413th Flight Test Squadron

The first predecessor of the squadron was constituted in January 1942 as the 23d Reconnaissance Squadron, one of the original squadrons of the 96th Bombardment Group.[1][3] Since a reorganization of General Headquarters Air Force in September 1936, each bombardment group of the Army Air Forces (AAF) had an assigned or attached reconnaissance squadron, which operated the same aircraft as that group's assigned bombardment squadrons.[4] However, before the squadron was activated at Salt Lake City Army Air Base, Utah on 15 July 1942, it was redesignated the 413th Bombardment Squadron.[1]

In early August the squadron moved to Gowen Field, Idaho, where it received its initial cadre, then, later that month to Walla Walla Army Air Base, Washington to begin training with the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress.[1] On 1 November, the squadron moved to Pocatello Army Air Field, Idaho, where it began to act as a Operational Training Unit. It moved to Pyote Army Air Base, Texas in January 1943 and resumed training for overseas movement.[5]

The air echelon of the squadron began ferrying their B-17s via the North Atlantic ferry route, stopping at Presque Isle Army Air Field, Newfoundland, Iceland, then at Prestwick Airport, Scotland on 4 April 1943. The ground echelon left Pyote on 16 April for Camp Kilmer, New Jersey in the New York Port of Embarkation, sailing on the RMS Queen Elizabeth on 5 May and arriving in Scotland on 13 May.[5]

Squadron B-17G Flying Fortress[lower-alpha 3]

The squadron was established at RAF Great Saling by 12 May, and flew its first combat mission the next day, an attack against the airfield at Saint-Omer, France.[3] However, the squadron was late assembling and did not complete the mission. The following day, it made its first strike on a target, an airfield at Courtrai.[6][lower-alpha 4]Eighth Air Force decided to transfer its new Martin B-26 Marauder units from VIII Bomber Command to VIII Air Support Command and concentrate them on bases closer to the European continent. As a result, the 322d Bombardment Group moved to Great Saling on 12 June, forcing the 96th Group and its squadrons to relocate to RAF Snetterton Heath, which would be its combat station for the rest of the war.[7]

The squadron engaged in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. It attacked airdromes, aircraft factories, harbors, oil refineries, railway yards, shipyards, and other industrial targets in Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. Targets included airfields at Bordeaux and Augsburg; marshalling yards at Kiel, Hamm, Braunschweig, and Gdynia; aircraft factories at Chemnitz, Hanover, and Diósgyőr; oil refineries at Merseburg and Brüx, and chemical works in Wiesbaden, Ludwigshafen, and Neunkirchen[3]

During an attack on the Messerschmitt factory at Regensberg on 17 August 1943, the squadron was without escort after its escorting Republic P-47 Thunderbolts reached the limit of their range. It withstood repeated attacks, first by enemy Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190 interceptors, then by Messerschmitt Bf 110 and Junkers Ju 88 night fighters, to strike its target, earning its first Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC). This was a "shuttle" mission, with the squadron recovering on bases in North Africa, rather than returning to England.[3][8]

The squadron formed part of the leading 45th Combat Bombardment Wing formation on very long-range mission against the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 factory at Poznan Heavy clouds led an entire wing and some combat boxes of the 45th Wing to abandon the mission and return to England. The 96th Group and one other combat box proceeded to the target and were surprised to find they were able to bomb visually, although the target was defended by intense flak fire, earning the squadron its second DUC.[3][9] The squadron was assigned a number of B-17s equipped with H2X radar and during the spring of 1944 provided pathfinder aircraft to 3d Bombardment Division before this mission was passed on to the 482d Bombardment Group.[10][11]

In addition to strategic operations, the squadron participated in air support and interdiction missions. In the preparation for Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, it bombed coastal defenses, railway bridges, gun emplacements, and field batteries in the battle area prior to and during D-Day in June 1944. It attacked enemy positions in support of Operation Cobra the breakout at Saint Lo in July 1944, aiding the campaign in France in August by striking roads and road junctions, and by dropping supplies to the Maquis. During the early months of 1945, it attacked the communications supplying German armies on the western front.[3]

After V-E Day, the 413th flew food missions to the Netherlands and hauled redeployed personnel to French Morocco, Ireland, France, and Germany. The squadron was scheduled for occupation duty, but that plan was cancelled in September 1945. In November 1945 its aircraft were flown back to the United States or transferred to other units in Europe. The unit's remaining personnel returned to the United States aboard the SS Lake Champlain, and it was inactivated at the Port of Embarkation on 19 December 1945.[1][3][5]

The squadron was activated in the reserves under Air Defense Command (ADC) at Keesler Field on 17 July 1947, and again assigned to the 96th Group, which was located at Gunter Field, Alabama.[1][3] In 1948, Continental Air Command (ConAC) assumed responsibility for managing reserve and Air National Guard units from ADC.[12]

The squadron does not appear to have been fully manned or equipped with operational aircraft.[13] In 1949, as ConAC was reorganizing its operational units under the Wing Base Organization system, President Truman’s reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of flying units in the Air Force,[14] and the 413th was inactivated.[1] Reservists at Keesler were transferred to elements of the 8605th Technical Training Wing, which was organized the same day, as a corollary of the active duty 3380th Technical Training Wing.[15] Corollary units were reserve units integrated with an active duty unit. They were viewed as the best method to train reservists by mixing them with an existing regular unit to perform duties alongside the regular unit.[16]

From 1958, the Boeing B-47 Stratojet wings of Strategic Air Command (SAC) began to assume an alert posture at their home bases, reducing the amount of time spent on alert at overseas bases. The SAC alert cycle divided itself into four parts: planning, flying, alert and rest to meet General Thomas S. Power's initial goal of maintaining one third of SAC’s planes on fifteen minute ground alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike.[17] To implement this new system B-47 wings reorganized from three to four squadrons.[17][18] The 413th was activated at Dyess Air Force Base as the fourth squadron of the 96th Bombardment Wing.[1] The alert commitment was increased to half the squadron's aircraft in 1962 and the four squadron pattern no longer met the alert cycle commitment, so the squadron became non-operational on 1 October 1961 and was inactivated on 1 January 1962.[1][18][19]

The 6513th Flight Test Squadron was activated by Air Force Systems Command at Edwards Air Force Base, California on 1 December 1977 as part of the Air Force Flight Test Center.[1] The squadron took over the personnel and equipment of Project Have Idea.[20] Squadron personnel operated from Tonopah Test Range Airport, Nevada from Monday to Friday to perform technical evaluations of foreign military aircraft (Soviet and Chinese).[21] A similar organization, the 4477th Test and Evaluation Squadron ("Red Eagles") performed operational testing of the aircraft. In October 1992 the squadron was consolidated with the 413th Squadron and redesignated the 413th Test Squadron.[1] The Red Hats, however, possibly continued to conduct FME projects, apparently as an unnumbered squadron at an undisclosed location in Nevada.[22] The 413th performed flight testing of electronic warfare assets at Edwards. It was inactivated on 6 May 2004.[1] Its remaining personnel and assets were transferred to Electronic Warfare Directorate North Base.

The squadron was activated at Hurlburt Field, Florida in February 2005[1] to provide flight testing of special operations aircraft and helicopters under the 46th Test Wing.[23] In July 2012, the 46th Wing was inactivated and its assets, including the squadron,[1] transferred to the 96th Air Base Wing, which became the 96th Test Wing in July 2012.[24]

• 96th Bombardment Group, 15 July 1942 – 19 December 1945
• 96th Bombardment Group, 17 July 1947 – 27 June 1949
• 96th Bombardment Wing, 1 November 1958 – 1 January 1962
• Air Force Flight Test Center, 1 December 1977
• 6510th Test Wing (later 412th Test Wing), 1 March 1978
• 412th Operations Group, 1 October 1993 – 6 May 2004
• 46th Operations Group, 25 February 2005 – 18 July 2012
• 96th Operations Group, 18 July 2012 – present[1]

Explanatory notes

Citations

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency.

• Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL yes: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
• Cantwell, Gerald T. (1997). Citizen Airmen: a History of the Air Force Reserve, 1946-1994 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program. ISBN 0-16049-269-6. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Davies, Steve (2008). Red Eagles. Oxford, England, UK: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-378-0.
• Freeman, Roger A. (1970). The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force). London, England, UK: Macdonald and Company. ISBN 978-0-87938-638-2.
• Maurer, Maurer (1987). Aviation in the U.S. Army, 1919-1939 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, United States Air Force. ISBN 0-912799-38-2. LCCN 87012257. OCLC 15661556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
• Mueller, Robert (1989). Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Rogers, Brian. (2005). United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978. Hinkley, UK: Midland Publications. ISBN 1-85780-197-0.
• Schake, Col Kurt W. (1998). Strategic Frontier: American Bomber Bases Overseas, 1950-1960 (PDF). Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian University of Science and Technology. ISBN 978-8277650241. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
• Watkins, Robert (2008). Battle Colors: Insignia and Markings of the Eighth Air Force In World War II. Vol. I (VIII) Bomber Command. Atglen, PA: Shiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7643-1987-6.

Further reading

• Freeman, Roger A. (1978). Airfields of the Eighth: Then and Now. Barnesly, England, UK: After the Battle. ISBN 0-900913-09-6.