Angelica

Angelica is a genus of about 90 species of tall biennial and perennial herbs in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, reaching as far north as Iceland, Lapland, and Greenland.[2] They grow to 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) tall, with large bipinnate leaves and large compound umbels of white or greenish-white flowers. Found mainly in China, its main use was for medicine. It shows variations in fruit anatomy, leaf morphology, and subterranean structures. The genes are extremely polymorphic.

For other uses, see Angelica (disambiguation).

Angelica
Wild angelica (Angelica sylvestris)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Subfamily: Apioideae
Tribe: Selineae
Genus: Angelica
L.
Species

About 90 species; see text.

Synonyms[1]
  • Agathorhiza Raf.
  • Angelocarpa Rupr.
  • Angelophyllum Rupr.
  • Archangelica Wolf
  • Callisace Fisch. ex Hoffm.
  • Coelopleurum Ledeb.
  • Czernaevia Turcz. ex Ledeb.
  • Gomphopetalum Turcz.
  • Halosciastrum Koidz.
  • Homopteryx Kitag.
  • Physolophium Turcz.
  • Porphyroscias Miq.
  • Razulia Raf.
  • Rompelia Koso-Pol.
  • Sphenosciadium A.Gray
Wild angelica (Angelica sylvestris) from Thomé, Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885

Some species can be found in purple moor and rush pastures.

Characteristics

Angelica species grow to 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) tall, with large bipinnate leaves and large compound umbels of white or greenish-white flowers. Their large, sparkling, starburst flowers[3] are pollinated by a great variety of insects (the generalist pollination syndrome),[4] the floral scents are species-specific, and even specific to particular subspecies.[5] The active ingredients of angelica are found in the roots and rhizomes[6] and contains furocoumarins in its tissues, which make the skin sensitive to light.[7]

Species

List of species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of December 2022:[1]

  • Angelica acutiloba – dong danggui in Chinese and touki in Japanese
  • Angelica adzharica – Adjarian angelica
  • Angelica ampla – giant angelica
  • Angelica angelicastrum – Norwegian angelica[note 1]
  • Angelica anomala – anomalous angelica
  • Angelica apaensis
  • Angelica archangelica – garden angelica, archangel, angelique
  • Angelica arguta – sharp-toothed angelica, Lyall's angelica
  • Angelica atropurpurea – purplestem angelica, alexanders, American angelica, masterwort
  • Angelica biserrata – heavy-toothed angelica
  • Angelica brevicaulis – short-stem angelica
  • Angelica breweri – Brewer's angelica
  • Angelica californica – California angelica
  • Angelica callii – Call's angelica
  • Angelica canbyi – Canby's angelica
  • Angelica capitellata – Ranger buttons
  • Angelica cartilaginomarginata – cheonyeobadi in Korean
  • Angelica cincta – Hubei angelica
  • Angelica cryptotaeniifolia – miyamanodake in Japanese
  • Angelica cyclocarpa – Nepalese angelica
  • Angelica czernaevia – Eastern Siberian angelica, parsley angelica
  • Angelica dabashanensis
  • Angelica dahurica – bai zhi in Chinese
  • Angelica dailingensis
  • Angelica dawsonii – Dawson's angelica
  • Angelica decurrens – descending angelica
  • Angelica decursiva – nodake in Japanese
  • Angelica dentata – coastalplain angelica
  • Angelica duclouxii – DuCloux's angelica
  • Angelica edulis – amanyuu in Japanese
  • Angelica genuflexa – kneeling angelica
  • Angelica gigas – cham dangwi in Korean
  • Angelica glauca – gandhrain (Kumaoni language), chippe/chouru' in Uttarakhandi languages (India)
  • Angelica gmelinii – Gmelin's angelica, Okhostk angelica
  • Angelica grayi – Gray's angelica
  • Angelica hakonensis – Hakone angelica
  • Angelica hendersonii – Henderson's angelica
  • Angelica heterocarpa – variable-fruit angelica
  • Angelica inaequalis – unequal angelica
  • Angelica indica – Indian angelica
  • Angelica japonica – Japanese angelica, hamaudo in Japanese
  • Angelica kaghanica
  • Angelica kangdingensis
  • Angelica keiskei – ashitaba in Japanese
  • Angelica kingii – King's angelica
  • Angelica komarovii
  • Angelica laxifoliata
  • Angelica lignescens [9]
  • Angelica likiangensis
  • Angelica lineariloba – poison angelica
  • Angelica longeradiata
  • Angelica longicaudata
  • Angelica longipes
  • Angelica lucida – seacoast angelica
  • Angelica major
  • Angelica maowenensis
  • Angelica megaphylla
  • Angelica minamitanii
  • Angelica mixta
  • Angelica morii
  • Angelica morrisonicola
  • Angelica muliensis
  • Angelica multicaulis
  • Angelica multisecta
  • Angelica nakaiana
  • Angelica nelsonii
  • Angelica nitida
  • Angelica nubigena
  • Angelica oreada
  • Angelica pachycarpa – Portuguese angelica
  • Angelica paeoniifolia
  • Angelica palustris – marsh angelica
  • Angelica pinnata – small-leaf angelica
  • Angelica pinnatiloba
  • Angelica polymorpha
  • Angelica pseudoselinum
  • Angelica pseudoshikokiana
  • Angelica pubescens – shishiudo in Japanese, du huo in Chinese
  • Angelica pyrenaea
  • Angelica razulii
  • Angelica roseana – rose angelica
  • Angelica saxatilis
  • Angelica saxicola
  • Angelica scabrida – Charleston Mountain angelica, rough angelica
  • Angelica setchuenensis
  • Angelica shikokiana
  • Angelica sinanomontana
  • Angelica sinensis – dong quai in Cantonese and danggui in Mandarin Chinese
  • Angelica sylvestris – wild angelica
  • Angelica taiwaniana
  • Angelica tarokoensis
  • Angelica tenuisecta
  • Angelica tenuissima – Korean gobon,[10] slender angelica[10]
  • Angelica ternata
  • Angelica tianmuensis
  • Angelica tomentosa – woolly angelica
  • Angelica triquinata – filmy angelica, mountain angelica
  • Angelica turcica
  • Angelica ubadakensis
  • Angelica ursina – ezo angelica
  • Angelica urumiensis
  • Angelica valida
  • Angelica venenosa – hairy angelica
  • Angelica viridiflora
  • Angelica wheeleri – Utah angelica
  • Angelica yakusimensis
  • Angelica yanyuanensis

Cultivation and uses

Some species are grown as flavouring agents or for their medicinal properties.[11] The most notable of these is garden angelica (A. archangelica), which is commonly known simply as angelica. Natives of Lapland use the fleshy roots as food and the stalks as medicine. Crystallized strips of young angelica stems and midribs are green in colour and are sold as decorative and flavoursome cake decoration material, but may also be enjoyed on their own. The roots and seeds are commonly used to flavour gin. Its presence accounts for the distinct flavour of many liqueurs, such as Chartreuse.

Among the Sami people of Lapland, the plant is used to make a traditional musical instrument the fadno.

Seacoast angelica (A. lucida) has been eaten as a wild version of celery.

In parts of Japan, especially the Izu Islands, the shoots and leaves of ashitaba (A. keiskei) are eaten as tempura, particularly in the spring.

A. sylvestris and some other species are eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including bordered pug, grey pug, lime-speck pug and the V-pug.

A. dawsonii was used by several first nations in North America for ritual purposes.

A. atropurpurea is found in North America from Newfoundland west to Wisconsin and south to Maryland, and was smoked by Missouri tribes for colds and respiratory ailments. This species is very similar in appearance to the poisonous water hemlock.

The boiled roots of angelica were applied internally and externally to wounds by the Aleut people in Alaska to speed healing.

The herb, also known by the Chinese name, bai zhi, and Latin name, radix angelicae dahurica, is used medicinally in traditional Chinese medicine.

Notes
  1. Accepted by PoWO, but considered a synonym of Angelica major by GBIF.[8]

References
  1. "Angelica L." Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  2. Johannes Gröntved. "Kvanen -. Dens Udbredelse Og Anvendelse" (PDF).
  3. "Angelica grayi (Angelica)". Southern Colorado Wildflowers. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  4. Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2015). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers". Plant Biology. 18 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1111/plb.12328. PMID 25754608.
  5. Tollsten, L.; Knudsen, J. T.; Bergström, L. G. (1994). "Floral Scent in Generalistic Angelica (Apiaceae) — An Adaptive Character?". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 22 (2): 161–169. doi:10.1016/0305-1978(94)90006-X.
  6. "Comprehensive Guide to Angelica Species". Meschino Health. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  7. "Angelica - A Plant of the Family Apiaceae". Scienceray. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  8. Angelica
  9. Acta botanica Gallica 144: 186 (1997)
  10. English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 354. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
  11. "Spices and Herbs". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
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