List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 4
The following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the cave 4 near Qumran.
| List of the manuscripts from Qumran Cave 4 | |
|---|---|
 The Damascus Document Scroll, 4Q271Df, found in Cave 4. | |
| Material | Parchment, Papyrus |
| Writing | Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek |
| Created | Est. 408 BCE to 318 CE |
| Discovered | 1952 |
| Present location | Qumran |
Description
Qumran cave 4, where ninety percent of the scrolls were found.
Wadi Qumran Cave 4 was discovered in August 1952, and was excavated from 22–29 September 1952 by Gerald Lankester Harding, Roland de Vaux, and Józef Milik.[1][2] Cave 4 is actually two hand-cut caves (4a and 4b), but since the fragments were mixed, they are labeled as 4Q. Cave 4 is the most famous of Qumran caves both because of its visibility from the Qumran plateau and its productivity. It is visible from the plateau to the south of the Qumran settlement. It is by far the most productive of all Qumran caves, producing ninety percent of the Dead Sea Scrolls and scroll fragments (approx. 15,000 fragments from 500 different texts), including 9–10 copies of Jubilees, along with 21 tefillin and 7 mezuzot.
List of manuscripts
Some resources for more complete information on the scrolls are the book by Emanuel Tov, "Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert"[3] for a complete list of all of the Dead Sea Scroll texts, as well as the online webpages for the Shrine of the Book[4] and the Leon Levy Collection,[5] both of which present photographs and images of the scrolls and fragments themselves for closer study. Information is not always comprehensive, as content for many scrolls has not yet been fully published.
4Q1–4Q100
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 4 | |||||||
| 4QGen-Exoda | Genesis–Exodus | 4Q1 | Genesis 8:20–21; Exodus 1–4; 5:3–17; 6:4–21,25; 7:5–13,15–20; 8:20–22; 9:8; 22:14; 27:38–39,42–43; 34:17–21 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments from Genesis to Numbers | [6][7] |
| 4QGenb | Genesis | 4Q2 | Genesis 1:1–27; 2:14–19; 4:2–4; 5:13 | Hebrew | Roman | Fragment of Genesis | [6][8] |
| 4QGenc | 4Q3 | Genesis 40–41 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Genesis | [6][9] | |
| 4QGend | 4Q4 | Genesis 1:18–27 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Genesis on the Beginning of Creation | [6][10] | |
| 4QGene | 4Q5 | Genesis 36–37; 40–43; 49 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Genesis | [6][11] | |
| 4QGenf | 4Q6 | Genesis 48:1–11 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Genesis | [6][12] | |
| 4QGeng | 4Q7 | Genesis 1:1–11,13–22; 2:6–7 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Genesis about Creation | [6][13] | |
| 4QGenh/4QGenh1 | 4Q8 | Genesis 1:8–10 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Genesis about the beginning to early mankind. | [14][15] | |
| 4QGenh2 | 4Q8a | Genesis 2:17–18 | [14][16] | ||||
| 4QGenh-para | 4Q8b | Genesis 12:4–5 | A paraphrase of Genesis | [14][17] | |||
| 4QGenh-title | 4Q8c | Genesis | The title of a Genesis manuscript | [14][18] | |||
| 4QGenj | 4Q9 | Genesis 41–43; 45 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Genesis | [14][19] | |
| 4QGenk | 4Q10 | Genesis 1:9,14–16,27–28; 2:1–3; 3:1–2 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Genesis | [14][20] | |
| 4QpaleoGen-Exodl | Paleo-Genesis/Exodus | 4Q11 | Genesis 50:26; Exodus 1:1–5; 2:10,22–25; 3:1–4,17–21; 8:13–15, 19–21; 9:25–29, 33–35; 10:1–5; 11:4–10; 12:1–11, 42–46; 14:15–24; 16:2–7, 13–14,18–20,23–25,26–31,33–35; 17:1–3,5–11; 18:17–24; 19:24–25; 20:1–2; 22:23–24; 23:5–16; 25:7–20; 26:29–37; 27:1, 6–14; 28:33–35,40–42; 36:34–36 | Hebrew | Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script | Fragments of Genesis and Exodus | [14][21] |
| 4QpaleoGenm | Paleo-Genesis | 4Q12 | Genesis 26:21–28; Exodus 6:25–30; 7:1–19,29; 8:1,5,12–26; 9:5–16,19–21,35; 10:1–12,19–28; 11:8–10; 12:1–2,6–8,13–15,17–22,31–32,34–39; 13:3–7,12–13; 14:3–5,8–9,25–26; 15:23–27; 16:1,4–5,7–8,31–35; 17:1–16; 18:1–27; 19:1,7–17,23–25; 20:1,18–19; 21:5–6, 13–14,22–32; 22:3–4,6–7,11–13,16–30; 23:15–16,19–31; 24:1–4,6–11; 25:11–12,20–29,31–34; 26:8,15,21–30; 27:1–3,9–14,18–19; 28:3–4,8–12,22–24,26–28,30–43; 29:1–5,20,22–25,31–41; 30:10,12–18,29–31,34–38; 31:1–8,13–15; 32:2–19,25–30; 33:12–23; 34:1–3,10–13,15–18,20–24,27–28; 35:1; 36:21–24; 37:9–16 | Hebrew | Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script | Fragment from Genesis | [14][22] |
| 4QExodb | Exodus | 4Q13 | Exodus 1:1–6,16–12; 2:2–18; 3:13 – 4:8; 5:3–14 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Exodus about Slavery in Egypt | [14][23] |
| 4QExodc | 4Q14 | Exodus 7:17–19,20–23; 7:26 – 8:1; 8:5–14,16–18,22; 9:10–11,15–20,22–25,27–35; 10:1–5,7–9,12–19,23–24; 11:9–10; 12:12–16,31–48; 13:18 – 14:3; 14:3–13; 17:1 – 18:12 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Exodus | [14][24] | |
| 4QExodd | 4Q15 | Exodus 13:15–16 followed directly by 15:1 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Exodus about the Passover and a Hymn | [14][25][26] | |
| 4QExode | 4Q16 | Exodus 13:3–5,15–16 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Exodus about the Passover and a Hymn | [14][24] | |
| 4QExod-Levf | Exodus–Leviticus | 4Q17 | Exodus 38:18–22; 39:3–19, 20–24; 40:8–27; Leviticus 1:13–15, 17–2:1 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic | Fragments of Exodus and Leviticus | [27][28] |
| 4QExodg | Exodus | 4Q18 | Exodus 14:21–27 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Exodus | [27][29] |
| 4QExodh | 4Q19 | Exodus 6:3–6 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Exodus | [27][30] | |
| 4QExodj | 4Q20 | Exodus 7:28–8:2 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Exodus | [27][31] | |
| 4QExodk | 4Q21 | Exodus 36:9–10 | Hebrew | Roman | Fragments of Exodus | [27][32] | |
| 4QpaleoExodm (olim 4QExα) | Paleo-Exodus | 4Q22 | Exodus 6:25–7:19,29–8:1,[5],12–22; 9:5–16, 19–21, 35–10:12, 19–28; 11:8–12:2,6–8, 13–15, 17–22, 31–32, 34–39; 13:3–8, 12–13; ... 37:9–16 | Hebrew | Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script | Fragments of Exodus; | [33][27] |
| 4QLev-Numa | Leviticus–Numbers | 4Q23 | Leviticus 13:32–33; 14:22–34, 40–54; 15:10–11, 19–24; 16:15–29;... 27:5–13;...35:4–5 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Leviticus | [27][34] |
| 4QLevb | Leviticus | 4Q24 | Leviticus 1:11–17; 2:1–15; 3:1, 8–14; 21:17–20, 24; 22:1–33; 23:1–25, 40; 24:2–23; 25:28–29, 45–49, 51–52 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Leviticus | [35][36] |
| 4QLevc | 4Q25 | Leviticus 1:1–7; 3:16–4:6, 12–14, 23–28; 5:12–13; 8:26–28 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments of Leviticus | [37][38] | |
| 4QLevd | 4Q26 | Leviticus 14:27–29, 33–36; 15:20–24; 17:2–11 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments of Leviticus | [37][39] | |
| 4QLeve | 4Q26a | Leviticus 2:4–6, 11–18; 3:2–4,5–8; 19:34–37; 20:1–3, 27–21:4, 9–12, 21–24; 22:4–6, 11–17 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments of Leviticus | [5][37] | |
| 4QLevg | 4Q26b | Leviticus 7:19–26 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments of Leviticus | [5][37] | |
| 4QNumb | Numbers | 4Q27 | Numbers 11:31–12:11; 13:7–24; 15:41–16:11, 14–16; 17:12–17; 18:25–19:6; 20:12–13,16–17,19–29; 21:1–2,12–13; 22:5–21, 31–34, 37–38, 41–23:6,13–15,21–22, 27–24:10; 25:4–8,16–18; 26:1–5,7–10,12,14–34,62–27:5,7–8,10,18–19,21–23; 28:13–17,28,30–31; 29:10–13,16–18,26–30; 30:1–3,5–9,15–16; 31:2–6, 21–25, 30–33,35–36,38,43–44,46–32:1,7–10,13–17,19,23–30,35,37–39,41; 33:1–4,23,25,28,31,45,47–48,50–52; 34:4–9,19–21,23; 35:3–5,12,14–15,18–25,27–28, 33–36:2,4–7 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Numbers. A few lines are written in red ink | [37][40] |
| 4QDeuta | Deuteronomy | 4Q28 | Deuteronomy 23:26–24:8 | Hebrew | 175–150 BCE
Transitional: Archaic to Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [41][37][42] |
| 4QDeutb | 4Q29 | Deuteronomy 29:24–27; 30:3–14; 31:9–17,24–30, 32:1–3 | Hebrew | 150–100 BCE
Early Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [41][37][43] | |
| 4QDeutc | 4Q30 | Deuteronomy 3:25–26; 4:13–17,31–32; 7:3–4; 8:1–5; 9:11–12, 17–19,29; 10:1–2,5–8; 11:2–4,9–13,18–19; 12:18–19,26,30–31; 13:5–7,11–12,16; 15:1–5,15–19; 16:2–3,5–11,20–17:7,15–18:1; 26:19— 27:2,24–28:14,18–20,22–25,29–30,48–50,61; 29:17–19; 31:16–19; 32:3 | Hebrew | 150–100 BCE
Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [41][44] | |
| 4QDeutd | 4Q31 | Deuteronomy 2:24–33; 3:14–29; 4:1 | Hebrew | 124–75 BCE
Middle Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [41][45] | |
| 4QDeute | 4Q32 | Deuteronomy 3:24; 7:12–16,21–26; 8:1–16 | Hebrew | 50–25 BCE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [41][45] | |
| 4QDeutf | 4Q33 | Deuteronomy 4:23–27; 7:22–26; 8:2–14; 9:6–7; 17:17–18; 18:6–10,18–22; 19:17–21; 20:1–6; 21:4–12; 22:12–19; 23:21–26; 24:2–7; 25:3–9; 26:18–27:10 | Hebrew | 75–50 BCE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [41][45] | |
| 4QDeutg | 4Q34 | Deuteronomy 9:12–14; 23:18–20; 24:16–22; 25:1–5,14–19; 26:1–5; 28:21–25,27–29 | Hebrew | 1–25 CE
Middle Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [41][45] | |
| 4QDeuth | 4Q35 | Deuteronomy 1:1–17,22–23,29–41,43–2:6,28–30; 19:21; 31:9–11; 33:9–22 | Hebrew | 50–1 BCE
Transitional: Hasmonean to Early Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [41][45] | |
| 4QDeuti | 4Q36 | Deuteronomy 20:9–13; 21:23; 22:1–9; 23:6–8, 12–16, 22–26; 24:1 | Hebrew | 100–50 BCE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [41][45] | |
| 4QDeutj | 4Q37 | Exodus 12:43–44, 46–51; 13:1–5; Deuteronomy 5:1–11, 13–15, 21–33; 6:1–3; 8:5–10; 11:6–10, 12–13; 30:17–18; 32:7–8 | Hebrew | 50 CE
Late Herodian |
Fragments of Exodus and Deuteronomy | [41][45] | |
| 4QDeutk1 | 4Q38 | Deuteronomy 5:28–31; 11:6–13; 32:17–18, 22–23, 25–27 | Hebrew | 30–1 BCE
Early Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [41][45][46] | |
| 4QDeutk2 | 4Q38a | Deuteronomy 19: 8–16; 20: 6–19; 21:16; 23:22–26; 24:1–3; 25:19; 26:1–5, 18–19; 27:1 | Hebrew | 30–1 BCE
Early Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [41][45][46] | |
| 4QDeutk3 | 4Q38b | Deuteronomy 30: 16–18 | Hebrew | 50 CE
Late Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [47][46] | |
| 4QDeutl | 4Q39 | Deuteronomy 10:1,14–15; 28:67–68; 29:2–5; 31:12; 33:1–2; 34:4–6,8 | Hebrew | 50 CE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy about choosing Life or Death | [41][47] | |
| 4QDeutm | 4Q40 | Deuteronomy 3:18–22; 4:32–33; 7:18–22 | Hebrew | 50–1 BCE
Transitional: Hasmonean to Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [41][47] | |
| 4QDeutn | All Souls Deuteronomy | 4Q41 | Deuteronomy 5:1–33; 6:1; 8:5–10 | Hebrew | 30–1 BCE
Early Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [41][47] |
| 4QDeuto | Deuteronomy | 4Q42 | Deuteronomy 2:8; 4:30–34; 5:1–5, 8–9; 28:15–18, 33–36, 47–52, 58–62; 29:22–25 | Hebrew | 75–50 BCE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [41][47] |
| 4QDeutp | 4Q43 | Deuteronomy 6:4–11 | Hebrew | 75–50 BCE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy about Loving God | [41][47] | |
| 4QDeutq | 4Q44 | Deuteronomy 32:9–10, 37–43 | Hebrew | 50 BCE–25 CE
Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [41][47] | |
| 4QpaleoDeutr | Paleo-Deuteronomy | 4Q45 | Deuteronomy 7:2–7, 16–25; 11:28,30–12:1,11–12; 13:19; 14:19–22, 26–29; 15:5–6, 8–10; 19:2–3; 21:8–9; 22:3–6,12–15; 28:15–18, 20; 30:7–8; 32:2–8,10–11,13–14, 33–35; 33:2–8, 29; 34:1–2 | Hebrew | 100–25 BCE
Paleo-Hebrew script |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [41][47] |
| 4QpaleoDeuts | 4Q46 | Deuteronomy 26:14–15 | Hebrew | 250–200 BCE
Archaic Paleo-Hebrew script |
Fragments of Deuteronomy about giving Tithes | [41][47] | |
| 4QJosha | Joshua | 4Q47 | Joshua 8:34–35; 5:?,2–7; 6:5–10; 7:12–17; 8:3–14, 18?; 10:2–5, 8–11. | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Joshua | [47][48] |
| 4QJoshb | 4Q48 | Joshua 2:11–12; 3:15–16; 4:1–3; 17:11–15 | [49][50] | ||||
| 4QJudga | Judges | 4Q49 | Judges 6:2–6, 11–13 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Judges | [51][52] |
| 4QJudgb | 4Q50 | Judges 19:5–7; 21:12–25 | [51][53] | ||||
| 4QSama | Samuel | 4Q51 | 1 Samuel 1:9, 11–13, 17–18, 22–26, 28; 2:1–10,16–36; 3:1–4,18–21; 4:9–12; 5:8–12; 6:1–7,12–13,16–18,20–21; 7:1; 8:9–20; 9:6–8,11–12,16–24; 10:3–18,25–27; 11:1,7–12; 12:7–8,14–19; 14:24–25,28–34,47–51; 15:24–32; 17:3–6; 24:4–5,8–9,14–23; 25:3–12,20–21,25–26,39–40; 26:10–12,21–23; 27:8–12; 28:1–2,22–25; 30:28–30; 31:2–4; 2 Samuel 2:5–16,25–27,29–32; 3:1–8,23–39; 4:1–4,9–12; 5:1–3,6–16; 6:2–9,12–18; 7:23–29; 8:2–8; 10:4–7,18–19; 11:2–12,16–20; 12:4–5,8–9,13–20,30–31; 13:1–6,13–34,36–39; 14:1–3,18–19; 15:1–6,27–31; 16:1–2,11–13,17–18,21–23; 18:2–7,9–11; 19:7–12; 20:2–3,9–14,23–26; 21:1–2,4–6,15–17; 22:30–51; 23:1–6; 24:16–20 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel | [51][54] |
| 4QSamb | 4Q52 | 1 Samuel 16:1–11; 19:10–17; 20:27–42; 21:1–10; 23:9–17 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic | Fragments of 1 Samuel | [51][55] | |
| 4QSamc | 4Q53 | 1 Samuel 25:30–32; 2 Samuel 14:7–33; 15:1–15 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel | [51][56] | |
| 4QKgs | Kings | 4Q54 | 1 Kings 7:31–41; 8:1–9,16–18 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of 1 Kings | [51][57] |
| 4QIsaa | Isaiah | 4Q55 | Isaiah 1:1–3; 2:7–10; 4:5–6; 6:4–7; 11:12–15; 12:4–6; 13:4–6; 17:9–14; 19:9–14; 20:1–6; 21:1–2,4–16; 22:13–25; 23:1–12 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Isaiah | [58][59] |
| 4QIsab | 4Q56 | Isaiah 1:1–6; 2:3–16; 3:14–22; 5:15–28; 9:10–11; 11:7–9; 12:2; 13:3–18; 17:8–14; 18:1,5–7; 19:1–25; 20:1–4; 21:11–14; 22:24–25; 24:2; 26:1–5,7–19; 35:9–10; 36:1–2; 37:2932; 39:1–8; 40:1–4,22–26; 41:8–11; 43:12–15; 44:19–28; 45:20–25; 46:1–3; 49:21–23; 51:14–16; 52:2,7; 53:11–12; 61:1–3; 64:5–11; 65:1; 66:24 | Hebrew | Herodian | [58][60] | ||
| 4QIsac | 4Q57 | Isaiah 9:3–12; 10:23–32; 11:4–11,15–16; 12:1; 14:1–5,13; 22:10–14; 23:8–18; 24:1–15,19–23; 25:1–2,8–12; 30:8–17; 33:2–8,16–23; 45:1–4,6–13; 48:10–13,17–19; 50:7–11; 51:1–16; 52:10–15; 53:1–3,6–8; 54:3–17; 55:1–6; 66:20–24 | Hebrew | [58][61] | |||
| 4QIsad | 4Q58 | Isaiah 46:10–13; 47:1–6,8–9; 48:8–22; 49:1–15; 52:4–7; 53:8–12; 54:1–11; 57:9–21; 58:1–3,5–7 | Hebrew | [58][62] | |||
| 4QIsae | 4Q59 | Isaiah 2:1–4; 7:17–20; 8:2–14; 9:17–20; 10:1–10; 11:14–15; 12:1–6; 13:1–4; 14:1–13,20–24; 59:15–16 | Hebrew | [58][63] | |||
| 4QIsaf | 4Q60 | Isaiah 1:10–16,18–31; 2:1–3; 5:13–14, 25; 6:3–8,10–13; 7:16–18,23–25; 8:1,4–11; 20:4–6; 22:14–22,25; 24:1–3; 27:1,5–6,8–12; 28:6–9,16–18,22,24; 29:8 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [58][64] | ||
| 4QIsag | 4Q61 | Isaiah 42:14–25; 43:1–4,17–24 | Hebrew | Herodian | [58][65] | ||
| 4QIsah | 4Q61 | Isaiah 42:4–11 | Hebrew | Herodian | [58] | ||
| 4QIsai | 4Q62 | Isaiah 56:7–8; 57:5–8 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [66][67] | ||
| 4QIsaj | 4Q63 | Isaiah 1:1–6 | Hebrew | Herodian | [66][68] | ||
| 4QIsak | 4Q64 | Isaiah 28:26–29:9 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [66][69] | ||
| 4QIsal | 4Q65 | Isaiah 7:14–15; 8:11–14 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [66][70] | ||
| 4QIsam | 4Q66 | Isaiah 60:20–61:1,3–6 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [66][71] | ||
| 4QIsan | Isaiah | 4Q67 | Isaiah 58:13–14 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Isaiah, including elements on punishment (4Q67) and God's blessings for his people (4Q67, 4Q69a). | [66][72] |
| 4QIsao | 4Q68 | Isaiah 14:28–15:2 | [66][73] | ||||
| 4QIsap | 4Q69 | Isaiah 5:28–30 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [66][74][75] | ||
| 4QIsaq | 4Q69a | Isaiah 54:10–13 | [66][75] | ||||
| 4QIsar | 4Q69b | Isaiah 30:23 | [66][75] | ||||
| 4QJera | Jeremiah | 4Q70 | Jeremiah 6:30?, 7:1–2, 15–19, 28–9:2, 7–15; 10:9–14, 23; 11:3–6, 19–20; 12:3–7, 13–16, 17; 13:1–7, 22–23? [or 22:3], 27; 14:4–7; 15:1–2; 17:8–26; 18:15–23; 19:1; 20:14–18; 21:1?; 22:3–16; 26:10? | Hebrew | 200 BCE – 1 BCE | Fragments of Jeremiah | [66][76][77] |
| 4QJerb | 4Q71 | Jeremiah 9:22–25; 10:1–21 | [76][77][78] | ||||
| 4QJerc | 4Q72 | Jeremiah 4:5, 13–16; 8:1–3, 21–23; 9:1–5; 10:12–13; 19:8–9; 20:2–5, 7–9, 13–15; 21:7–10; 22:4–6, 10–28; 25:7–8,15–17, 24–26; 26:10–13; 27:1–3, 13–15; 30:6–9, [10–17], 17–24; 31:1–14, 19–26; 33:?, 16–20 | [76][77][78] | ||||
| 4QJerd (olim 4QJerb) | 4Q72a | Jeremiah 43:2–10 | [76][77][78] | ||||
| 4QJere (olim 4QJerb) | 4Q72b | Jeremiah 50:4–6 | [76][77][78] | ||||
| 4QEzea | Ezekiel | 4Q73 | Ezekiel 10:5–16, 17–22; 11:1–11; 23:14–15, 17–18, 44–47; 41:3–6 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Ezekiel | [78][79] |
| 4QEzeb | 4Q74 | Ezekiel 1:10–13, 16–17, 19–24 | [78][80][81] | ||||
| 4QEzec | 4Q75 | Ezekiel 24:2–3 | [78][82] | ||||
| 4QXIIa | The Twelve Minor Prophets | 4Q76 | Zechariah 14:18; Malachi 2:10–3:24; Jonah 1:1–5, 7–2:1, 7; 3:2 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of the Twelve Minor Prophets | [78][83] |
| 4QXIIb | 4Q77 | Zephaniah 1:1–2; 2:13–15; 3:19–20; Haggai 1:1–2; 2:2–4 | [78][84] | ||||
| 4QXIIc | 4Q78 | Hosea 2:13–15; 3:2–4; 4:1–19; 5:1; 7:12–13; 13:3–10, 15; 14:1–6; Joel 1:10–20; 2:1, 8–23; 4:6–21; Amos 1:1?; 2:11–16; 3:1–15; 4:1–2; 6:13–14; 7:1–16; Zephaniah 2:15; 3:1–2; Malachi 3:6–7? | [78][85] | ||||
| 4QXIId | 4Q79 | Hosea 1:6–2:5 | [86][87] | ||||
| 4QXIIe | 4Q80 | Haggai 2:18–19, 20–21; Zechariah 1:4–6, 8–10, 13–15; 2:10–14; 3:2–10; 4:1–4; 5:8–6:5; 8:2–4, 6–7, 12:7–12 | [86][88] | ||||
| 4QXIIf | 4Q81 | Jonah 1:6–8, 10–16; Micah 5:1–2 | [86][89] | ||||
| 4QXIIg | 4Q82 | Hosea 2:1–5,14–19, 22–25; 3:1–5; 4:1, 10–11, 13–14; 6:3–4, 8–11; 7:1, 12–13, 13–16; 8:1; 9:1–4, 9–17; 10:1–14; 11:2–5, 6–11; 12:1–15; 13:1, 6–8?, 11–13; 14:9–10; Joel 1:12–14; 2:2–13 4:4–9, 11–14, 17, 19–20; Amos 1:3–15; 2:1, 7–9, 15–16; 3:1–2; 4:4–9; 5:1–2, 9–18; 6:1–4, 6–14; 7:1, 7–12, 14–17; 8:1–5, 11–14; 9:1, 5–6, 14–15; Obadiah 1–5, 8–12, 14–15; Jonah 1:1–9; 2:3–11; 3:1–3; 4:5–11; Micah 1:7,
12–15; 2:3–4; 3:12; 4:1–2; 5:6–7 (7–8); 7:2–3, 20; Nahum 1:7–9; 2:9–11; 3:1–3, 17; Habakkuk 2:4?; Zephaniah 3:3–5; Zechariah 10:11–12; 11:1–2; 12:1–3 |
[86][90] | ||||
| 4QPsa | Psalms | 4Q83 | Psalm 5:9–13; 6:1–4; 25:15; 31:24–25; 33:1–12; 35:2,14–20,26–28; 36:1–9; 38:2–12,16–23; 47:2; 53:4–7; 54:1–6; 56:4; 62:13; 63:2–4; 66:16–20; 67:1–7; 69:1–19; 71:1–14 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Psalms. | [86][91] |
| 4QPsb | 4Q84 | Psalm 91:5–8,12–15; 92:4–8,13–15; 93:5; 94:1–4,8–14,17–18,21–22; 96:2; 98:4; 99:5–6; 100:1–2; 102:5,10–29; 103:1–6,9–14,20–21; 112:4–5; 113:1; 115:2–3; 116:17–19; 118:1–3,6–11,18–20,23–26,29 | Hebrew | Herodian | [86][92] | ||
| 4QPsc & 4QPst[n 1] | 4Q85 / 4Q98c | Psalm 16:7–9; 18:3–14,16–18,33–41; 27:12–14; 28:1–2,4; 35:27–28; 37:18–19; 45:8–11; 49:1–17; 50:14–23; 51:1–5; 52:6–11; 53:1 Psalm 88:15–17 | Hebrew | Herodian | [86] [93][94][95] | ||
| 4QPsd | 4Q86 | Psalm 146:10; 147:1–3,13–17,20; 104:1–5,8–11,14–15,22–25,33–35 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [96][97] | ||
| 4QPse | 4Q87 | Psalm 76:10–12; 77:1; 78:6–7,31–33; 81:2–3; 86:10–11; 88:1–4; 89:44–46,50–53; 104:1–3,20–21; 105:22–24,36–45; 109:13; 115:15–18; 116:1–3; 120:6; 125:2–5; 126:1–5; 129:8; 130:1–3 | Hebrew | Herodian | [96][98] | ||
| 4QPsf | 4Q88 | Psalm 22:14–17; 107:2–4,8–11,13–15,18–19,22–30,35; 109:4–6, 25–28; Apostrophe to Zion; Apostrophe to Judah; Eschatological Hymn | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [96][99] | ||
| 4QPsg | 4Q89 | Psalm 119:37–43,44–46,49–50,73,81–83,90 | Hebrew | Herodian | [96][100] | ||
| 4QPsh | 4Q90 | Psalm 119:10–21 | Hebrew | Herodian | [96][101] | ||
| 4QPsj | 4Q91 | Psalm 48:1–7; 49:6,9–12,15,17 | Hebrew | Herodian | [96][102] | ||
| 4QPsk | 4Q92 | Psalm 26:7–12; 27:1; 30:9–13; 135:7–16; | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [96][103] | ||
| 4QPsl | 4Q93 | Psalm 104:3–5,11–12 | Hebrew | Herodian | [96][104] | ||
| 4QPsm | 4Q94 | Psalm 93:3–5; 95:3–6; 97:6–9; 98:4–8 | Hebrew | Herodian | [96][105] | ||
| 4QPsn | 4Q95 | Psalm 135:6–9,11–12; 136:23–24 | Hebrew | Herodian | [106][93] | ||
| 4QPso | 4Q96 | Psalm 114:7; 115:1–2,4; 116:3, 5, 7–10 | Hebrew | Herodian | [93][107] | ||
| 4QPsp (olim 4Q237) | 4Q97 | Psalm 143:2–4, 6–8 | Hebrew | Herodian | [93][108] | ||
| 4QPsq | Psalms | 4Q98 | Psalm 31:24–25; 33:1–18; 35:4–20 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Psalms, including elements on putting one's hope in God (4Q98d), the earth shaking at the presence of God (4Q98e), the blessings of God's Children and the struggle of the wicked (4Q98f). | [93] |
| 4QPsr | 4Q98a | Psalm 26:7–12; 27:1; 30:9–13 | [93][109] | ||||
| 4QPss | 4Q98b | Psalm 5:8–13; 6:1 | [93] | ||||
| *4QPst (see 4QPsc) | *4Q98c | Psalm 88:15–17 | [93] | ||||
| 4QPsu | 4Q98d | Psalm 42:5 | [93] | ||||
| 4QPsv (olim 4QPsu frg. 2) | 4Q98e | Psalm 99:1 | [93] | ||||
| 4QPsw | 4Q98f | Psalm 112:1–9 | [93] | ||||
| 4QPsx (olim 4Q236) | 4Q98g | Psalm 89:20–22, 26, 23, 27–28, 31 | [93] | ||||
| 4QJoba | Job | 4Q99 | Job 31:14–19; 32:3–4; 33:10–11, 24–26, 28–30; 35:16; 36:7–11, 13–27, 32–33; 37:1–5, 14–15 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Job | [110] |
| 4QJobb | 4Q100 | Job 8:15–17; 9:27; 13:4; 14:4–6; 31:20–21 | Herodian | [111][112] | |||
4Q101–4Q200
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4QpaleoJobc | Paleo-Job | 4Q101 | Job 13:18–20, 23–27; 14:13–18 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic; Paleo-Hebrew script | Fragment of Job | [111][113] |
| 4QProva | Proverbs | 4Q102 | Proverbs 1:27–33; 2:1 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Proverbs | [111][114] |
| 4QProvb | 4Q103 | Proverbs 13:6–9; 14:5–10, 12–13, 31–35; 15:1–8, 19–31; 7:9, 11? | Hebrew | Herodian | [111][115] | ||
| 4QRutha | Ruth | 4Q104 | Ruth 1:1–12 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Ruth | [111][116] |
| 4QRuthb | 4Q105 | Ruth 1:1–6, 12–15 | Hebrew | Herodian | [111][117] | ||
| 4QCanta | Canticles (Song of Songs) | 4Q106 | Song of Songs 3:4–5, 7–11; 4:1–7; 6:11?–12; 7:1–7 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Pesher on Song of Songs/Canticles, including an introduction (4Q106). | [111][118] |
| 4QCantb | 4Q107 | Song of Songs 2:9–17; 3:1–2, 5, 9–11; 4:1–3, 8–11, 14–16; 5:1 | Hebrew | Herodian | [111][119] | ||
| 4QCantc | 4Q108 | Song of Songs 3:7–8 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [111][120] | ||
| 4QQoha | Ecclesiastes | 4Q109 | Ecclesiastes 5:13–17; 6:1?,3–8,12; 7:1–10,19–20 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Ecclesiastes | [121][122] |
| 4QQohb | 4Q110 | Ecclesiastes 1:10–15 | Hebrew | Herodian | [121][123] | ||
| 4QLam | Lamentations | 4Q111 | Lamentations 1:1–15, 17, 16, 18; 2:5 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Lamentations | [121][124] |
| 4QDana | Daniel | 4Q112 | Daniel 1:16–20; 2:9–11, 19–49; 3:1–2; 4:29–30; 5:5–7, 12–14, 16–19; 7:5–7, 25–28; 8:1–5; 10:16–20; 11:13–16 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Daniel | [121][125] |
| 4QDanb | 4Q113 | Daniel 5:10–12, 14–16, 19–22; 6:8–22, 27–29; 7:1–6, 11?, 26–28; 8:1–8, 13–16 | Hebrew | Herodian | [121][126] | ||
| 4QDanc | 4Q114 | Daniel 10:5–9, 11–16, 21; 11:1–2, 13–17, 25–29 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [121][127] | ||
| 4QDand | 4Q115 | Daniel 3:8–10?, 23–25; 4:5–9, 12–16; 7:15–23 | Hebrew | Herodian | [121][128] | ||
| 4QDane | 4Q116 | Daniel 9:12–17 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [121][129] | ||
| 4QEzra | Ezra | 4Q117 | Ezra 4:2–6, 9–11; 5:17; 6:1–5 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Ezra-Nehemiah | [121][130] |
| 4QChr/4QChron | Chronicles | 4Q118 | 2 Chronicles 28:27; 29:1–3 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of 2 Chronicles | [121][131] |
| 4QLXXLeva gr | Septuagint Leviticus | 4Q119 | Leviticus 26:2–16 | Greek | Hasmonean | Fragments of Leviticus | [132][133] |
| 4QpapLXXLevb/ pap4QLXXLevb gr | 4Q120 | Leviticus 1:11; 2:3–5, 7–8?; 3:4, 7, 9–14; 4:3–4, 6–8, 10–11, 18–19, 26–28, 30; 5:6, 8–10, 16–24; [6:1–5] | Greek | Hasmonean | 97 fragments of Leviticus. Contains ΙΑΩ for the tetragrammaton | [132][134] | |
| 4QLXXNumb gr | Septuagint Numbers | 4Q121 | Numbers 3:40–43,50–51?; 4:1?,5–9,11–16; 3:39? | Greek | Herodian | Fragments of Numbers | [132][135] |
| 4QLXXDeut gr | Septuagint Deuteronomy | 4Q122 | Deuteronomy 11:4 | Greek | Early Hellenistic | Fragments of Deuteronomy | [41][132][136] |
| 4QpaleoparaJosh | Paraphrase on Joshua | 4Q123 | Joshua | Hebrew | Paleo-Hebrew script | "Rewritten Joshua" | [132][137] |
| 4QUnid gr | Unidentified text | 4Q126 | — | Greek | Herodian | Fragmentary religious text | [138][139] |
| 4Qpap paraExod / pap4QParaExod gr | Paraphrase on Exodus | 4Q127 | Exodus | Greek | Herodian | "Rewritten Exodus" | [132][140] |
| 4Qphyla | Phylactery Scrolls | 4Q128 | Deuteronomy 5:1–14,27–6:3; 10:12–11:21; Exodus 12:43–13:7 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments of Deuteronomy and Exodus. | [41][141][142] |
| 4Qphylb | 4Q129 | Exodus 13:9–16 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [41][143][144] | ||
| 4Qphylc | 4Q130 | Exodus 13:13–16; Deuteronomy 6:4–9; 11:13–21 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [41][143][145] | ||
| 4Qphyld | 4Q131 | Deuteronomy 11:13–21 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [41][143][146] | ||
| 4Qphyle | 4Q132 | Exodus 13:1–10 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [143][147] | ||
| 4Qphylf | 4Q133 | Exodus 13:11–16 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [143][148] | ||
| 4Qphylg | 4Q134 | Deuteronomy 5:1–21; Exodus 13:11–12 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [41][143][149] | ||
| 4Qphylh | 4Q135 | Deuteronomy 5:22–6:5; Exodus 13:14–16 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [41][143][150] | ||
| 4Qphyli | 4Q136 | Deuteronomy 6:6–7; 11:13–21; Exodus 12:43–13:10 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [41][143][151] | ||
| 4Qphylj (olim 4Qphyla) | 4Q137 | Deuteronomy 5:24–32; 6:2–3 | Hebrew | [41][143] | |||
| 4Qphylk | 4Q138 | Deuteronomy 10:12–11:17 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [41][152][153] | ||
| 4Qphyll | 4Q139 | Deuteronomy 5:7–24 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [41][152][154] | ||
| 4Qphylm | 4Q140 | Exodus 12:44–13:10; Deuteronomy 5:33–6:5 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [41][152][155] | ||
| 4Qphyln | 4Q141 | Deuteronomy 32:14–20, 32–33 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [41][152][156] | ||
| 4Qphylo | 4Q142 | Deuteronomy 5:1–16, 6:7–9 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [41][152][157] | ||
| 4Qphylp | 4Q143 | Deuteronomy 10:22–11:3,18–21 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [41][152][158] | ||
| 4Qphylq | 4Q144 | Exodus 13:4–9; Deuteronomy 11:4–18 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [41][152][159] | ||
| 4Qphylr | 4Q145 | Exodus 13:1–10 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [152][160] | ||
| 4QPhyls | 4Q146 | Deuteronomy 11:19–21 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [41][152][161] | ||
| 4Qphylt | 4Q147 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Could not be deciphered | [152][162] | ||
| 4Qphylu | 4Q148 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [152][163] | |||
| 4QMeza | Mezuzah Scrolls | 4Q149 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Exodus and Deuteronomy | [164][165] | |
| 4QMezb | 4Q150 | Deuteronomy 6:5–6; 10:14–11:2 | Hebrew | Herodian | [166][167] | ||
| 4QMezc | 4Q151 | Deuteronomy 5:27–6:9; 10:12–20 | Hebrew | Herodian | [166][168] | ||
| 4QMezd | 4Q152 | Deuteronomy 6:5–7 | Hebrew | Herodian | [166][169] | ||
| 4QMeze | 4Q153 | Deuteronomy 11:17–18 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [166][170] | ||
| 4QMezf | 4Q154 | Deuteronomy 13:1–4 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [166][171] | ||
| 4QMezg | 4Q155 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [166][172] | |||
| 4QtgLev | Targum of Leviticus | 4Q156 | Leviticus 16:12–15,18–21 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | Fragments of Leviticus | [173][174] |
| 4QtgJob | Targum of Job | 4Q157 | Job 3:5–6; 4:17–5:4 | Aramaic | Herodian | Fragments of Job | [173][175][176] |
| 4QRPa | Reworked Pentateuch A | 4Q158 | Genesis 32:25–30; 32:31 ?; Exodus 3:12; 4:27–28; 19:17–23; 24:4–6; 20:12–17,19–21 (Samaritan), 22–26; 21:15–25, 32–37; 22:1–13; 30:32.34; Deuteronomy 5:30–31; 21:1–10 | Hebrew | Herodian | Reworked Pentateuch | [41][177][178][179] |
| 4QOrdinancesa | Ordinances A | 4Q159 | Hebrew | Herodian | Non-biblical composition | [179][180] | |
| 4QVisSam | Vision of Samuel | 4Q160 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Non-biblical composition | [179][181] | |
| 4QpIsaiaha | Pesher on Isaiah | 4Q161 | Hebrew | Herodian | Non-biblical composition | [182] | |
| 4QpIsaiahb | 4Q162 | Hebrew | Herodian | Non-biblical composition | [183] | ||
| 4QpHosA | Pesher on Hosea A | 4Q166 | Hebrew | Herodian | Hosea Commentary Scroll | [184][185][186] | |
| 4QpHosB | Pesher on Hosea B | 4Q167 | Hebrew | Herodian | [185][187] | ||
| 4QpMic(?) | Pesher on Micah? | 4Q168 | Hebrew | Herodian | Micah Commentary? | [185][188] | |
| 4QpNah | Pesher on Nahum | 4Q169 | Nahum 1:3–6; 2:12–14; 3:1–5, 6–9, 10–12, 14 | Hebrew | Herodian | Containing the term "The Seekers after Smooth Things" | [185][189] |
| 4Q Eschatological Commentary A | Florilegium or Midrash on the Last Days | 4Q174 | 2 Samuel 7:10–14 (1 Chronicles 17:9–13); Exodus 15:17–18; Amos 9:11; Psalm 1:1; Isaiah 8:11; Ezekiel 37:23?; Psalm 2:1; Daniel 12:10; 11:32; Deuteronomy 33:8–11, 12, 19–21 | Hebrew | Herodian | Quotations from biblical passages with midrashic commentary | [190][191] |
| 4QTest | Testimonia | 4Q175 | Deuteronomy 5:28–29; 18:18–19; 33:8–11
Numbers 24:15–17 Joshua 6:26, quoted in Psalms of Joshua (4Q379, frag. 22) |
Hebrew | Herodian; Hasmonean script | A list of quotations; Messianic Anthology or Testimonia | [41][190][192] |
| 4QapocrLamA | Apocryphal Lamentations A | 4Q179 | Lamentations | Hebrew | Herodian | cf. 4Q501 | [193] |
| 4Q Horoscope | Physiognomies/Horoscopes | 4Q186 | Hebrew | Herodian | [194] | ||
| 4QpapTobita | Tobit | 4Q196 | Tobit | Aramaic | Hasmonean | On Papyrus. cf. 4Q501 | [195] |
| 4QTobitb | Tobit | 4Q197 | Tobit | Aramaic | Herodian | cf. 4Q501 | [196] |
| 4QTobitc | Tobit | 4Q198 | Tobit | Aramaic | Hasmonean | cf. 4Q501 | [197] |
| 4QTobitd | Tobit | 4Q199 | Tobit | Aramaic | Hasmonean | cf. 4Q501 | [198] |
| 4QTobite | Tobit | 4Q200 | Tobit | Hebrew | Herodian | cf. 4Q501 | [199] |
4Q201–4Q300
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4QEna | The Enoch Scroll | 4Q201a | Aramaic | Hasmonean | [184][200] | ||
| 4QALD / 4QLevia-f ar | The Aramaic Levi Document (ALD) | 4Q213 4Q213a 4Q213b 4Q214 4Q214a 4Q214b | Aramaic | Hasmonean | Multiple compositions | [201] | |
| 4QTNaph | Testament of Naphtali | 4Q215 | Hebrew | Herodian | [202][203] | ||
| 4QCanta(?) | Pesher on Canticles/Song of Songs | 4Q240 | Song of Songs | Hebrew | Herodian | Included in Milik's original list, but this fragment has never been located | [204] |
| 4QapocrDan | Aramaic Apocalypse or The Son of God Text | 4Q246 | Aramaic | Herodian | [205] | ||
| 4QCommentary on Gen A /4QCommGenA | Commentary/Pesher on Genesis | 4Q252 | Genesis 6:3; 7:10–8:18; 9:24–27; 11:31; 15:9, 17, 17:20?; 18:31–32 (with Deuteronomy 13:16, 17; 20:11, 14); 22:10–12; 28:3–4; 36:12; 49:3–4, 10 (with Jeremiah 33:17), 20–21 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments/ commentary of Genesis. | [206][207] |
| 4QCommentary on Gen B /4QCommGenB | 4Q253 | Genesis | Hebrew | Herodian | [206][208] | ||
| 4QCommentary on Gen C /4QCommGenC | 4Q254 | Genesis 9:24–25; 22:5?, 17? | Hebrew | Herodian | [206][209] | ||
| 4QCommentary on Gen D (olim 4QpGenc) | 4Q254a–820 | Genesis 6:15 | Hebrew | Herodian | [206][210] | ||
| 4QSd | Serekh ha-Yahad or Community Rule | 4Q258 | Hebrew | Herodian | cf. 1QSd | [211] | |
| 4QD | The Damascus Document | 4Q265–273 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | cf. 4QDa/g = 4Q266/272, 4QDa/e = 4Q266/270, 5Q12, 6Q15, 4Q265–73 | [5] | |
| 4Q Sefer ha-Milhamah | Rule of War | 4Q285 | Hebrew | Herodian | cf. 11Q14 | [212] | |
| 4QMysta | The Book of Mysteries The Book of Secrets |
4Q299 | Hebrew | Herodian | [213] | ||
| 4QMystb | 4Q300 | Hebrew | Herodian | [214] |
4Q301–
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4QMystc | The Book of Mysteries The Book of Secrets |
4Q301 | Hebrew | Herodian | [215] | ||
| 4QRPb | Reworked Pentateuch | 4Q364 | Genesis 25:18–21; 26:7–8; 27:39; 28:6; 29:32–33; 30:8–14,26–36; 31:47–53; 32:18–20,26–30; 34:2; 35:28; 37:7–8; 38:14–21; 44:30–34; 45:1,21–27; 48:14–15; Exodus 21:14–22; 19:17; 24:12–14,18; 25:1–2; 26:1,33–35; Numbers 14:16–20; 33:31–49; 20:17–18; Deuteronomy 2:8–14, 30–37; 3:2,18–23; 9:6–7,12–18, 21–25,27–29; 10:1–4, 6–7, 10–13,22; 11:1–2,6–9,23–24; 14:24–26 | Hebrew | Late Hasmonean or Herodian | Reworked Pentateuch | [41][177][216][217] |
| 4QRPc | 4Q365 | Exodus 8:13–19; 9:9–12; 10:19–20; 14:10,12–21; 15:6-[21],22–26; 17:3–5; 18:13–16; 26:34–36; 28:16–20; 29:20–22; 30:27–38; 31:1–2; 35:[2]–5; 36:32–38; 37:29; 38:1–7; 39:1–19; Leviticus 11:1[3],17-[25],32-[33],[39]-[46]; 13:6–8,15-[19],51–52; 16:6–7; 18:[25]-[29]; 23:42–44; 24:1–2; 25:7–9; 26:17–32; 27:34; Numbers 1:1–5; 3:26–30; 4:47–49; 7:1,78–80; 8:11–12; 9:15–23; 10:1-[4]; 13:[11]–25,[28]–30; 15:26-[29]; 17:20–24; 27:11; 36:1–2; Deuteronomy 2:24; 19:20–21; 20:1 | Hebrew | Late Hasmonean/ Early Herodian | [41][177][218][219] | ||
| 4QRPd | 4Q366 | Exodus 21;35–37; 22:1–5; Leviticus 24:20–22; 25:39–43; Numbers 29:14-[25], 32–39; 30:1; Deuteronomy 16:13–14; 14:[13]–21 | Hebrew | Herodian | [41][177][218][220] | ||
| 4QRPe | 4Q367 | Leviticus 11:47; 12:1–8; 13:1; 15:14–15; 19:1–4,9–15; 20:13; 27:30–34 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [177][218][221] | ||
| 4QapocrJosha | Apocryphon of Joshua | 4Q378 | Hebrew | Herodian | Texts drawing on the content of Joshua, Exodus and Numbers. | [222] | |
| 4QapocrJoshb | 4Q379 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [223] | |||
| 4QpsEzek | Pseudo-Ezekiel | 4Q385 4Q385b 4Q385c 4Q386 4Q388 4Q391 |
Hebrew | Herodian | [224] | ||
| 4QMMT /4Q Cal.Doc.D | Miqsat Ma'ase Ha-Torah or Some Precepts of the Law or the Halakhic Letter | 4Q394–399 | Hebrew | Herodian | [225] | ||
| 4Q Non-Canonical Psalms A | Songs of Sabbath Sacrifice or the Angelic Liturgy | 4Q400–407 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | cf. 11Q5–6 | [226] | |
| 4QInstruction | Sapiential Work A | 4Q415–418 | Hebrew | Herodian | [5] | ||
| 4QParaphrase | Paraphrase of Genesis and Exodus | Hebrew | |||||
| 4Q Barkhi Nafshia | Barkhi Nafshi – Apocryphal Psalms | 4Q434 | Hebrew | Herodian | 15 fragments: likely hymns of thanksgiving praising God for his power and expressing thanks | [227] | |
| 4Q Apocr. Psalm and Prayer | Hymn to King Jonathan or The Prayer For King Jonathan Scroll | 4Q448 | Psalms 154 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | In addition to parts of Psalms 154 it contains a prayer mentioning "King Jonathan". | [5] |
| 4QpapGen or papJub | pap-Genesis or pap-Jubilees | 4Q483 | Genesis 1:28–29, or Book of Jubilees | Hebrew | Herodian | [228] | |
| 4QShira-b | Songs of the Sage or Songs of the Maskil |
4Q510–511 | Hebrew | Herodian | [5] | ||
| 4Q Messianic Apocalypse | Messianic Apocalypse | 4Q521 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Made up of two fragments | [229] | |
| 4Q Jonathan | 4Q523 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | MeKleine Fragmente, z.T. gesetzlichen Inhalts; Fragment is legal in content. PAM number, 41.944 | [230][231] | ||
| 4QTempleScrollb | Temple Scroll | 4Q524 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [5][232] | ||
| 4QBeatitudes | 4Q525 | Sirach 25:10;[233] Matthew 5:3 –12 (Beatitudes) | Hebrew | Herodian | [5] | ||
| 4Q TJoseph | Testament of Joseph | 4Q539 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | [234] | ||
| 4QapocrLevi(?)b | Testament of Levid | 4Q541 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | Aramaic frag. also called "4QApocryphon of Levib ar" | [235] | |
| 4QTKohath (4QTQahat) | Testament of Qahat | 4Q542 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | [236] | ||
| 4QNJc | New Jerusalem | 4Q555 | Aramaic | Herodian | cf. 1Q32, 2Q24, 5Q15, 11Q18 | [237] | |
| 4QGenn | Genesis | 4Q576 | Genesis 34:7–10; 50:3 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [5] | |
| Unnumbered | Hebrew | Nine unopened fragments recently rediscovered in storage | [238] |
Gallery
Dead Sea Scroll, Pesher Isaiah, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman
Dead Sea Scroll 109, Qohelet or Ecclesiastes, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman
Dead Sea Scroll 175, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman
Notes
- In 2022, D. Longacre and B. Strawn demonstrated this small fragment to be part of the larger manuscript 4QPsc, as opposed to a separate manuscript of the Psalms.
References
- VanderKam, James C., The Dead Sea Scrolls Today, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994. pp. 10–11.
- Milik (1957). "Dix ans de découverte dans le désert de Juda" | Discoveries in the Judaean Desert; Milik (1976). The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments Qumran Cave 4 with the collaboration of Black M.
- Tov, Emanuel (2010). Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert. Brill. ISBN 9789047443797.
- "Shrine Of The Book – The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls".
- "Leon Levy Collection". Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 29.
- 4Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 30.
- 4Q8 4QGen h1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q8 4QGen h2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q8 4QGen h-para at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 246
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 31.
- 4Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 31–32.
- 4Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 32.
- 4Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q27 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- OakTree Software, Inc. Accordance 10: Bible Software. 2008.
- 4Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q29 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 32–33.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 33.
- 4Q38 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Accessed 20 May 2013
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 34.
- 4Q47 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 34–35.
- 4Q48 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 35.
- 4Q49 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q50 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q51 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q52 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q53 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q54 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 36.
- 4Q55 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q56 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q57 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q58 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q59 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q60 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q61 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 37.
- 4Q62 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q63 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q64 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q65 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q66 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q67 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q68 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q69 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 270
- Schiffman, Lawrence; VanderKam, James (2008). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195084504.
- Flint, Peter (2013). The Dead Sea Scrolls. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780687494491.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 38.
- 4Q73 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q74 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Sanderson 1997. DJD 15: 215–218.
- 4Q75 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q76 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q77 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q78 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 39.
- 4Q79 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q80 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q81 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q82 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q83 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q84 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 41.
- 4Q85 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Longacre, Drew, and Brent A. Strawn. "A New Identification of a Psalm Manuscript from Qumran: 4Q85 + 4Q98c", Dead Sea Discoveries, doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685179-bja10037
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 40.
- 4Q86 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q87 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q88 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q89 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q90 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q91 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q92 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q93 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q94 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q95 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q96 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q97 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q98 4QPsr at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q99 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 42.
- 4Q100 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q101 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q102 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q103 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q104 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q105 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q106 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q107 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q108 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 43.
- 4Q109 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q110 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q111 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q112 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q113 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q114 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q115 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q116 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q117 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q118 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 44.
- 4Q119 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q120 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q121 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q122 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q123 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Tov, Emanuel; et al. (The Greek Biblical Texts from the Judean Desert) (2008). "23". Hebrew Bible, Greek Bible and Qumran: Collected Essays. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism. Vol. 121. Mohr Siebeck. p. 346. ISBN 9783161495465.
- 4Q126 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q127 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 44–45.
- 4Q128 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 45.
- 4Q129 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q130 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q131 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q132 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q133 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q134 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q135 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q136 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 46.
- 4Q138 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q139 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q140 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q141 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q142 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q143 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q144 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q145 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q146 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q147 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q148 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 46–47.
- 4Q149 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 47.
- 4Q150 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q151 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q152 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q153 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q154 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q155 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Wise, Michael O.; Abegg, Martin G.; Cook, Edward M. (2005). The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 577. ISBN 9780060766627.
- 4Q156 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 47–48.
- 4Q157 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 305ff
- 4Q158 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 48.
- 4Q159 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q160 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q161 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q162 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- "The Qumran Library: Scrolls". Library of Congress.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 49.
- 4Q166 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q167 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q168 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q169 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 50.
- 4Q174 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q175 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q179 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q186 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q196 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q197 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q198 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q199 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q200 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q201 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 54–55.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 55.
- 4Q215 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Gault, Brian P. (2010) "Fragments of Canticles at Qumran". Revue de Qumran. p.352
- 4Q246 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 62.
- 4Q252 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q253 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q254 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q254a-820 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q258 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q285 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q299 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q300 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q301 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 74.
- 4Q364 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 75.
- 4Q365 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q366 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q367 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q378 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q379 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q385 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q394 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q400 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q434 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q483 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q521 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd, The Gog and Magog Tradition in Revelation 20:8, in, H. J. de Jonge, Johannes Tromp, eds., The book of Ezekiel and its influence, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007, p.172; scheduled to be published in Charlesworth's edition, volume 9
- 4Q523 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 98.
- Collins, J. J., 44. Ecclesiasticus, or The Wisdom of Jesus Son of Sirach, in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary, p. 684
- 4Q539 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q541 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q542 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- 4Q555 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- "Uncovered in Jerusalem, 9 tiny unopened Dead Sea Scrolls". The Times of Israel.
Bibliography
- Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9780802862419.
Further reading
External links
- A Catalog of Biblical Passages in the Dead Sea Scrolls by David Washburn, 2002
- Textual Criticism: Recovering the Text of the Hebrew Bible by Peter Kyle McCarter, 1986
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