Rucaparib

Rucaparib, sold under the brand name Rubraca, is a PARP inhibitor used as an anti-cancer agent.[2] Rucaparib is a first-in-class pharmaceutical drug targeting the DNA repair enzyme poly-ADP ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1). It is taken by mouth.[2][4]

Rucaparib
Clinical data
Pronunciation/ruːˈkæpərɪb/ roo-KAP-ər-ib
Trade namesRubraca
Other namesCO-338, AG-014699, PF-0136738, PF-01367338
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa617002
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • Not recommended
Routes of
administration		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability30–45% (Tmax = 1.9 hours)
Protein binding70% (in vitro)
MetabolismLiver (primarily CYP2D6; 1A2 and 3A4 to a lesser extent)
Elimination half-life17–19 hours[2]
Identifiers
  • 8-Fluoro-2-{4-[(methylamino)methyl]phenyl}-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-6H-azepino[5,4,3-cd]indol-6-one
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
PDB ligand
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.247.490
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC19H18FN3O
Molar mass323.371 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • CNCc1ccc(cc1)c2[nH]c3cc(F)cc4C(=O)NCCc2c34
  • InChI=1S/C19H18FN3O/c1-21-10-11-2-4-12(5-3-11)18-14-6-7-22-19(24)15-8-13(20)9-16(23-18)17(14)15/h2-5,8-9,21,23H,6-7,10H2,1H3,(H,22,24)
  • Key:HMABYWSNWIZPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N

The most common side effects include tiredness or weakness, nausea (feeling sick), increased levels of creatinine (which may indicate kidney problems) and liver enzymes in the blood (which may indicate liver damage), vomiting, anaemia (low red blood cell counts), decreased appetite, dysgeusia (taste disturbances), diarrhoea, thrombocytopenia (low levels of platelets) and abdominal pain (belly ache).[3][2]

Medical uses

Rucaparib is indicated as monotherapy for the maintenance treatment of adults with platinum-sensitive relapsed high-grade epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer who are in response (complete or partial) to platinum-based chemotherapy.[3][2][5]

In the United States, rucaparib is also indicated for the treatment of prostate cancer.[2]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Rucaparib inhibits "the contraction of isolated vascular smooth muscle, including that from the tumours of cancer patients. It also reduces the migration of some cancer and normal cells in culture."[6]

As a PARP inhibitor, rucaparib is expected to be more effective in the 9% of pancreatic cancers with a BRCA mutation (BRCA1 or BRCA2).[7]

History

It was discovered as part of a collaboration between scientists working at the Northern Institute of Cancer Research and Medical School of Newcastle University and Agouron Pharmaceuticals in San Diego, California.[8] It was being developed by Clovis Oncology until it was sold to Pharmaand GmbH (Pharma&) as part of Clovis's bankruptcy proceedings.[9]

Society and culture

In December 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted an accelerated approval for use in cases of pretreated advanced ovarian cancer.[10][11]

It was designated an orphan medicinal product in the European Union in October 2012.[12] In March 2018, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a conditional marketing authorization, intended for the treatment of relapsed or progressive ovarian cancer.[13][3] It was approved for medical use in the European Union in May 2018.[3]

Research

Clinical trials

After the FDA approval, TRITON2 and TRITON3 mCRPC studies were initiated in order to determine how patients with prostate cancer will respond to the rucaparib drug. The studies for these two trials are still going on and the estimated dates for the first results are range between 2019 and 2022.[14]

The ARIEL3 and ARIEL4 are two randomized, double-blind phase III studies. The ARIEL3 study was designed to evaluate the effect of the investigational agent as a maintenance treatment for the advanced platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer patients compared placebo after their response to at least two prior chemotherapies. The top-line results from the study were presented at the ESMO 2017 congress and right after that, it was published in the Lancet journal in September 2017. The findings showed significant improvement in progression-free survival (PFS) in patients treated with Rubraca than placebo. Recently, in October 2017, a supplemental sNDA for the rucaparib ARIEL3 maintenance treatment has been submitted to the FDA.[15]

Interim results from the ARIEL4 study to evaluate how patients will best respond to treatment with rucaparib compared with chemotherapy show a decrease in overall survival compared to standard of care.[16][17] A detrimental effect in terms of overall survival (OS) has been observed for rucaparib compared to the chemotherapy-containing control arm (19.6 months and 27.1 months respectively with a Hazard Ratio (HR) of 1.550 (95% CI: 1.085, 2.214), p=0.0161) following a planned interim analysis (IA) in the post-approval randomized controlled study CO-338-043 (ARIEL4).[16]

References
  1. "Rubraca 200mg film-coated tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 19 June 2019. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  2. "Rubraca- rucaparib tablet, film coated". DailyMed. 6 April 2018. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  3. "Rubraca EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020. Text was copied from this source which is © European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  4. "Cancer Research Launches New Drug Trial". netdoctor.co.uk. Hearst Magazines UK. 10 January 2012. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  5. "FDA approves rucaparib". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 6 April 2018. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. "Does the PARP inhibitor AG014699 act via the nucleotide P2 receptor?" (PDF). School of Pharmacy - PhD Projects 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  7. "Rucaparib shows clinical benefit in pancreatic cancer patients with BRCA mutation". sciencedaily.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  8. White AW, Almassy R, Calvert AH, Curtin NJ, Griffin RJ, Hostomsky Z, et al. (November 2000). "Resistance-modifying agents. 9. Synthesis and biological properties of benzimidazole inhibitors of the DNA repair enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 43 (22): 4084–97. doi:10.1021/jm000950v. PMID 11063605.
  9. Bell, Jacob (7 April 2023). "Navigating bankruptcy, Clovis reaches deal to sell cancer drug Rubraca". BioPharma Dive. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  10. Bankhead C (19 December 2016). "PARP Inhibitor Gets FDA Nod for Ovarian Cancer". MedPage Today, LLC. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  11. "Rubraca (rucaparib) Tablets". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 30 January 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  12. "EU/3/12/1049: Orphan designation for the treatment of ovarian cancer". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  13. "Rubraca". European Medical Agency. 22 March 2018. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018.
  14. ""Rucaparib Clinical Overview" (PDF). Clovis Oncology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2018.
  15. Coleman RL, Oza AM, Lorusso D, Aghajanian C, Oaknin A, Dean A, et al. (October 2017). "Rucaparib maintenance treatment for recurrent ovarian carcinoma after response to platinum therapy (ARIEL3): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial". Lancet. 390 (10106): 1949–1961. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32440-6. PMC 5901715. PMID 28916367.
  16. "Rucaparib (Rubraca): interim data from Study CO-338-043 (ARIEL4) show a decrease in overall survival compared to standard of care". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 6 May 2022. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  17. "Ledermann J, Oza AM, Lorusso D (November 2017). "ARIEL3: a phase 3, randomised, double-blind study of rucaparib vs placebo following response to platinum-based chemotherapy for recurrent ovarian carcinoma (OC)" (PDF). p. 28. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
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