List of governors of Alaska

The governor of Alaska (Iñupiaq: Alaaskam kavanaa) is the head of government of Alaska. The governor is the chief executive of the state and is the holder of the highest office in the executive branch of the government as well as being the commander in chief of the Alaska's state forces.

Governor of Alaska
Alaaskam Kavanaa
The Seal of the State of Alaska
Incumbent
Mike Dunleavy
since December 3, 2018
Government of Alaska
ResidenceAlaska Governor's Mansion
Term lengthFour years, renewable once consecutively
Inaugural holderWilliam A. Egan
FormationJanuary 3, 1959
DeputyLieutenant Governor of Alaska
Salary$145,000 [1]
Websitegov.alaska.gov

Twelve people have served as governor of the State of Alaska over 14 distinct terms, though Alaska had over 30 civilian and military governors during its long history as a United States territory. Only two governors, William A. Egan and Bill Walker, were born in Alaska. Two people, Egan and Wally Hickel, have been elected to multiple non-consecutive terms as governor. Hickel is also noted for a rare third party win in American politics, having been elected to a term in 1990 representing the Alaskan Independence Party. The longest-serving governor of the state was Egan, who was elected three times and served nearly 12 years. The longest-serving territorial governor was Ernest Gruening, who served over 13 years.

The current governor is Republican Mike Dunleavy, who took office on December 3, 2018.

Governors before statehood

Alaska was purchased by the United States from the Russian Empire in 1867, with formal transfer occurring on October 18, 1867,[2] which is now celebrated as Alaska Day. Before then, it was known as Russian America or Russian Alaska, controlled by the governors and general managers of the Russian-American Company.

Commanders of the Department of Alaska

The vast region was initially designated the Department of Alaska, under the jurisdiction of the Department of War and administered by Army officers until 1877, when the Army was withdrawn from Alaska. The Department of the Treasury then took control, with the Collector of Customs as the highest ranking federal official in the territory. In 1879, the Navy was given jurisdiction over the department.[3]

Some believe the first American administrator of Alaska was Polish immigrant Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski. However, the Anchorage Daily News was unable to find any conclusive information to support this claim.[4]

Chief federal officers of the Department of Alaska
No. Commander Position Term in office
1 Jefferson C. Davis
(1828–1879)		 Army
Colonel		 October 18, 1867
–
August 31, 1870
2 George K. Brady
(1838–1899)		 Army
Captain		 September 1, 1870
–
September 22, 1870
3 John C. Tidball
(1825–1906)		 Army
Major		 September 23, 1870
–
September 19, 1871
4 Harvey A. Allen
(1818–1882)		 Army
Major		 September 20, 1871
–
January 3, 1873
5 Joseph Stewart
(1822–1904)		 Army
Major		 January 4, 1873
–
April 20, 1874
6 George B. Rodney Jr.
(1842–1927)		 Army
Captain		 April 21, 1874
–
August 16, 1874
7 Joseph B. Campbell
(d. 1891)		 Army
Captain		 August 17, 1874
–
June 14, 1876
8 John Mendenhall
(1829–1892)		 Army
Major		 June 15, 1876
–
March 4, 1877
9 Arthur Morris
(1843–1892)		 Army
Captain		 March 5, 1877
–
June 14, 1877
10 Montgomery P. Berry
(1828–1898)		 Collector
of Customs		 June 14, 1877
–
August 13, 1877
11 Henry Charles DeAhna
(d. 1891)		 Collector
of Customs		 August 14, 1877
–
March 26, 1878
12 M. D. Ball
(1835–1887)		 Collector
of Customs		 March 27, 1878
–
June 13, 1879
13 Lester A. Beardslee
(1836–1903)		 Navy
Captain		 June 14, 1879
–
September 12, 1880
14 Henry Glass
(1844–1908)		 Navy
Commander		 September 13, 1880
–
August 9, 1881
15 Edward P. Lull
(1836–1887)		 Navy
Commander		 August 10, 1881
–
October 18, 1881
16 Henry Glass
(1844–1908)		 Navy
Commander		 October 19, 1881
–
March 12, 1882
17 Frederick Pearson
(1842–1890)		 Navy
Commander		 March 13, 1882
–
October 3, 1882
18 Edgar C. Merriman
(1840–1894)		 Navy
Commander		 October 4, 1882
–
September 13, 1883
19 Joseph Coghlan
(1844–1908)		 Navy
Commander		 September 15, 1883
–
September 13, 1884
20 Henry E. Nichols
(1842–1899)		 Navy
Lieutenant
commander		 September 14, 1884
–
September 15, 1884

Governors of the District of Alaska

On May 17, 1884, the Department of Alaska was redesignated the District of Alaska, an incorporated but unorganized territory with a civil government.[5] The governor was appointed by the president of the United States.

Governors of the District of Alaska
No. Governor Term in office[lower-alpha 1] Appointed by
1 John Henry Kinkead
(1826–1904)
[6]		 July 4, 1884[lower-alpha 2]
–
May 8, 1885
(successor appointed)		 Chester A. Arthur
2 Alfred P. Swineford
(1836–1909)
[10]		 May 8, 1885[lower-alpha 3]
–
April 13, 1889
(resigned)[lower-alpha 4]		 Grover Cleveland
3 Lyman Enos Knapp
(1837–1904)
[17]		 April 13, 1889[lower-alpha 5]
–
June 28, 1893
(successor appointed)[lower-alpha 6]		 Benjamin Harrison
4 James Sheakley
(1829–1917)
[21]		 June 28, 1893[lower-alpha 7]
–
July 15, 1897
(resigned)[lower-alpha 8]		 Grover Cleveland
5 John Green Brady
(d. 1918)
[25]		 June 19, 1897[lower-alpha 9]
–
March 21, 1906
(resigned)[lower-alpha 10]		 William McKinley
Theodore Roosevelt
6 Wilford Bacon Hoggatt
(1865–1938)
[31]		 March 21, 1906[lower-alpha 11]
–
October 1, 1909
(resigned)[lower-alpha 12]		 Theodore Roosevelt
7 Walter Eli Clark
(1869–1950)
[36]		 May 20, 1909[lower-alpha 13]
–
August 24, 1912
(became territorial governor)		 William Howard Taft

Governors of the Territory of Alaska

The District of Alaska was organized into Alaska Territory on August 24, 1912.[40] Governors continued to be appointed by the president of the United States.

Governors of the Territory of Alaska
No. Governor Term in office[lower-alpha 1] Appointed by
1 Walter Eli Clark
(1869–1950)
[36]		 August 24, 1912
–
May 1, 1913
(resigned)[lower-alpha 14]		 William Howard Taft
2 John Franklin Alexander Strong
(1856–1929)
[42]		 May 1, 1913[lower-alpha 15]
–
April 12, 1918
(successor appointed)[lower-alpha 16]		 Woodrow Wilson
3 Thomas Riggs Jr.
(1873–1945)
[48]		 April 12, 1918[lower-alpha 17]
–
June 13, 1921
(resigned)[lower-alpha 18]		 Woodrow Wilson
4 Scott Cordelle Bone
(1860–1936)
[52]		 June 13, 1921[lower-alpha 19]
–
February 18, 1925
(successor appointed)		 Warren G. Harding
5 George Alexander Parks
(1883–1984)
[56]		 February 18, 1925[lower-alpha 20]
–
March 30, 1933
(successor appointed)		 Calvin Coolidge
6 John Weir Troy
(1868–1942)
[60]		 March 30, 1933[lower-alpha 21]
–
December 5, 1939
(resigned)[lower-alpha 22]		 Franklin D. Roosevelt
7 Ernest Gruening[lower-alpha 23]
(1887–1974)
[67]		 September 2, 1939[lower-alpha 24]
–
March 16, 1953
(successor appointed)		 Franklin D. Roosevelt
Harry S. Truman
8 B. Frank Heintzleman
(1888–1965)
[74]		 March 16, 1953[lower-alpha 25]
–
January 3, 1957
(resigned)[lower-alpha 26]		 Dwight D. Eisenhower
9 Mike Stepovich
(1919–2014)
[81]		 May 16, 1957[lower-alpha 27]
–
August 9, 1958
(resigned)[lower-alpha 28]		 Dwight D. Eisenhower

Governors of the State of Alaska

Alaska was admitted to the Union on January 3, 1959.

The state constitution provides for the election of a governor and lieutenant governor every four years on the same ticket, with their terms commencing on the first Monday in the December following the election. Governors are allowed to succeed themselves once, having to wait four years after their second term in a row before being allowed to run again. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor assumes the office of governor. The original constitution of 1956 created the office of secretary of state, which was functionally identical to a lieutenant governor, and was renamed to "lieutenant governor" in 1970.[87]

Governors of the State of Alaska
No. Governor Term in office Party Election Lt. Governor[lower-alpha 29][lower-alpha 30]
1   William A. Egan
(1914–1984)
[88][89]		 January 3, 1959[90]
–
December 5, 1966
(lost election)		 Democratic[91] 1958   Hugh Wade
1962
2 Wally Hickel
(1919–2010)
[92][93]		 December 5, 1966[94]
–
January 24, 1969
(resigned)[lower-alpha 31]		 Republican[91] 1966 Keith Harvey Miller
3 Keith Harvey Miller
(1925–2019)
[95][96]		 January 24, 1969[97]
–
December 7, 1970
(lost election)		 Republican[91] Succeeded from
secretary
of state		 Robert W. Ward
1 William A. Egan
(1914–1984)
[88][89]		 December 7, 1970[98]
–
December 2, 1974
(lost election)		 Democratic[91] 1970 H. A. Boucher
4 Jay Hammond
(1922–2005)
[99][100]		 December 2, 1974[101]
–
December 6, 1982
(term-limited)		 Republican[91] 1974 Lowell Thomas Jr.
1978 Terry Miller
5 Bill Sheffield
(1928–2022)
[102]		 December 6, 1982[103]
–
December 1, 1986
(lost nomination)[lower-alpha 32]		 Democratic[102] 1982 Steve McAlpine
6 Steve Cowper
(b. 1938)
[105]		 December 1, 1986[106]
–
December 3, 1990
(did not run)		 Democratic[105] 1986
2 Wally Hickel
(1919–2010)
[93]		 December 3, 1990[107]
–
December 5, 1994
(did not run)		 Alaskan
Independence[lower-alpha 33]		 1990 Jack Coghill
7 Tony Knowles
(b. 1943)
[109]		 December 5, 1994[110]
–
December 2, 2002
(term-limited)		 Democratic[109] 1994 Fran Ulmer
1998
8 Frank Murkowski
(b. 1933)
[111]		 December 2, 2002[112]
–
December 4, 2006
(lost nomination)[lower-alpha 34]		 Republican[111] 2002 Loren Leman
9 Sarah Palin
(b. 1964)
[114]		 December 4, 2006[115]
–
July 26, 2009
(resigned)[lower-alpha 35]		 Republican[114] 2006 Sean Parnell
10 Sean Parnell
(b. 1962)
[117]		 July 26, 2009[118]
–
December 1, 2014
(lost election)[119]		 Republican[117] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		 Vacant
Craig Campbell
(took office August 10, 2009)[lower-alpha 36]
2010 Mead Treadwell
11 Bill Walker
(b. 1951)
[122]		 December 1, 2014[123]
–
December 3, 2018
(withdrew)[lower-alpha 37]		 Independent[122] 2014 Byron Mallott
(resigned October 16, 2018)
Valerie Davidson
12 Mike Dunleavy
(b. 1961)
[125]		 December 3, 2018[126]
–
Incumbent[lower-alpha 38]		 Republican[125] 2018 Kevin Meyer
2022 Nancy Dahlstrom

See also

Notes
  1. The range given is from the date the governor was confirmed by the Senate, or appointed by the President during a Senate recess, to the date the governor's successor was confirmed, unless noted.
  2. Kinkead was nominated on June 27, 1884,[7] and confirmed by the Senate on July 4.[8] It is unknown precisely when he took office; the only contemporary news found thus far reported it was on or just before September 15.[9]
  3. Swineford was appointed on May 8, 1885,[11] during a Senate recess; nominated on December 10;[12] and confirmed by the Senate on June 7.[13] He took office in Alaska on September 15.[14]
  4. Swineford submitted his resignation on March 4, 1889, to take effect when his successor was appointed;[15] while modern sources say he resigned on April 20,[10] his successor was nominated on April 13, took the oath of office outside of the state on April 15, and took office on June 1.[16] As no sourcing of when Swineford actually left office has been found, this article uses the date his successor was confirmed, April 13.
  5. Knapp was appointed on April 13, 1889,[16] during a Senate recess; nominated on December 17;[18] and confirmed by the Senate on December 21.[19] He took the oath of office out of state on April 15,[16] and took office on June 1.[16]
  6. No sources specify when Knapp left office; McMullin says "August 1893", which is when his successor took office, but their presidential appointment specified, "vice Lyman E. Knapp, removed", implying he may not have remained governor until then.[20] As his successor was appointed on June 28, that date is used here.
  7. Sheakley was appointed on June 28, 1893,[20] during a Senate recess; nominated on August 18;[20] and confirmed by the Senate on August 23.[22] He took office on August 29.[21]
  8. Contemporary news reported that Sheakley resigned July 15, 1897,[23] and the presidential appointment of his successor also said he resigned;[24] no source yet found specifies why.
  9. Brady was nominated on June 15, 1897,[24] confirmed by the Senate on June 19,[26] and took office on July 15.[25] He was reconfirmed by the Senate on June 7, 1900,[27] and January 15, 1905.[28]
  10. Brady was forced to resign due to his involvement with the fraudulent Reynolds–Alaska Development Company.[25][29] He submitted his resignation on February 14, 1906, to take effect upon the appointment of his successor.[30]
  11. Hoggatt was nominated on March 12, 1906,[32] confirmed by the Senate on March 21,[33] and took office on April 30.[34]
  12. Hoggatt resigned to tend to business interests. He submitted his resignation on May 18, 1909, to take effect on October 1, when his successor's term was scheduled to begin.[35]
  13. Clark was nominated on May 18, 1909,[37] confirmed by the Senate on May 20,[38] and took office on October 1.[39]
  14. Clark submitted his resignation on March 4, 1913, to take effect upon the appointment of his successor, to return to private life.[41]
  15. Strong was nominated on April 21, 1913,[43] confirmed by the Senate on May 1,[44] and took office on May 21.[45]
  16. According to Ernest Gruening, Wilson declined to reappoint Strong because he may have still been a Canadian citizen.[42] President Wilson's nomination of Strong's successor specified, "vice John F. A. Strong, term expired and resigned;"[46] however, Strong denied resigning.[47]
  17. Riggs was nominated on March 7, 1918,[46] confirmed by the Senate on April 12,[49] and took office on April 26.[50]
  18. President Wilson's nomination of Riggs' successor specified, "vice Thomas Riggs, resigned;" no other reference to Riggs' resignation has been found.[51]
  19. Bone was nominated on June 1, 1921,[51] and confirmed by the Senate on June 13.[53] He was sworn in out of state on June 15,[54] and took office on July 13.[55]
  20. Parks was nominated on February 16, 1925,[57] confirmed on February 18,[58] and took office on June 16.[59]
  21. Troy was nominated on March 23, 1933,[61] confirmed on March 30,[62] and took office on April 19.[63] He was reconfirmed by the Senate on May 20, 1937.[64]
  22. Troy resigned due to poor health.[60] He submitted his resignation on August 29, 1939, to take effect October 15; he was asked by President Roosevelt to remain longer until his successor took office.[65]
  23. During most of World War II, Lt. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr., was the military commander of Alaska, and held much executive power over the territory.[66]
  24. Gruening was appointed on September 2, 1939,[68] during a Senate recess; nominated on January 4, 1940,[69] and confirmed by the Senate on February 1, 1940.[70] He took office on December 5, 1939.[71] He was reconfirmed by the Senate on March 22, 1944,[72] and April 8, 1949.[73]
  25. Heintzleman was nominated on March 11, 1953,[75] confirmed by the Senate on March 16,[76] and took office on April 10.[77]
  26. Heintzleman resigned to return to private life;[74] some sources say he was unhappy with the job, and did not expect to be reappointed.[78] He submitted his resignation to President Eisenhower on December 19, 1956,[79] and it took effect on January 3, 1957; Territorial Secretary Waino Hendrickson acted as governor until his successor arrived.[80]
  27. Stepovich was nominated on May 9, 1957,[82] confirmed by the Senate on May 16,[83] and took office on June 8.[84]
  28. Stepovich resigned to run for the United States Senate, losing that election.[85] He submitted his resignation on August 1, 1958, to take effect August 9;[86] Territorial Secretary Waino Hendrickson acted as governor until statehood.
  29. The office of lieutenant governor was named secretary of state until 1970.[87]
  30. Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  31. Hickel resigned, having been appointed United States Secretary of the Interior.[93]
  32. Sheffield lost the Democratic nomination to Steve Cowper.[104]
  33. Hickel was elected as a member of the Alaskan Independence Party,[93] and switched to the Republican party in April 1994.[108]
  34. Murkowski lost the Republican nomination to Sarah Palin.[113]
  35. Palin resigned, citing the costs of ethics investigations.[116]
  36. Campbell's position was termed "Temporary Substitute Lieutenant Governor[120] until he was confirmed by the Alaska Legislature on August 10, 2009.[121]
  37. Walker withdrew from the election on October 19, 2018, after the deadline of September 4, and so remained on the ballot.[124]
  38. Dunleavy's second term began on December 5, 2022, and will expire December 7, 2026; he will be term-limited.

References
General
  • "Former Alaska Governors". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
  • Gates, Nancy (2007). The Alaska Almanac: Facts about Alaska (30th ed.). Graphic Arts Center Publishing Co. pp. 85–87. ISBN 978-0-88240-652-7. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
  • Sobel, Robert (1978). Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. I. Meckler Books. ISBN 9780930466015. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
  • McMullin, Thomas A. (1984). Biographical directory of American territorial governors. Westport, CT : Meckler. ISBN 978-0-930466-11-4. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
  • Kallenbach, Joseph Ernest (1977). American State Governors, 1776-1976. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-00665-0. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
  • "Our Campaigns - Governor of Alaska - History". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
Specific
  1. "The Governors: Compensation, Staff, Travel and Residence" (PDF). The Council of State Governments. April 3, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  2. "Purchase of Alaska, 1867". United States Department of State Office of the Historian. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  3. Gates 2007, p. 86.
  4. Ruskin, Liz (December 20, 2002). "Barking up the wrong Pole: Hero wasn't governor". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved August 26, 2008.
  5. 23 Stat. 24
  6. McMullin 1984, pp. 3–4.
  7. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 48th Cong., 1st sess., 302, accessed January 25, 2023.
  8. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 48th Cong., 1st sess., 330, accessed January 25, 2023.
  9. "The New Alaskan Government". The Scranton Republican. November 12, 1884. p. 2. Retrieved January 25, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. McMullin 1984, pp. 4–5.
  11. "A New Governor for Alaska". Reno Gazette-Journal. May 9, 1885. p. 2. Retrieved January 25, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 49th Cong., 1st sess., 55, accessed January 25, 2023.
  13. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 49th Cong., 1st sess., 486–487, accessed January 25, 2023.
  14. "Alaska Territory - The Governor Arrived". The San Francisco Examiner. October 4, 1885. p. 8. Retrieved January 25, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. "Gov. Swineford Resigns". The Weekly Wisconsin. March 9, 1889. p. 11. Retrieved January 25, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. H.R. Exec. Doc. No. 1, 51st Cong., 1st Sess. (1889)
  17. McMullin 1984, pp. 6–7.
  18. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 51st Cong., 1st sess., 167, accessed January 25, 2023.
  19. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 51st Cong., 1st sess., 329–331, accessed January 25, 2023.
  20. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 53rd Cong., 1st sess., 32, accessed January 26, 2023.
  21. McMullin 1984, pp. 7–8.
  22. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 53rd Cong., 1st sess., 46, accessed January 26, 2023.
  23. "10,000 Have Gone... Ex-Governor Sheakley Says Wait for Spring". The Buffalo Sunday Morning News. August 15, 1897. p. 1. Retrieved January 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 55th Cong., 1st sess., 165, accessed January 26, 2023.
  25. McMullin 1984, pp. 8–11.
  26. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 55th Cong., 1st sess., 177, accessed January 26, 2023.
  27. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 56th Cong., 1st sess., 530, accessed January 26, 2023.
  28. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 58th Cong., 3rd sess., 457, accessed January 26, 2023.
  29. Janson, Lone (1975). The Copper Spike. Alaska Northwest Publishing Co. p. 44. ISBN 0-88240-045-2.
  30. "Governor Brady Resigns". The Alaska Prospector. March 1, 1906. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. McMullin 1984, pp. 11–12.
  32. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 59th Cong., 1st sess., 299, accessed January 27, 2023.
  33. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 59th Cong., 1st sess., 320–321, accessed January 27, 2023.
  34. "Gov. Hoggatt Takes Oath of Office". The Daily Alaskan. May 2, 1906. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. "Newspaper Man to Rule Alaska". The Tacoma Daily Ledger. May 19, 1909. p. 2. Retrieved January 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  36. McMullin 1984, pp. 12–14.
  37. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 61st Cong., 1st sess., 82, accessed January 28, 2023.
  38. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 61st Cong., 1st sess., 84, accessed January 28, 2023.
  39. "Clark Will Oust Graft". Spokane Chronicle. October 2, 1909. p. 24. Retrieved January 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  40. 37 Stat. 512
  41. "Gov. Clark Resigns". The Alaska Daily Empire. March 5, 1913. p. 1. Retrieved January 29, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  42. McMullin 1984, pp. 14–15.
  43. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 63rd Cong., 1st sess., 32, accessed January 28, 2023.
  44. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 63rd Cong., 1st sess., 56, accessed January 28, 2023.
  45. "Strong Governor of Alaska Now". The Tacoma Times. May 21, 1913. p. 3. Retrieved January 29, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  46. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 65th Cong., 2nd sess., 768, accessed January 28, 2023.
  47. "Gov. Strong Is Denying Report That He Quit". The Seward Gateway. March 8, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved January 29, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  48. McMullin 1984, pp. 15–17.
  49. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 65th Cong., 2nd sess., 850, accessed January 28, 2023.
  50. "Riggs Takes Oath of Office in Ketchikan". The Alaska Daily Empire. April 26, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved January 29, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  51. 1921 Congressional Record, Vol. 61, Part 2, 1979
  52. McMullin 1984, pp. 17–18.
  53. "Scott C. Bone Now Governor of Northland". The Alaska Daily Empire. June 13, 1921. p. 1. Retrieved January 29, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  54. "Scott C. Bone Takes Oath of Office in East". The Alaska Daily Empire. June 15, 1921. p. 1. Retrieved January 29, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  55. "Harding with Alaskans Says Governor Bone". The Alaska Daily Empire. July 13, 1921. p. 1. Retrieved January 29, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  56. McMullin 1984, pp. 18–20.
  57. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 68th Cong., 2nd sess., 375, accessed January 31, 2023.
  58. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 68th Cong., 2nd sess., 395, accessed January 31, 2023.
  59. "Parks Becomes Governor With No Ceremonies". The Alaska Daily Empire. June 16, 1925. p. 1. Retrieved January 31, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  60. McMullin 1984, pp. 20–21.
  61. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 73rd Cong., 1st sess., 21, accessed January 31, 2023.
  62. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 73rd Cong., 1st sess., 25, accessed January 31, 2023.
  63. "Troy Sworn In As Governor of Alaska". Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. April 19, 1933. p. 1. Retrieved January 31, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  64. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 75th Cong., 1st sess., 351, accessed January 31, 2023.
  65. "Request Gov. Troy Remain in Office". The Nome Nugget. October 13, 1939. p. 1. Retrieved January 31, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  66. Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. University of Washington Press. 1997. p. 319. ISBN 0-295-97558-X.
  67. McMullin 1984, pp. 21–23.
  68. "Governor Troy Resigned; New Gov. Appointed". The Nome Nugget. September 4, 1939. p. 1. Retrieved January 31, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  69. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 76th Cong., 3rd sess., 6, accessed January 31, 2023.
  70. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 76th Cong., 3rd sess., 200, accessed January 31, 2023.
  71. "Gruening Inaugurated Alaska Governor". Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. December 6, 1939. p. 1. Retrieved January 31, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  72. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 78th Cong., 2nd sess., 156, accessed January 31, 2023.
  73. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 81st Cong., 1st sess., 961, accessed January 31, 2023.
  74. McMullin 1984, pp. 23–25.
  75. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 83rd Cong., 1st sess., 232, accessed January 31, 2023.
  76. U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 83rd Cong., 1st sess., 240, accessed January 31, 2023.
  77. "Gov. Heintzleman Takes Office, Promises New Cycle for Alaska To Develop Into Fruitful Land". The Nome Nugget. Associated Press. April 10, 1953. p. 1. Retrieved January 31, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  78. Naske, Claus-M. (1985). A History of Alaska Statehood. University Press of America. p. 244. ISBN 0-8191-4556-4.
  79. "Gov. Heintzleman to Resign January 3". The Nome Nugget. Associated Press. December 19, 1956. p. 1. Retrieved January 31, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
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