28 Days Later

28 Days Later is a 2002 British post-apocalyptic horror film directed by Danny Boyle and written by Alex Garland. It stars Cillian Murphy as a bicycle courier who awakens from a coma to discover the accidental release of a highly contagious, aggression-inducing virus has caused the breakdown of society. Naomie Harris, Christopher Eccleston, Megan Burns, and Brendan Gleeson appear in supporting roles.

This article is about the horror film. For the comics, see 28 Days Later (comics). For the romantic comedy film, see 28 Days (film).

28 Days Later
A monochrome black on red image, with a large biohazard warning symbol and underneath a man walking with London in the background
Theatrical release poster
Directed byDanny Boyle
Written byAlex Garland
Produced byAndrew Macdonald
Starring
CinematographyAnthony Dod Mantle
Edited byChris Gill
Music byJohn Murphy
Production
companies
Distributed byFox Searchlight Pictures
Release dates
  • 1 November 2002 (2002-11-01) (United Kingdom & Ireland)
  • 27 June 2003 (2003-06-27) (United States)
Running time
113 minutes[1]
CountryUnited Kingdom
LanguageEnglish
Budget$8 million[1]
Box office$84.6 million[2]

Garland took inspiration from George A. Romero's Night of the Living Dead film series and John Wyndham's 1951 novel The Day of the Triffids for the film's post-apocalyptic story. Filming took place in various locations in the United Kingdom in 2001. The crew filmed for brief periods during early mornings and temporarily closed streets to capture recognisable and typically busy areas when they were deserted. John Murphy composed an original soundtrack for the film, with other instrumental songs by Brian Eno, Godspeed You! Black Emperor and other artists also being featured.

28 Days Later was released on 1 November 2002 to critical acclaim and financial success. Grossing more than $82.7 million worldwide on its modest budget of $8 million, it became one of the most profitable horror films of 2002. Reviewers praised Boyle's direction, the cast's performances, Garland's screenplay, the atmosphere and soundtrack. Despite Boyle not considering it a zombie film, 28 Days Later is credited with reinvigorating the zombie genre of horror film and influencing a revival in the decade after its release, with its fast-running infected and character-driven drama.[3][4] Since its release, it has been featured in several "best-of" film lists and maintained a following, particularly amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the 2020s.

The film was followed by 2007 sequel 28 Weeks Later, a 2007 graphic novel titled 28 Days Later: The Aftermath, which expands on the timeline of the outbreak, and a 2009 to 2011 comic book series titled 28 Days Later.

Plot

A highly contagious, aggression-inducing virus called the "rage virus" is unleashed in Great Britain after an infected chimpanzee is freed from its cage in a laboratory in Cambridge by a group of eco-terrorists. Within seconds of exposure after freeing the enraged chimp, one of the terrorists succumbs to the virus and immediately infects another. Over the following hours and days, it spreads rapidly and becomes an epidemic, resulting in total societal collapse.

Twenty-eight days after the initial outbreak, bicycle courier Jim, who had an accident and fell into a coma prior to the outbreak, awakens in St Thomas' Hospital in London, which has been completely deserted with visible signs of catastrophe. After wandering the streets of London and entering a church, Jim is chased by infected humans before being rescued by survivors Selena and Mark, who take Jim to their place of refuge in a streetside store. At Jim's request, the group travels by foot to his parents' house in Deptford, where he learns that they died by suicide, leaving him a note. Shortly thereafter, Mark gets a cut on his arm which is exposed to infected blood during an attack, prompting Selena to immediately kill him before he can turn.

Jim and Selena encounter cab driver Frank and his daughter Hannah at Balfron Tower, from whom they learn of a military broadcast offering protection at a blockade in Manchester. With supplies dwindling, Frank asks Jim and Selena to accompany him and Hannah to the blockade, which they accept. The group travels to Manchester in Frank's cab, but upon arriving, they find the blockade deserted. As the group struggles to plot their next move, Frank is infected when a drop of blood falls into his eye. The soldiers arrive shortly afterwards and shoot Frank dead.

The remaining survivors are brought to a fortified mansion under the command of Major Henry West. However, the safety promised by the soldiers turns out to be a ruse when West reveals to Jim that the broadcast was intended to lure female survivors into sexual slavery to repopulate the world. Major West has Jim and Sergeant Farrell taken out to be shot after they refuse to go along with his plan, but Jim escapes after Farrell creates a distraction. While hiding in a pile of bodies, Jim sees a jet contrail in the sky, showing proof of outside survivors for the first time. After luring West away from the mansion, Jim releases Private Mailer, an infected soldier kept chained for observations, resulting in the death or infection of all of West's men. Jim, Selena, and Hannah attempt to leave in Frank's cab, but West, who had sneaked into the back seat, shoots Jim. Hannah retaliates by putting the cab in reverse, allowing Mailer to pull West through the rear window and kill him, while the three survivors drive off.

Another 28 days later, Jim recovers at a remote cottage in Cumbria, where the infected are shown lying openly in the roads, emaciated and dying of starvation. As a Finnish fighter jet flies overhead, Jim, Selena, and Hannah unfurl a huge cloth banner spelling the word "HELLO". The three survivors optimistically watch the jet as the pilot spots them.

Alternative endings

The DVD extras include three alternative endings, all of which conclude with Jim dying. One of these was filmed, which involved Jim dying of his gunshot wounds.[5] In another, the outbreak is revealed to be a dream.[6] The third, a more radical departure, was presented only in storyboards; instead of Frank being killed by soldiers after being infected, the other survivors tie him up and discover a research laboratory at the blockade, where Jim undergoes a blood transfusion in order to save Frank.[5] The U.S. cinematic release included one of the alternative endings after the film's credits in response to intense online debates over whether or not it was a more appropriate conclusion than the official ending.[7]

Cast
Main article: List of 28 Days Later characters
Cillian Murphy
Naomie Harris
Brendan Gleeson
  • Cillian Murphy as Jim, a bicycle courier who was previously in a coma
  • Naomie Harris as Selena, a chemist and battle hardened survivor
  • Brendan Gleeson as Frank, a taxi driver
  • Megan Burns as Hannah, Frank's daughter
  • Christopher Eccleston as Major Henry West, the leader of a group of renegade soldiers in Manchester
  • Noah Huntley as Mark, a survivor and Selena's partner
  • Stuart McQuarrie as Sergeant Farrell, the only one of the renegade soldiers to oppose West
  • Ricci Harnett as Corporal Mitchell, a renegade soldier
  • Leo Bill as Private Jones, a renegade soldier
  • Luke Mably as Private Clifton, a renegade soldier
  • Junior Laniyan as Private Bell, a renegade soldier
  • Ray Panthaki as Private Bedford, a renegade soldier
  • Sanjay Rambaruth as Private Davis, a renegade soldier
  • Marvin Campbell as Private Mailer, a soldier who had been infected before Jim's arrival

Additionally, Alex Palmer, Bindu De Stoppani, and Jukka Hiltunen portray the animal liberation activists, while David Schneider portrays a scientist at the laboratory. Christopher Dunne and Emma Hitching appear as Jim's parents. Toby Sedgwick plays an infected priest encountered by Jim.

On the DVD commentary, Boyle explains that with the aim of preserving the suspension of disbelief, relatively unknown actors were cast in the film. Cillian Murphy had starred primarily in small independent films, while Naomie Harris had acted on British television as a child, and Megan Burns had only one previous film credit. However, Christopher Eccleston and Brendan Gleeson were well-known character actors.

Production

Development

Early influences on Garland included the George Romero films Night of the Living Dead (1968) and Dawn of the Dead (1978), which he loved as a child but said that he had largely forgotten about the zombie genre until he played the video game Resident Evil (1996), which reminded him how much he loved zombies after "having not really encountered zombies for quite a while".[8][9] Boyle liked Garland's screenplay for a proposed zombie film, having directed the 2000 film adaptation of Garland's novel The Beach.[9]

Producer Andrew Macdonald had access to funding from the National Lottery, and pitched it to Universal Pictures, who declined to support it. Budget constraints proved to be an issue, with Christopher Eccleston having to take an emergency pay cut.[9]

On the DVD commentary, Boyle and Garland frequently call it a post-apocalyptic and horror film, commenting on scenes that were quotation of George A. Romero's Dead trilogy. During the initial marketing of the film, Boyle tried to distance the film from such labels. Boyle identified John Wyndham's The Day of the Triffids as Garland's original inspiration for the story.[10]

Five months after the film was released in Europe, video game publisher NovaLogic hosted a graffiti competition in a cross-promotion with the game Devastation. The connection was mainly due to the similar theme of a devastated world. The prizes consisted of signed screenplays and posters along with DVDs.[11]

Filming
Busy areas of Central London, including Westminster Bridge, had to be filmed early in the morning or while the crew briefly closed streets for the film's opening sequence.

The film features scenes set in normally bustling parts of London such as Westminster Bridge, Piccadilly Circus, Horse Guards Parade and Oxford Street. To depict these locations as desolate, the film crew closed off sections of street for minutes at a time, usually in early morning before sunrise on Sundays and would have typically around 45 minutes after dawn, to shoot the locations devoid of traffic and members of the public—to minimise disruption. Portions of the film were shot on a Canon XL1 digital video (DV) camera.[12][9] DV cameras are much smaller and more manoeuvrable than traditional film cameras, which would have been impractical on such brief shoots. The scenes of the M1 motorway devoid of traffic were also filmed within very limited time periods. A mobile police roadblock slowed traffic sufficiently, to leave a long section of carriageway empty while the scene was filmed. The section of the motorway depicted in the film is near Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, around 150 miles southeast of Manchester.[13]

For the London scene where Jim walks by the overturned double-decker bus, the film crew placed the bus on its side and removed it when the shot was finished, all within 20 minutes.[14] The crew had asked permission to place the bus outside Downing Street, but Westminster City Council ordered them to place it elsewhere. When they arrived at 4am and nobody from the council was present, they placed it outside Downing Street anyway.[9]

The September 11th attacks took place during filming.[9] Boyle notes the parallel between the "missing persons" flyers seen at the beginning of the film and similar flyers posted in New York City in the wake of the attacks. Boyle adds that his crew probably would not have been granted permission to close off Whitehall for filming after the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington.[15]

The production team had to hire an optometrist to supervise with the red contact lenses needed for cast members playing the infected.[9]

The mansion used in the film was Trafalgar Park near Salisbury.[16][17] Many rooms in the house, including the Cipriani-painted music room and the main hall, were filmed with minimal set decoration. The scenes occurring upstairs were filmed downstairs, as the mansion's owner resided upstairs. The old ruins used as the setting for an idyllic interlude in their journey to Manchester, were those of Waverley Abbey, Surrey. The end scenes of the film where Jim, Selena and Hannah are living in a rural cottage were filmed around Ennerdale in Cumbria.[18]

At a certain point, Macdonald announced to the crew that the production had run out of money. Filming ceased without a closing sequence being shot. After pitching several different ideas for an ending and the original ending which featured Jim's death tested badly with audiences, the studio granted more funding to film the ending scene that was eventually used. The crew organised for a real jet to fly overhead for them to film, as this was cheaper than approximately £70,000 for a computer-generated one.[9]

Reception

Box office

28 Days Later was a considerable success at the box office and became highly profitable on a budget of about £5 million. In the UK, it took in £6.1 million, while in the US, it became a surprise hit, taking over $45 million despite a limited release at fewer than 1,500 screens across the country.[1] The film garnered over $85.7 million worldwide.[2]

Critical reception

Critical views of the film were positive. On the film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 87% of 235 critics' reviews gave 28 Days Later a positive review, with an average rating of 7.40/10. The site's consensus reads: "Kinetically directed by Danny Boyle, 28 Days Later is both a terrifying zombie movie and a sharp political allegory."[19] On Metacritic, the film received a rating of 73 out of 100 based on 39 reviews, indicating "generally favourable reviews".[20]

Bravo awarded it the 100th spot on their list of 'The 100 Scariest Movie Moments' in a four-episode 2004 television series. The commentators explained that making the zombies move fast for the first time was a bright and effective idea.[21][22] In 2007, Stylus Magazine named it the second-best zombie movie of all time.[23] The film also ranked at number 456 in Empire's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time.[24] Bloody Disgusting ranked the film seventh in their list of the Top 20 Horror Films of the Decade, with the article saying "Zombie movie? Political allegory? Humanist drama? 28 Days Later is all of those things and more—a genuine work of art by a director at the top of his game. What's so amazing about the film is the way it so expertly balances scenes of white-knuckled, hell-for-leather horror with moments of intimate beauty."[4] In 2017, a poll of 150 actors, directors, writers, producers and critics for Time Out magazine ranked it the 97th-best British film ever.[25]

Cultural impact
During the COVID-19 pandemic, some media commentary compared images of deserted city streets (such as London, pictured) to scenes in 28 Days Later.

28 Days Later had an impact on horror films,[3] and was credited with starting a revival for the zombie genre,[8][3][26] along with the Resident Evil franchise.[8][3][27] The 2004 remake of Dawn of the Dead, for example, was influenced by 28 Days Later.[8] 28 Days Later was followed by other infection films such as Shaun of the Dead (2004), Black Sheep (2006),[26] Planet Terror (2007), Dead Snow (2009) and Zombieland (2009), as well as books such as World War Z (2006), Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (2009) and Warm Bodies (2010),[3] and zombie-themed graphic novels and television shows such as The Walking Dead.[26] The zombie revival trend lasted for more than a decade after 28 Days Later, before eventually declining in popularity by the late 2010s.[3]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, images of a national lockdown in the United Kingdom and stay-at-home orders elsewhere were compared to the opening sequence of 28 Days Later.[28][29][30][31] In 2021, Megan Burns said of the film, "When I joined the cast of 28 Days Later I had no idea of how big a cultural impact it would have and what a game-changer it would be to the 'zombie' genre. Even now after all these years, (or perhaps especially now with the current situation) people want to talk about the film and that's incredible."[32]

Accolades
  • Best Horror Film (2003 U.S. Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films – Saturn Award)[33]
  • Best British Film (Empire Award)[34]
  • Danny Boyle (Grand Prize of European Fantasy Film in Silver)[35]
  • Best Director – Danny Boyle (International Fantasy Film Award)[36]
  • Best International Film – Danny Boyle (Narcisse Award)[35]
  • Best Breakthrough Performance – Naomie Harris (Black Reel)[35]
  • Best Cinematographer – Anthony Dod Mantle (European Film Award)[35]

Music
Main article: 28 Days Later: The Soundtrack Album

The film's score was composed by John Murphy and was released in a score/song compilation in 2003. The score features electric guitar and atmospheric electronic production. It also features notable tracks from Brian Eno, Grandaddy and Blue States.[37]

A heavily edited version of the track "East Hastings" by the post-rock band Godspeed You! Black Emperor appears in the film, but the track is excluded from the soundtrack, because Boyle could only obtain the rights to use it in the film.[38]

28 Days Later: The Soundtrack Album was released on 17 June 2003. A modified version of the soundtrack "In The House – In A Heartbeat" was used as the character Big Daddy's theme in the 2010 film Kick-Ass. The same song was played in the 2012 advertisement campaign of Louis Vuitton, L'Invitation au Voyage.[39] In 2019, the song was remixed to include the theme of The Terminator by Brad Fiedel for the second trailer of Terminator: Dark Fate.

Subsequent media

Sequels

A sequel, 28 Weeks Later, was released on 11 May 2007.[40] Danny Boyle and Alex Garland took producing roles alongside Andrew Macdonald. The plot revolves around the arrival of American troops about seven months after the incidents in the original film, attempting to restore order and revitalise a nearly desolate Britain. The cast includes Robert Carlyle, Rose Byrne, Jeremy Renner, Imogen Poots, Harold Perrineau, Catherine McCormack, Mackintosh Muggleton and Idris Elba.

In March 2007, Danny Boyle said that he would be interested in making a third film in the series, 28 Months Later.[41] In 2019, he said "Alex Garland and I have a wonderful idea for the third part".[42]

Comic books

Fox Atomic Comics, in association with HarperCollins, released a graphic novel bridging the time gap between 28 Days Later and 28 Weeks Later, titled 28 Days Later: The Aftermath, written by Steve Niles.

28 Days Later, a comic sequel also linking Days and Weeks and produced by Fox Atomic (until its demise) and Boom! Studios, began production in 2009. The series focuses on Selena and answers questions about her in the film and her sequel whereabouts.[43]

Digital availability

A potential rights issues appears to have affected the films' availability; only its sequel, 28 Weeks Later, is available on streaming sites.[44] [45]

References
  1. "28 Days Later". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  2. "28 Days Later..." Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  3. "How '28 Days Later' Changed the Horror Genre". The Hollywood Reporter. 29 June 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  4. "00's Retrospect: Bloody Disgusting's Top 20 Films of the Decade... Part 3". Bloody Disgusting. 18 December 2009. Archived from the original on 24 December 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
  5. "The Original Ending Of 28 Days Later Was Far More Haunting". ScreenRant. 12 June 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  6. Fish, Tom (9 June 2021). "30 movies with alternate endings". Newsweek. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  7. "Plotting alternative film endings". BBC. 15 August 2003. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
  8. Hasan, Zaki (10 April 2015). "INTERVIEW: Director Alex Garland on Ex Machina". HuffPost. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  9. Jones, Ralph (27 June 2023). "'28 Days Later': The Oral History of Danny Boyle's Genre-Redefining Zombie Masterpiece". Inverse. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  10. Kermode, Mark (6 May 2007). "A capital place for panic attacks". Guardian News and Media Limited. London. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
  11. "DEVASTATION GONE GOLD". NovaLogic. 14 April 2003. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  12. Bankston, Douglas (1 July 2003). "Anthony Dod Mantle, DFF injects the apocalyptic 28 Days Later with a strain of digital video". TheASC.com. Retrieved 1 May 2007.
  13. Nigel, Freestone (2013). The Ultimate British Roads and Motorways Quiz Book: 200 Questions on Road and Motorway History. Andrews UK.
  14. "28 Days Later : About The Shoot". cinema.com. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  15. Trimble, Sarah (2010). "(White) Rage: Affect, Neoliberalism, and the Family in 28 Days Later and 28 Weeks Later". Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies. 32 (3): 295–322. doi:10.1080/10714413.2010.495255. S2CID 146485661.
  16. "The History". Trafalgar Park. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  17. "This glorious country house was gifted to Horatio Nelson's family after he died in battle. It's up for sale – take a look around". International Business Times UK. 12 April 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  18. "Cumbria live". BBC. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  19. "28 Days Later (2003)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  20. "28 Days Later... Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
  21. "The 100 Scariest Movie Moments". BravoTV.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  22. The 100 Scariest Movie Moments (TV Mini-Series 2004) – IMDb, retrieved 22 March 2021
  23. "Stylus Magazine's Top 10 Zombie Films of All Time". StylusMagazine.com. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  24. "Empire's 500 Greatest Movies of All Times". Empire (film magazine). Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  25. "The 100 best British films". Time Out. Retrieved 24 October 2017
  26. "Is The Zombie Revival Dead?". HuffPost. 10 May 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  27. "Vertigo is named 'greatest film of all time'". BBC News. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
  28. Dobraszczyk, Paul. "Empty cities have long been a post-apocalyptic trope – now, they are a reality". The Conversation. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  29. Brown, Lee (26 January 2021). "Video reveals eerily empty London amid strict COVID-19 lockdown". New York Post. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  30. Reis Filho, Lúcio (16 July 2020). "No Safe Space: Zombie Film Tropes during the COVID-19 Pandemic". Space and Culture. 23 (3): 253–258. Bibcode:2020SpCul..23..253R. doi:10.1177/1206331220938642. ISSN 1206-3312.
  31. "Coronavirus: What can we learn from a Hollywood pandemic? The positives from four outbreak films". Sky News. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  32. Ewingpublished, Jerry (31 October 2021). "blanket release cover of In The House, In A Heartbeat from 28 Days Later". loudersound. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  33. "Past Saturn Award Recipients".
  34. "The Empire Awards 2003".
  35. 28 Days Later..., retrieved 24 February 2018
  36. "Fantasporto". Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  37. 28 Days Later (Enhanced) (Score)/O.S.T. - Original Soundtrack | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic, retrieved 28 March 2022
  38. Kitty Empire (10 November 2002). "Godspeed You! Black Emperor: Adjusting to Fame After '28 Days Later'". Guardian News and Media Limited. London. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2006.
  39. Kilic, Uygar (19 November 2012). "Louis Vuitton L'Invitation au Voyage Advertisement Campaign: Video and Collection". Cars & Life. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  40. Gingold, Michael (14 July 2006). "July 14: Fox sets HILLS II and more release dates". Fangoria. Archived from the original on 31 August 2006. Retrieved 1 September 2006.
  41. "28 Months Later?". Moviehole.net. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  42. Stolworthy, Jacob (24 June 2019). "28 Days Later: Danny Boyle reveals 'wonderful' idea for third film". Independent. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  43. "BOOM!, Fox Announce "28 Days Later" Comic Book Series". ComicBookResources.com. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  44. Frisky_Picker (13 December 2022). "Update: 28 Days Later is nearly unavailable to watch anywhere". r/horror. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  45. "@jowrotethis". Twitter. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
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