Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020–present

Timeline of notable events in the research and development of sustainable energy, including renewable energy, solar energy, and nuclear fusion energy, particularly for ways that are sustainable within the Earth system.

Renewable energy capacity has steadily grown, led by solar photovoltaic power.[1]

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Sustainable energy
A car drives past 4 wind turbines in a field, with more on the horizon
Energy conservation
Renewable energy
Sustainable transport
2023 in science
Fields
Technology
Social sciences
Paleontology
Extraterrestrial environment
Terrestrial environment
Other/related

Events currently not included in the timelines include:

Prior history of energy consumption sources up to 2018

Grids
See also: Grid energy storage

Smart grids
See also: Smart grid § Research
2022
  • A study provides results of simulations and analysis of "transactive energy mechanisms to engage the large-scale deployment of flexible distributed energy resources (DERs), such as air conditioners, water heaters, batteries, and electric vehicles, in the operation of the electric power system".[2][3]

Super grids
See also: Super grid
2022

Microgrids and off-the-grid
See also: Microgrid, Mini-grid, Microgeneration, and Off-the-grid
  • Researchers describe a way for "inherently robust, scalable method of integration using multiple energy storage systems and distributed energy resources, which does not require any means of dedicated communication improvised controls", which could make microgrids easy and low cost "where they are needed most" such as during a power outage or after a disaster.[5][6]

Solar power
Further information: Timeline of solar cells and Solar power § Emerging technologies
Reported timeline of research solar cell energy conversion efficiencies since 1976 (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

2020
  • Solar cell efficiency of perovskite solar cells have increased from 3.8% in 2009[7] to 25.2% in 2020 in single-junction architectures,[8] and, in silicon-based tandem cells, to 29.1%,[8] exceeding the maximum efficiency achieved in single-junction silicon solar cells.
  • 6 March – Scientists show that adding a layer of perovskite crystals on top of textured or planar silicon to create a tandem solar cell enhances its performance up to a power conversion efficiency of 26%. This could be a low cost way to increase efficiency of solar cells.[9][10]
  • 13 July – The first global assessment into promising approaches of solar photovoltaic modules recycling is published. Scientists recommend "research and development to reduce recycling costs and environmental impacts compared to disposal while maximizing material recovery" as well as facilitation and use of techno–economic analyses.[11][12]
  • 3 July – Scientists show that adding an organic-based ionic solid into perovskites can result in substantial improvement in solar cell performance and stability. The study also reveals a complex degradation route that is responsible for failures in aged perovskite solar cells. The understanding could help the future development of photovoltaic technologies with industrially relevant longevity.[13][14]

2021
  • 12 April – Scientists develop a prototype and design rules for both-sides-contacted silicon solar cells with conversion efficiencies of 26% and above, Earth's highest for this type of solar cell.[15][16]
  • 21 May – The first industrial commercial production line of perovskite solar panels, using an inkjet printing procedure, is launched in Poland.[19]
  • 13 December – Researchers report the development of a database and analysis tool about perovskite solar cells which systematically integrates over 15,000 publications, in particular device-data about over 42,400 of such photovoltaic devices.[20][21]
  • 16 December – ML System from Jasionka, Poland, opens first quantum glass production line. The factory started the production of windows integrating a transparent quantum-dots layer that can produce electricity while also capable of cooling buildings.[22]

2022
  • 30 May - A team at Fraunhofer ISE led by Frank Dimroth developed a 4-junction solar cell with an efficiency of 47.6% - a new world record for solar energy conversion.[23]
  • 13 July – Researchers report the development of semitransparent solar cells that are as large as windows,[24] after team members achieved record efficiency with high transparency in 2020.[25][26] On 4 July, researchers report the fabrication of solar cells with a record average visible transparency of 79%, being nearly invisible.[27][28]

High-altitude and space-based solar power
Further information: Space-based solar power

Ongoing research and development projects include SSPS-OMEGA,[32][33] SPS-ALPHA,[34][35] and the Solaris program.[36][37][38]

2020
2023
  • Caltech reports the first successful beaming of solar energy from space down to a receiver on the ground, via the MAPLE instrument on its SSPD-1 spacecraft, launched into orbit in January.[43][44]

Floating solar
Further information: Floating solar
2020
  • A study concludes that deploying floating solar panels on existing hydro reservoirs could generate 16%–40% (4,251 to 10,616 TWh/year) of global energy needs when not considering project-siting constraints, local development regulations, "economic or market potential" and potential future technology improvements.[45][46]
2022
  • Researchers develop floating artificial leaves for light-driven hydrogen and syngas fuel production. The lightweight, flexible perovskite devices are scalable and can float on water similar to lotus leaves.[47][48]
2023

Agrivoltaics
  • 2021 – An improved agrivoltaic system with a grooved glass plate is demonstrated.[51][52]
  • 2021 – A report reviews several studies[53][54] about the potential of agrivoltaics, which partly suggest "high potential of agrivoltaics as a viable and efficient technology" and outline concerns for refinements to the technology.[55]
  • 2022 – Researchers report the development of greenhouses (or solar modules) by a startup that generate electricity from a portion of the spectrum of sunlight, allowing spectra that interior plants use to pass through.[56][57]
  • 2023 – Demonstration of another agrivoltaic greenhouse which outperforms a conventional glass-roof greenhouse.[58][59]

Solar-powered production
See also: Microbial food cultures § Environmental, food security and efficiency aspects

Water production
Early 2020s

Wind power
See also: History of wind power
2021
  • A study using simulations finds that large scale vertical-axis wind turbines could outcompete conventional HAWTs (horizontal axis) wind farm turbines.[70][71]
  • Scientists report that due to decreases in power generation efficiency of wind farms downwind of offshore wind farms, cross-national limits and potentials for optimization need to be considered in strategic decision-making.[72][73]
  • Researchers report, based on simulations, how large wind-farm performance can be significantly improved using windbreaks.[74][75]
  • The world's first fully autonomous commercial "airborne wind energy" system (an airborne wind turbine) is launched by a company.[76]
  • An U.S. congressionally directed report concludes that "the resource potential of wind energy available to AWE systems is likely similar to that available to traditional wind energy systems" but that "AWE would need significant further development before it could deploy at meaningful scales at the national level".[76]
2023

Hydrogen energy
See also: § Grids, Timeline of hydrogen technologies § 21st century, Green hydrogen § Research and development, and Hydrogen economy
2022
2023

Hydroelectricity and marine energy
See also: Hydropower § History, Hydroelectricity § History, Ocean thermal energy conversion, and Marine energy
2021
  • Engineers report the development of a prototype wave energy converter that is twice as efficient as similar existing experimental technologies, which could be a major step towards practical viability of tapping into the sustainable energy source.[104][105]
  • A study investigates how tidal energy could be best integrated into the Orkney energy system.[106] A few days earlier, a review assesses the potential of tidal energy in the UK's energy systems, finding that it could, according to their considerations that include an economic cost-benefit analysis, deliver 34 TWh/y or 11% of its energy demand.[107][108]

Energy storage
See also: Energy storage § History, History of the battery, and § Grid energy storage

Electric batteries
2022
2023

Thermal energy storage

Novel and emerging types
See also: List of battery types and Lithium–sulfur battery § Research
  • 2021 – A company generates its first power from a gravity battery at a site in Edinburgh.[116] Other gravity batteries are also under construction by other companies.[117]
  • 2022 – A study describes using lifts and empty apartments in tall buildings to store energy, estimating global potential around 30 to 300 GWh.[118][119]

Nuclear fusion
This section is an excerpt from Timeline of nuclear fusion § 2020s.[edit]
  • 2020
    • Assembly of ITER, which has been under construction for years, commences.[120]
    • The Chinese experimental nuclear fusion reactor HL-2M is turned on for the first time, achieving its first plasma discharge.[121]
  • 2021
    • [Record] China's EAST tokamak sets a new world record for superheated plasma, sustaining a temperature of 120 million degrees Celsius for 101 seconds and a peak of 160 million degrees Celsius for 20 seconds.[122]
    • [Record] The National Ignition Facility achieves generating 70% of the input energy, necessary to sustain fusion, from inertial confinement fusion energy, an 8x improvement over previous experiments in spring 2021 and a 25x increase over the yields achieved in 2018.[123]
    • The first Fusion Industry Association report was published - "The global fusion industry in 2021"[124]
    • [Record] China's Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), a nuclear fusion reactor research facility, sustained plasma at 70 million degrees Celsius for as long as 1,056 seconds (17 minutes, 36 seconds), achieving the new world record for sustained high temperatures (fusion energy however requires i.a. temperatures over 150 million °C).[125][126][127]
  • 2022
    • [Record] The Joint European Torus in Oxford, UK, reports 59 megajoules produced with nuclear fusion over five seconds (11 megawatts of power), more than double the previous record of 1997.[128][129]
    • [Record] United States researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory National Ignition Facility (NIF) in California has recorded the first case of ignition on August 8, 2021. Producing an energy yield of 0.72, of laser beam input to fusion output.[130][131]
    • [Record] Building on the achievement in August 2022, American researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory National Ignition Facility (NIF) in California recorded the first ever net energy production with nuclear fusion, producing more fusion energy than laser beam put in. Laser efficiency was in the order of 1%.[132]
  • 2023
    • [Record] On February 15th, 2023, Wendelstein 7-X reached a new milestone: Power plasma with gigajoule energy turnover generated for eight minutes.[133]

Geothermal energy
See also: Geothermal energy § History
2022

Waste heat recovery
See also: Waste heat recovery
2020
  • Reviews about WHR in the aluminium industry[136] and cement industry[137] are published.
2023
  • A report by the company Danfoss estimates EU's excess heat recovery potential, suggesting there is "huge, unharnessed potential" and that action could involve initial mapping of existing waste heat sources.[138]

Bioenergy, chemical engineering and biotechnology
See also: Bioenergy, Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage § Current projects, Biobased economy § Energy, Artificial photosynthesis, and Woodchips § Fuel
2020
2022
2023

General

Research about sustainable energy in general or across different types.

Other energy-need reductions
See also: Energy conservation, Sustainable lifestyle, Heat cost allocator, Personal carbon credits, and Climate change mitigation § Research

Research and development of (technical) means to substantially or systematically reduce need for energy beyond smart grids, education / educational technology (such as about differential environmental impacts of diets), transportation infrastructure (bicycles and rail transport) and conventional improvements of energy efficiency on the level of the energy system.

2020
  • A study shows a set of different scenarios of minimal energy requirements for providing decent living standards globally, finding that – according to their models, assessments and data – by 2050 global energy use could be reduced to 1960 levels despite of 'sufficiency' still being materially relatively generous.[149][150][151]
2022

Materials and recycling
See also: § Solar power, Solar panel § Waste and recycling, Solar cell § Recycling, Rare-earth element § Environmental considerations, Environmental aspects of the electric car, and Circular economy § Rare-earth elements recovery
2020
2023
Flow chart of proposed or possible product stewardship scheme for new solar PV panels[161]

Seabed mining
2020
  • Researchers assess to what extent international law and existing policy support the practice of a proactive knowledge management system that enables systematic addressing of uncertainties about the environmental effects of seabed mining via regulations that, for example, enable the International Seabed Authority to actively engage in generating and synthesizing information.[163]
2021
  • A moratorium on deep-sea mining until rigorous and transparent impact assessments are carried out is enacted at the 2021 world congress of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). However, the effectiveness of the moratorium may be questionable as no enforcement mechanisms have been set up, planned or specified.[164] Researchers have outlined why there is a need to avoid mining the deep sea.[165][166][167][168][169]
2022

Maintenance
See also: Soiling (solar energy) § Mitigation techniques

Maintenance of sustainable energy systems could be automated, standardized and simplified and the required resources and efforts for such get reduced via research relevant for their design and processes like waste management.

2022
  • Researchers demonstrate electrostatic dust removal from solar panels.[174][175]

Economics
2021
  • A review finds that the pace of cost-decline of renewables has been underestimated and that an "open cost-database would greatly benefit the energy scenario community".[176][177] A 2022 study comes to similar conclusions.[178][179]
2022

Feasibility studies and energy system models
2020
  • A study suggests that all sector defossilisation can be achieved worldwide even for nations with severe conditions. The study suggests that integration impacts depend on "demand profiles, flexibility and storage cost".[182][183]
2021
2022
2023
Assessment of pathways for building heating in the EU[190] (more)

See also
2023 in science
Fields
Technology
Social sciences
Paleontology
Extraterrestrial environment
Terrestrial environment
Other/related
Not yet included
Timelines of related areas

References
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