Acarospora

Acarospora is a genus of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the family Acarosporaceae. Most species in the genus are crustose lichens that grow on rocks in open and arid places all over the world.[2] They may look like a cobblestone road or cracked up old paint, and are commonly called cobblestone lichens or cracked lichens.[3]: 216 [4] They usually grow on rock (are "saxicolous"), but some grow on soil (terricolous) or on other lichens.[2][3]: 216  Some species in the genus are fungi that live as parasites on other lichens (lichenicolous fungi).[2] Acarospora is a widely distributed genus, with about 128 species according to a 2008 estimate.[5]

Acarospora
Acarospora glaucocarpa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Acarosporales
Family: Acarosporaceae
Genus: Acarospora
A.Massal. (1852)
Type species
Acarospora schleicheri
(Ach.) A.Massal. (1852)
Synonyms[1]

Species in Acarospora may be shiny as if covered with a glossy varnish, or dull and powdery looking. They have a diverse range of colors, from the brilliant yellow bright cobblestone lichen, to the dark reddish-brown mountain cobblestone lichen, or they can appear tan, gray, or white, from a dusty-looking coating (pruina).[3]: 216  They may grow in crustose forms like a warty surface (verrucose), like cracking-up old crust of paint (rimose), like a bunch of "islands" in a dry lake bed (areolate), like the flakes of cracking up paint are peeling up at the edges (sub-squamulous), or like the flakes are growing over others like scales (squamulous).

Description

They may grow as a warty crust (verrucose, a cracked crust rimose, or with the cracks separating island-like sections like in a dried lake (areolate – with the “islands” being called “areoles”).[2] The areolas may lift up at the edges (sub-squamulose), and these edges may overlap other areolas like scales (squamulose, with the areoles being called “squamules”).[2] The areoles may grow in lobes radiating from a center (placodioid. They may grow in irregular or indeterminate forms, sometimes with the areoles disconnected from each other and dispersed among other lichens.[2] Sometimes the squamules may be elevated with expansion of the mycelial base above the substrate ("gomphate"), or aside on “stems” called stipes, which are usually about usually half the diameter of areole.[2] The outer rim of the areola is usually down-turned.[2]

They may be shiny or dull, and in many shades from pale to blackish brown.[2] They may be smooth or rough (rugulose).[2] They may be different colors from brilliant yellow (from rhizocarpic acid) to brown to white.[2] They may or may not be covered with a powdery-looking surface (pruinose), which when present, may make them appear lighter in color, to almost white.[2]

Internal structure

Like other crustose lichens, their cross section is generally divided into three layers, the cortex, photobiont layer, and medulla, and generally without a lower cortex as in foliose lichens.[2] The cortex itself is usually differentiated, with three layers including a syncortex (sometimes absent), epinecral layer (sometimes absent, and eucortex, which is where the pigment is located in the upper parts.[2] The photobiont of Acarospora are algae in the genus Trebouxia.[6]

Fruiting structures

Each wart, areola, or squamule may have 0 to many apothecia.[2] The apothecia are usually immersed in the thallus.[2] Sometimes the apothecia are raised on a wart and surrounded by a margin of thallus-like tissue, sometimes with the margin being a true exciple.[2] The apothecia are usually immersed, and round to very irregular in shape.[3]: 216  The apothecal disc is round to squished and irregular, and ranges in colors: black, brown, red, or yellow, or in-between. The disc may be smooth or it may be rough. The asci range from being narrow to being club shaped (clavate). Spores are colorless, spherical to ellipsoid, and range from tens to hundreds per ascus.[3]: 216 

Taxonomy

The genus was published by Italian lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo in 1852, with the type species Acarospora schleicheri (originally described as Urceolaria schleicheri by Erik Acharius in 1810). Other species included by Massalongo in his original conception of the genus were A. chlorophana (now Pleopsidium chlorophanum), A. oxytona, A. cervina, A. smeragdula, and A. veronensis.[7]

Species

Yellow members of the genus may resemble members of Pleopsidium.[3]: 216  Non-yellow members may resemble members of Aspicilia.[3]: 216 

Species include:[8][9]

  • Acarospora affinis K. Knudsen
  • Acarospora americana H. Magn.
  • Acarospora asahinae H. Magn.
  • Acarospora badiofusca (Nyl.) Th. Fr.
  • Acarospora boulderensis H. Magn.
  • Acarospora brattiae K. Knudsen
  • Acarospora brodoana K. Knudsen
  • Acarospora brouardii B. de Lesd.
  • Acarospora bullata H. Magn
  • Acarospora calcarea K. Knudsen
  • Acarospora canadensis H. Magn.
  • Acarospora cervina A. Massal.
  • Acarospora chrysops (Tuck.) H. Magn.
  • Acarospora clauzadeana (Llimona) Casares & Hafellner
  • Acarospora coloradiana H. Magn.
  • Acarospora complanata H. Magn.
  • Acarospora contigua H. Magn.
  • Acarospora dissecta K. Knudsen & Flakus
  • Acarospora elevata H. Magn.
  • Acarospora epilutescens Zahlbr.
  • Acarospora erythrophora H. Magn.
  • Acarospora flavisparsa V.J. Rico & Candan
  • Acarospora fuscata (Schrader) Arnold
  • Acarospora fuscescens H. Magn.
  • Acarospora glaucocarpa (Ach.) Körber
  • Acarospora heufleriana Körber
  • Acarospora hilaris (Dufour) Hue
  • Acarospora impressula Th. Fr.
  • Acarospora interjecta H. Magn.
  • Acarospora janae K. Knudsen
  • Acarospora maccarthyi K. Knudsen & Kocourk.
  • Acarospora macrospora (Hepp) A. Massal. ex Bagl.
  • Acarospora moenium (Vainio) Räsänen
  • Acarospora molybdina (Wahlenb.) Trevisan
  • Acarospora nashii K. Knudsen
  • Acarospora nevadensis H. Magn.
  • Acarospora nicolai B. de Lesd.
  • Acarospora nitrophila H. Magn.
  • Acarospora nodulosa (Dufour) Hue
  • Acarospora novomexicana H. Magn.
  • Acarospora obnubila H. Magn.
  • Acarospora obpallens (Nyl. ex Hasse) Zahlbr.
  • Acarospora oligospora (Nyl.) Arnold
  • Acarospora orcuttii K. Knudsen
  • Acarospora oreophila K. Knudsen
  • Acarospora peliscypha Th. Fr.
  • Acarospora piedmontensis K. Knudsen
  • Acarospora pseudofuscata Sipman
  • Acarospora robiniae K. Knudsen
  • Acarospora rosulata (Th. Fr.) H. Magn.
  • Acarospora rouxii K. Knudsen, Elix & Reeb
  • Acarospora rugulosa Körber
  • Acarospora saepincola H. Magn.
  • Acarospora schleicheri (Ach.) A. Massal.
  • Acarospora scotica Hue
  • Acarospora sinopica (Wahlenb.) Körber
  • Acarospora pseudofuscata Sipman
  • Acarospora socialis H. Magn.
  • Acarospora sparsa H. Magn.
  • Acarospora sphaerosperma R. C. Harris & K. Knudsen
  • Acarospora stapfiana (Müll. Arg.) Hue
  • Acarospora stictica K. Knudsen & Elix
  • Acarospora strigata (Nyl.) Jatta
  • Acarospora subrufula (Nyl.) H. Olivier
  • Acarospora succedens H. Magn.
  • Acarospora superfusca H. Magn.
  • Acarospora thamnina (Tuck.) Herre
  • Acarospora thelococcoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
  • Acarospora toensbergii K. Knudsen & Kocourk.
  • Acarospora tongletii Hue
  • Acarospora tuckerae K. Knudsen
  • Acarospora umbilicata Bagl.
  • Acarospora veronensis A. Massal.
  • Acarospora verruciformis H. Magn.
  • Acarospora wetmorei K. Knudsen

Chemistry

Acarospora species often lack secondary metabolites. Each wart, areola, or squamule may each have 0 to many apothecia.[2] Some have norstictic acid, gyrophoric acid, or fatty acids. Yellow species have rhizocarpic acid, a pigment that makes them yellow.

Range and habitat

They grow all over the world, but usually in open arid habitats.[2] They can grow on acidic rock and basic rock, or on soil.[2]

References
  1. "Synonymy. Current Name: Acarospora A. Massal., Ric. auton. lich. crost. (Verona): 27 (1852)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  2. Acarospora, Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 3, Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bugartz, F., (eds.) 2001,
  3. Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2
  4. Name Search Results for Scientific Name Acarospora, USDA
  5. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
  6. Thomson, J.W. (1984). American Arctic Lichens: The Microlichens. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-299-13460-0.
  7. Massalongo AB. (1852). Ricerche sull'autonomia dei licheni crostosi (in Italian). Verona: Frizerio. p. 27.
  8. Esslinger, T.L. "A Cumulative Checklist for the Lichen-Forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of the Continental United States and Canada, Version 22". Opuscula Philolichenum. 17: 6–268. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  9. "Search: Acarospora". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
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