75th Infantry Regiment "Napoli"

In 1859, after the conclusion of the Second Italian War of Independence, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was forced to cede the Western half of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, the region of Lombardy, to the Second French Empire, which transferred the region to the Kingdom of Sardinia. In 1861, after Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand the Kingdom of Sardinia annexed the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which allowed the Sardinians to proclaim the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861.[3][4]

With the Unification of Italy nearly complete the Royal Italian Army began to form new regiments in the annexed territories. On 16 April 1861 the 1st Grenadiers Regiment and 2nd Grenadiers Regiment of the Grenadiers of Sardinia Brigade ceded each one battalion to help form the 5th Grenadiers Regiment (Grenadiers of Naples Brigade). On the same date the 3rd Grenadiers Regiment and 4th Grenadiers Regiment of the Grenadiers of Lombardy Brigade ceded each one battalion to help form the 6th Grenadiers Regiment (Grenadiers of Naples Brigade). The 5th Grenadiers Regiment was mustered and initially based in Livorno, while the 6th Grenadiers Regiment was mustered and initially based in Florence.[2][3][4]

On 1 August 1862 the 5th Grenadiers Regiment ceded its 17th Company and 18th Company to help form the 7th Grenadiers Regiment (Grenadiers of Tuscany Brigade), while the 6th Grenadiers Regiment ceded its 17th Company and 18th Company to help form the 8th Grenadiers Regiment (Grenadiers of Tuscany Brigade). After the formation of the 7th and 8th grenadier regiments of the Grenadiers of Tuscany Brigade the army the Royal Italian Army fielded eight grenadier regiments, which all consisted of a staff and three battalions, with six grenadier companies per battalion.[2][3][4]

In 1861-70 detachments of the regiment operated in southern Italy to suppress the anti-Sardinian revolt, which had erupted after the Kingdom of Sardinia had annexed the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. In 1866 the brigade participated in the Third Italian War of Independence.[2]

On 1 April 1871 the Grenadiers of Naples Brigade and its two regiments were transferred from the Grenadiers speciality to the line infantry. On the same date the brigade was renamed Brigade "Napoli", and its two regiments became the 75th Infantry Regiment and 76th Infantry Regiment. On 25 October of the same year the brigade level was abolished and the two regiments of the Brigade "Napoli" were renamed 75th Infantry Regiment "Napoli", respectively 76th Infantry Regiment "Napoli".[2][3][4]

On 2 January 1881 the brigade level was reintroduced and the two regiments were renamed again as 75th Infantry Regiment (Brigade "Napoli") and 76th Infantry Regiment (Brigade "Napoli").[2][4]

On 1 November 1884 the regiment ceded some of its companies to help form the 93rd Infantry Regiment (Brigade "Messina") in Gaeta. In 1895-96 the regiment provided seven officers and 258 enlisted for units deployed to Italian Eritrea for the First Italo-Ethiopian War.[2][4] In 1911-12 the regiment provided 26 officers and 650 enlisted to augment units fighting in the Italo-Turkish War.[2]

Italian II Army Corps infantry in France in 1918

At the outbreak of World War I the regiment consisted of three battalions, each of which fielded four fusiliers companies and one machine gun section. On 7 March 1915 the regimental depot of the 75th Infantry Regiment in Syracuse formed the 148th Infantry Regiment (Brigade "Caltanissetta"). After Italy's entry into the war on 23 May 1915 the Brigade "Napoli" was deployed to the Italian front: in June 1915 the brigade fought against Austro-Hungarian forces in the First Battle of the Isonzo on Monte Sabotino. In October of the same year the brigade was on the Karst plateau, where it fought in the Third Battle of the Isonzo on the slopes of Monte Sei Busi and in Cave di Selz. In December 1915 the regimental depot of the 75th Infantry Regiment formed the 224th Infantry Regiment (Brigade "Etna") and on 24 May 1916 the depot provided some of the men, which formed the 232nd Infantry Regiment (Brigade"Avellino". In May and June 1916 the brigade operated in the Monfalcone sector and again in the area of Cave di Selz. In July 1916 the brigade operated at San Grado di Merna and in August it fought in the Sixth Battle of the Isonzo on Nad Logem. In November 1916 the brigade fought in the Ninth Battle of the Isonzo. In August 1916 the 75th Infantry Regiment was awarded a Silver Medal of Military Valour for the regiment's conduct at Monfalcone in June, and in December 1916 the 76th Infantry Regiment was awarded a Bronze Medal of Military Valour for its conduct at Monfalcone in June and at San Grado di Merna in November.[2][5]

In September 1917 the brigade fought in the Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo on the Banjšice plateau. In October 1917, during the Italian defeat in the Battle of Caporetto, the brigade fought at Zagradan Pass and on Bukova Ježa. The swift Austro-Hungarian and German advance forced the brigade to retreat to the Piave river. In the violent fighting and during the retreat the brigade lost 3,987 officers and soldiers of the approximately 6,000 men the brigade had at the beginning of the battle.[2][5]

After Caporetto the brigade was rebuilt and in April 1918 assigned to the II Army Corps, which was deployed to the Western Front in France. There the brigade operated in May in the Argonne sector and in June in the Bois de Vrigny area. In July the brigade fought in the Second Battle of the Marne at Bligny and Méry-Prémecy. In fall of 1918 the brigade participated in the Hundred Days Offensive and fought at Chemin des Dames. For their conduct in France the two regiments of the Brigade "Napoli" were both awarded a Silver Medal of Military Valour.[2][5]

On 18 November 1926 the brigade command and the 76th Infantry Regiment were disbanded, while the 75th Infantry Regiment, now renamed 75th Infantry Regiment "Napoli", was assigned on the next day to the XXIX Infantry Brigade, which was the infantry component of the 29th Territorial Division of Messina.[2][6][7][8][9][10] In 1934 the 29th Territorial Division of Messina was renamed 29th Infantry Division "Peloritana".[8]

In February 1935 the 29th Infantry Division "Peloritana", including the 75th Infantry Regiment "Napoli", was shipped to Somalia for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. As replacement for the 75th Infantry Regiment "Napoli" the regimental depot in Syracuse reformed on 11 February 1935 the 76th Infantry Regiment "Napoli". The regiment was assigned to the CXXIX Infantry Brigade "Peloritana II", but already on 10 March 1935 the 76th Infantry Regiment "Napoli" was renamed 146th Infantry Regiment "Catania". After the 75th Infantry Regiment "Napoli" returned from Ethiopia the 146th Infantry Regiment "Catania" was disbanded on 26 December 1936 and its personnel transferred to the 75th Napoli.[2][7][8][9][10]

The regimental depot of the 75th Infantry Regiment "Napoli" also formed the following units to augment the Peloritana in Somalia: XIV Special Battalion, XXX Replacements Battalion, CCXXX Replacements Battalion, 1st Anti-aircraft Company, 3rd Special Company, and 4th Special Company.[2]

On 20 May 1937 the 76th Infantry Regiment "Napoli" was reformed in Trapani as replacement for the 85th Infantry Regiment "Verona", which had moved to in Gharyan in Libya, where the 85th Verona joined the newly formed 60th Infantry Division "Sabratha". The 76th Infantry Regiment "Napoli" was assigned to the XXVIII Infantry Brigade of the 28th Infantry Division "Vespri".[10][11]

On 15 April 1939 the 54th Infantry Division "Napoli" was formed in Caltanissetta. On the same date the 75th Infantry Regiment "Napoli" and 76th Infantry Regiment "Napoli" were transferred to the division.[2][8][9]

At the outbreak of World War II the regiment consisted of a command, a command company, three fusiliers battalions, a support weapons battery equipped with 65/17 infantry support guns, and a mortar company equipped with 81mm Mod. 35 mortars. The division was based in the southern part of Sicily and remained there until the Allied invasion of Sicily on 10 July 1943. On 12 July 1943 British forces captured Floridia and the most of the 75th Infantry Regiment as it was attempting to withdraw from the town.[12] By 13 July 1943 an Allied landing north of Augusta outflanked the division, and inflicted heavy casualties. The destruction continued on 14 July 1943, as remnants of division fought a rear-guard action at Scordia. It has been estimated that the division lost up to eighty-percent of its effectiveness soon after its initial contact with British forces.[13] On 25 July 1943 the division tried to reform at Linguaglossa, but it became apparent that its cut-off subunits had either been destroyed or captured. Around this time the 75th Infantry Regiment "Napoli" was declared lost due to wartime events. The division's remaining personnel was ordered to move to Messina, from where the it was evacuated to Southern Italy on 11–14 August 1943. The division was dissolved on 14 August 1943 in Melia southeast of Scilla in Calabria with the few survivors grouped into the 76th Infantry Regiment "Napoli".[2][8][9]

For its conduct and sacrifice between 10 and 13 July in Sicily the 75th Infantry Regiment was awarded a Silver Medal of Military Valour.[2]

On 1 April 1947 the 76th Infantry Regiment "Napoli" was reformed in Naples. The regiment consisted of a command, a command company, three fusilier battalions, a mortar company equipped with 81mm Mod. 35 mortars, and an anti-tank cannons company equipped with QF 6-pounder anti-tank guns. On 1 September 1949 the Infantry Divisione "Avellino" was formed in Bari and the 9th Infantry Regiment "Bari", 75th Infantry Regiment "Napoli", and 14th Artillery Regiment "Ferrara" were assigned to the division.[2]

On 1 October 1949 the regimental command of the 75th Infantry Regiment "Napoli" became the Army Troops Command of the Security Corps of the Italian administered Trust Territory of Somaliland. On 1O October 1949 the commander, staff, and flag of the 75th Infantry Regiment "Napoli" departed for Mogadishu. On 1 January 1950 the 231st Infantry Regiment "Avellino" was reformed in Naples to take command of the battalions and the regimental depot of the 75th Infantry Regiment "Napoli".[2]

On 30 June 1951 the 75th Infantry Regiment "Napoli" returned from Somalia and, as the barracks in Naples were occupied by the 231st Infantry Regiment "Avellino", the regiment moved to Cosenza. The regiment consisted now of a command, a command company, two fusilier battalions, a mortar company equipped with 81mm Mod. 35 mortars, and an anti-tank cannons company equipped with QF 6-pounder anti-tank guns.[2]

On 30 November 1958 the 75th Infantry Regiment "Napoli" was disbanded and the flag of the regiment was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.[1][2]