Plitidepsin

Plitidepsin (also known as dehydrodidemnin B, marketed by PharmaMar, S.A. under the trade name Aplidin) is a chemical compound extracted from the ascidian Aplidium albicans.[1] It is currently undergoing clinical trial testing. It is a member of the class of compounds known as didemnins.

Plitidepsin
Names
Systematic IUPAC name
(2S)-N-[(1R)-1-({(3S,6R,7S,10R,11S,15S,17S,20S,25aS)-10-[(2S)-Butan-2-yl]-11-hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2,6,17-trimethyl-20-(2-methylpropyl)-1,4,8,13,16,18,21-heptaoxo-15-(propan-2-yl)docosahydro-15H-pyrrolo[2,1-d] [10,19,1,4,7,14]dioxatetraazacyclotricosin-7-yl}carbamoyl)-3-methylbutyl]-N-methyl-1-(2-oxopropanoyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
Other names
Aplidine; Dehydrodidemnin B; Aplidin; N-[1-(1,2-Dioxopropyl)-L-prolyl]didemnin A
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
KEGG
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C59H91N7O14/c1-15-35(8)50-47(69)30-49(71)80-53(34(6)7)52(72)37(10)54(73)60-41(26-32(2)3)58(77)65-24-16-18-42(65)48(70)31-63(12)44(29-39-20-22-40(79-14)23-21-39)46(68)28-36(9)51(56(75)61-50)62-55(74)45(27-33(4)5)64(13)59(78)43-19-17-25-66(43)57(76)38(11)67/h20-23,32-37,41-45,47,50-51,53,69H,15-19,24-31H2,1-14H3,(H,60,73)(H,61,75)(H,62,74)/t35-,36-,37-,41-,42-,43-,44-,45+,47-,50+,51-,53-/m0/s1 checkY
    Key: RZFJKZZAZSUBCF-VETSTYKFSA-N checkY
  • O=C([C@@H](NC([C@@H](C)C([C@@H](OC(C[C@H](O)[C@H](NC([C@@H](NC([C@H](N(C([C@H]1N(C(C(C)=O)=O)CCC1)=O)C)CC(C)C)=O)[C@@H](C)OC([C@H](CC2=CC=C(OC)C=C2)N3C)=O)=O)[C@@H](C)CC)=O)C(C)C)=O)=O)CC(C)C)N4[C@H](C3=O)CCC4
Properties
C57H87N7O15
Molar mass 1110.357 g·mol−1
Pharmacology
L01XX57 (WHO)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Chemical structure

Plitidepsin is a cyclic depsipeptide, meaning it is a cyclic peptide in which there is one or more ester bond in place of one or more of a peptide bond. Its chemical structure is very close to that of didemnin B, the only difference being that the lactate residue in didemnin B is present in the oxidized pyruvate version.

Pharmacological activity

Like all didemnin compounds, plitidepsin exhibits antitumor, antiviral and immunosuppressive activities. It shows promise in shrinking tumors in pancreatic, stomach, bladder, and prostate cancers.[2][3]

Plitidepsin inhibits the human protein eEF1A which has potential interactions with multiple coronavirus proteins. Plitidepsin possesses antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in an in vivo mouse model.[4]

Marketing authorisation status

European Union

In July 2003, plitidepsin was granted orphan drug status by the European Medicines Agency for treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia.[5] On 14 December 2017, EMA´s Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use adopted a negative opinion, recommending the refusal of the marketing authorisation for the treatment of multiple myeloma. PharmaMar requested a re-examination of the initial opinion. After a re-examination of the opinion, the refusal of the marketing authorisation was confirmed on 22 March 2018. The CHMP was of the opinion that the benefits of Aplidin did not outweigh its risks. Improvement in overall survival was not sufficiently demonstrated, and severe side effects were reported more frequently with the combination of Aplidin and dexamethasone than with dexamethasone alone. On 1 October 2018, PharmaMar appealed against this decision, alleging a lack of impartiality on the part of certain members of the Scientific Advisory Group that had advised the CHMP. On 28 October 2020, the General Court upheld PharmaMar's appeal and annulled the decision refusing marketing authorisation for Aplidin, and the European Commission then returned the application for Aplidin to the EMA.[6]

Australia

In Australia plitidepsin was approved in December 2018, in combination with dexamethasone, for the treatment of patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma who have received at least three prior treatment regimens, including both a proteasome inhibitor and an immunomodulator. It may be used after two prior lines of therapy if refractory and/or intolerant to both a proteasome inhibitor and an immunomodulator.[7]

Clinical trials

As of 2007, it was undergoing multicenter phase II clinical trials.[3]

In 2016, early results in a small phase I trial for multiple myeloma were announced.[8]

References
  1. Newman DJ, Cragg GM (August 2004). "Marine natural products and related compounds in clinical and advanced preclinical trials". Journal of Natural Products. 67 (8): 1216–38. doi:10.1021/np040031y. PMID 15332835.
  2. Garrison T (2002). Oceanography: An Invitation to Marine Science (4th ed.). United States: Brooks/Cole. p. 98.
  3. Adrio J, Cuevas C, Manzanares I, Joullié MM (July 2007). "Total synthesis and biological evaluation of tamandarin B analogues". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 72 (14): 5129–38. doi:10.1021/jo070412r. PMID 17555353.
  4. White KM, Rosales R, Yildiz S, Kehrer T, Miorin L, Moreno E, et al. (January 2021). "Plitidepsin has potent preclinical efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 by targeting the host protein eEF1A". Science. 371 (6532): 926–931. Bibcode:2021Sci...371..926W. doi:10.1126/science.abf4058. PMC 7963220. PMID 33495306.
  5. "Public Summary of Positive Opinion for Orphan Designation of Aplidine for the Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia" (PDF). European Medicines Agency (EMA). 1 September 2011.
  6. "Aplidin". European Medicines Agency (EMA).
  7. "AusPAR: Plitidepsin". Australian Public Assessment Report. 8 July 2019.
  8. Kailes S (June 2016). "ASCO: Plitidepsin Shows Activity in Multiple Myeloma". MedPage Today.
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