concluded that De la Calle was a part of the elite. The Liberal party's severe dis-unity and rupturing also hurt him. But De la Calle's campaign suffered a severe downturn when Liberal party leader and former president César Gaviria announced before the first round that the Liberal party would support Duque in the run-off, implying that the party had lost confidence in De la Calle's candidacy.[46][47]

Sergio Fajardo, a mathematician, former mayor of Medellín, former governor of Antioquia and previously a vice presidential candidate in the 2010 presidential election, won the nomination of the Colombia Coalition, an alliance composed of the Alternative Democratic Pole, the Green Alliance and his Civic Compromise party. Fajardo's platform encompassed education and the environment. He intended to increase the education budget by 10% and boost enrollment nationwide to combat poverty. Fajardo supported the peace agreement, although he presented himself as a moderate centrist alternative to Duque and Petro. On the campaign trail, Fajardo expressed concern about vote buying and advocated for a transparent electoral and judicial process. Whilst he campaigned on being the fiscally reliable candidate, he faced criticism from opponents who highlighted a dramatic debt increase that occurred during his tenure as governor of Antioquia. Fajardo considered polarisation a threat to Colombian politics and sought to present himself as a middle-ground candidate. However, critics said this strategy risked Fajardo appealing to few voters.[48][49]

Jorge Antonio Trujillo, a Christian pastor and former senator, was the nominee for the We Are All Colombia party. Trujillo, the founder of the gospel church of Casa de Reino, gained widespread attention in 2014 when he claimed that the winter wave the country experienced was a punishment from God and blamed President Santos, claiming that the president had previously travelled to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountains where he made a "secret rite" and "handed over the country to the shamans and sorcerers." Whilst campaigning, Trujillo frequently mentioned that his most fundamental priorities were in the following order: God, family, the Church and the nation.[50] An opponent of LGBT rights, Trujillo pledged to prevent LGBT couples from legally adopting children and outlaw same-sex marriage. Trujillo was opposed to the peace agreement, claiming it violated the constitution. Rarely holding public rallies, he instead preached his campaign messages through his church services. Trujillo performed poorly in opinion polls, although the pastor claimed to have faced discrimination from the national electoral council and pollsters. However, Trujillo assured voters he had faith that God would provide an "electoral surprise" in the first round and qualify for the run-off.[51]

Germán Vargas Lleras of the conservative Radical Change party and vice president to Juan Manuel Santos resigned as second-in-command in March 2017 to be eligible to contest the presidency.[52] Vargas Lleras ran as an independent; at a time when various members of his party were under investigation for corruption. Vargas Lleras led in many early polls and with the support of the Mejor Vargas Lleras coalition; the former vice president campaigned on his experience, pledging to continue many policies of the Santos administration, for example, resuming the 4G road network infrastructure that he played a part in initiating. On the economy, the former vice president supported lowering income taxes to attract more foreign investment and promote entrepreneurs, differing from the policy of the Santos administration.[53] Furthermore, Vargas Lleras highlighted the Crisis in Venezuela during the campaign and expressed staunch opposition towards the Nicolás Maduro. On the campaign trail, Vargas Lleras claimed he was the candidate that would prevent Colombia from descending into a crisis like in Venezuela.[54] The former vice president advocated for an end to corruption; however, this was complicated when opponents attacked Vargas Lleras for the corruption investigations surrounding the Radical Change party. Critics said his tax reform proposal would risk increasing inequality throughout Colombia and that the support from president Santos would prove to be a double-edged sword due to the outgoing administration's unpopularity. Furthermore, Vargas Lleras did not fully support the FARC peace agreement.[53]

There were four debates, which took place in the four main departments.

The Antioquia debate was characterised by the lack of attacks made by the candidates. Topics included public order, Venezuelan immigration, the peace treaties with FARC and LGBT couples' rights.[55] Regional topics included the Antioquia railroad, regional connectivity and tourist industry development.[56]

The Caribe debate saw several disqualifications and confrontations between candidates, as well as incidents in the crowds between followers of different parties.[57] Topics included the battle against corruption, the peace process with FARC, the environment and the country's relationship with Venezuelan.[58] Regional topics included Electricaribe (an energy supplier in the Caribe region) and the decisions that the candidates would take to resolve the energy problem.[59]

The Pacific debate saw discussions on flaws in the healthcare system, illegal mining, education, FARC, illegal crops, the battle against corruption, infrastructure, culture, racism and the exploitation of biodiversity. The candidates Humberto de La Calle and Germán Vargas Lleras took advantage of the free questions to comment on absent candidate, Iván Duque.[60]

The Eje Cafetero debate was cancelled due to disturbances that prevented some candidates entering the Los Fundadores de Manizales theatre. Afterwards Iván Duque, Humberto de La Calle, Gustavo Petro and Germán Vargas Lleras met at the city's auditorium and held a closed-door debate. The most important topics were the coffee industry and tourism.[61]

Candidate with the most votes in the first round by municipality:

  Iván Duque - Marta Lucía Ramírez

  Gustavo Petro - Ángela María Robledo

  Sergio Fajardo - Claudia López

  Germán Vargas Lleras - Juan Carlos Pinzón

Turnout in the first round was 53.40%. Iván Duque won a plurality of votes in the first round, securing 39.36% of the vote. Because he failed to attain the 50% required to win an outright victory, Duque, along with the second-place candidate Gustavo Petro who received 25.09%, competed in a second round. Petro narrowly surpassed Sergio Fajardo, denying the Colombia Coalition ticket a spot in the runoff. Blank ballots made up 1.75% of the votes cast.[4][69]

Duque won a decisive victory in the run-off, earning 54.03%. Duque secured a majority of the vote in 23 departments and received a plurality in La Guajira, while his strongest showing was in Norte de Santander, where he earned 77%. Petro received 41% and won eight departments and Bogotá. He performed well in several coastal departments and received nearly 70% of the vote in the Amazonian department of Putumayo.[70] Blank votes increased to 4.20%, whilst voter turnout was virtually identical to the first round at 53.11%.[69] Duque became one of the youngest individuals elected to the presidency at age 42, whilst Marta Lucía Ramírez was the first woman elected vice president.[3]

Second round

Candidate with the most votes in the second round by municipality:

  Iván Duque - Marta Lucía Ramírez

  Gustavo Petro - Ángela María Robledo

Department	Duque		Petro		Blank votes
	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%
Amazonas	9,962	50.42%	9,324	47.19%	471	2.38%
Antioquia	1,844,027	72.53%	558,514	21.97%	139,598	5.49%
Arauca	59,417	64.94%	28,858	31.54%	3,215	3.51%
Atlántico	342,866	42.82%	440,103	54.96%	17,734	2.21%
Bogotá	1,447,685	40.98%	1,884,869	53.35%	200,079	5.66%
Bolívar	345,415	51.18%	316,670	46.92%	12,725	1.88%
Boyacá	308,733	54.81%	233,755	41.50%	20,688	3.67%
Caldas	283,920	65.67%	121,476	28.09%	26,918	6.18%
Caquetá	79,689	62.17%	43,511	33.94%	4,965	3.87%
Casanare	127,906	72.78%	41,559	23.64%	6,264	3.56%
Cauca	160,191	32.19%	323,443	65.00%	13,937	2.80%
Cesar	216,750	54.24%	174,175	43.58%	8,862	2.17%
Chocó	46,289	39.21%	69,448	58.82%	2,315	1.96%
Consulates/Abroad	180,995	69.91%	69,558	26.86%	8,340	3.22%
Córdoba	310,231	50.16%	298,944	48.34%	9,234	1.49%
Cundinamarca	658,212	56.48%	452,307	38.81%	54,779	4.70%
Guainía	5,873	57.06%	4,097	39.80%	322	3.12%
Guaviare	15,755	58.35%	9,838	36.43%	1,427	5.21%
Huila	296,245	64.71%	146,530	32.01%	14,964	3.26%
La Guajira	106,328	49.89%	103,271	48.45%	3,509	1.64%
Magdalena	226,136	51.83%	201,567	46.20%	8,548	1.95%
Meta	264,513	63.95%	131,819	31.87%	17,247	4.17%
Nariño	192,588	33.53%	366,673	63.85%	14,961	2.60%
Norte de Santander	486,004	77.89%	112,496	18.03%	25,433	4.07%
Putumayo	30,918	27.88%	77,220	69.63%	2,755	2.48%
Quindío	156,973	62.76%	78,071	31.21%	15,067	6.02%
Risaralda	257,267	61.57%	136,646	32.70%	23,913	5.72%
San Andrés & Providencia	9,303	61.20%	5,282	34.75%	614	4.03%
Santander	591,714	60.30%	345,224	35.18%	44,208	4.50%
Sucre	171,322	48.25%	178,934	50.39%	4,797	1.53%
Tolima	379,766	65.89%	174,655	30.30%	21,857	3.79%
Valle del Cauca	746,819	43.66%	885,289	51.76%	78,248	4.57%
Vaupés	3,096	38.75%	4,759	59.56%	134	1.67%
Vichada	10,172	63.94%	5,304	33.34%	431	2.70%
Sources: El Tiempo, Adam Carr