Project 211

Project 211 (Chinese: 211工程; pinyin: 211 Gōngchéng) was a higher education development and sponsorship scheme of the Chinese central government for preparing approximately 100 universities for the 21st century, initiated in November 1995. There were 115 universities and colleges selected to be part of this program. The code name "Project 211" had been a synonym for the fair universities after Project 985 in China's public opinion.[1][2][3][4]

See also: Project 985
Project 211
Formation1995 (1995)
Defunct2016 (2016)
Region
China (115 universities nationwide)
History of the
People's Republic of China
National emblem of the People's Republic of China
Mao era
Transition and Deng era
Jiang and the third generation
Hu and the fourth generation
Xi and the fifth generation
History of
flag China portal

Both Project 985 and Project 211 were nullified in 2016 and replaced by the Double First Class University Plan in 2017 under the Xi Jinping Administration.[5][6] Nevertheless, the mindset of the ranked categorization of nationwide universities and colleges provided by the two projects continued to heavily influencing the Chinese public.[7][8]

Etymology

Project 211 was a project of developing comprehensive universities and colleges initiated in 1995 by the then National Education Commission of China, with the intent of raising the research standards of comprehensive universities and cultivating strategies for socio-economic development.[9]

The name for the project comes from an abbreviation of the slogan "In preparation for the 21st century, successfully running 100 higher education institutions" (面向21世纪，办好100所高校). One hundred was the approximate number of participating universities.[10]

History

In December 1995, Project 211 was launched with 15 universities initially included. In December 1996, another 80 universities were added into Phase 1 of the project, expanding the total number to 95.

During the first phase of the project, from 1996 to 2000, approximately US$2 billion was distributed.[9]

In 2005, 12 universities were added into Phase 2 of the project. At the end of 2015, 1 more university was added as a Phase 3 university. In 2008, 5 universities including Ningxia University, Hainan University, Qinghai University, Shihezi University, and Tibet University were added as part of Phase 4.

Some universities of Project 211 claimed that the project funding had been ceased in 2013.[11] Since 2014, Project 211 has been mentioned less.[12][13] In the same year, some universities reported that Project 211 funding had terminated, and the project had been repealed.[14][15]

In October 2015, the State Council of China published the 'Overall Plan for Promoting the Construction of World First-Class Universities and First-Class Disciplines (Double First-Class University Plan)', and made new arrangements for the development of higher education in China, replacing previous projects including Project 211, Project 985, Project Characteristic Key Disciplines, etc.[16]

In June 2016, the Ministry of Education of China announced that Project 211 had been abolished[17] and replaced by the Double First-Class University Initiative.[6]

In September 2017, the full list of the Double First Class University Plan was formally published by the central government of China. A total of 140 universities were included in this plan (the number of Double First-Class Universities expanded to 147 in February 2022), taking up less than 5% of the total number of Chinese higher education institutions (3,012),[18] which represents the most elite part of the higher education in China.[19][20]

In 2019, the Ministry of Education of China reconfirmed that the invalidated Project 211 had been replaced by the Double First-Class University Plan.[21]

Admissions

They admit students through a competitive process of the National Higher Education Entrance Examination ("Gaokao") for undergraduate programs.[22]

Controversies

Some Project 211 universities were added into the project for 'poverty alleviation', 'aiding the poor', 'ethnic policy' and 'regional balance' reasons, and they were weaker than some other universities beyond the project in terms of comprehensive competitiveness and faculties' development.[23][24]

Sequel

Since 2015, the Project 211 has been abolished and replaced by the Double First-Class University Initiative.[25] In 2022, the Ministry of Education of China announced that 15 Double First-Class Universities received warnings on their Double First-Class status revocation, and 14 of them were former Project 211 universities.[26] If these 15 universities fail to pass the final assessment in 2023, they will lose their Double First-Class University statuses.[27][28]

List of Project-211 universities and colleges
Main article: List of universities in China

By 2008, China had some 116 institutions of higher education (approximately 6%) designated as 211 Project universities.[10]

Province/Municipality City University
Beijing (26) Beijing (26)
Jiangsu (11) Nanjing (8)
Suzhou
Wuxi
Xuzhou
Shanghai (10) Shanghai (10)
Shaanxi (8) Xi'an (7)
Xianyang
Hubei (7) Wuhan (7)
Sichuan (5) Chengdu (4)
Ya'an
Guangdong (4) Guangzhou (4)
Hunan (4) Changsha (4)
Heilongjiang (4) Harbin (4)
Liaoning (4) Shenyang (2)
Dalian (2)
Tianjin (4) Tianjin (4)
Anhui (3) Hefei (3)
Jilin (3) Changchun (2)
Yanji
Shandong (3) Qingdao (2)
Jinan
Chongqing (2) Chongqing (2)
Fujian (2) Xiamen
Fuzhou
Xinjiang (2) Shihezi
Ürümqi
Guizhou Guiyang
Gansu Lanzhou
Hainan Haikou
Henan Zhengzhou
Jiangxi Nanchang
Qinghai Xining
Shanxi Taiyuan
Yunnan Kunming
Zhejiang Hangzhou
Guangxi Nanning
Inner Mongolia Hohhot
Ningxia Yinchuan
Tibet Lhasa

See also

References
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  3. "科学网—公众迷恋大学"帽子"本质是期待高质量教育". news.sciencenet.cn. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
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