Australian Aboriginal enumeration
The Australian Aboriginal counting system was used together with message sticks sent to neighbouring clans to alert them of, or invite them to, corroborees, set-fights, and ball games. Numbers could clarify the day the meeting was to be held (in a number of "moons") and where (the number of camps' distance away). The messenger would have a message "in his mouth" to go along with the message stick.
A common misconception among non-Aboriginals is that Aboriginals did not have a way to count beyond two or three. However, Alfred Howitt, who studied the peoples of southeastern Australia, disproved this in the late nineteenth century, although the myth continues in circulation today.[1]
The system in the table below is that used by the Wotjobaluk of the Wimmera (Howitt used this tribal name for the language called Wergaia in the AIATSIS language map). Howitt wrote that it was common among nearly all peoples he encountered in the southeast: "Its occurrence in these tribes suggests that it must have been general over a considerable part of Victoria". As can be seen in the following tables, names for numbers were based on body parts, which were counted starting from the little finger. In his manuscripts, Howitt suggests counting commenced on the left hand.
Wotjobaluk counting system
Aboriginal name literal Translation Translation Number Giti mŭnya little hand little finger 1 Gaiŭp mŭnya from gaiŭp = one, mŭnya = hand the Ring finger 2 Marŭng mŭnya from marung = the desert pine (Callitris verrucosa).
(i.e., the middle finger being longer than the others,
as the desert pine is taller than other trees
in Wotjo country.)the middle finger 3 Yolop-yolop mŭnya from yolop = to point or aim index finger 4 Bap mŭnya from Bap = mother the thumb 5 Dart gŭr from dart = a hollow, and gur = the forearm the inside of the wrist 6 Boibŭn a small swelling
(i.e., the swelling of the flexor
muscles of the forearm)the forearm 7 Bun-darti a hollow, referring to the hollow of the inside of the
elbow jointinside of elbow 8 Gengen dartchŭk from gengen = to tie, and dartchuk = the upper arm.
This name is given also to the armlet of possum
pelt which is worn around the upper arm.the biceps 9 Borporŭng the point of the shoulder 10 Jarak-gourn from jarak = reed, and gourn = neck,
(i.e. is, the place where the reed necklace is worn.)throat 11 Nerŭp wrembŭl from nerŭp = the butt or base of anything,
and wrembŭl= earearlobe 12 Wŭrt wrembŭl'' from wŭrt = above and also behind,
and wrembŭl = earthat part of the just above
and behind the ear13 Doke doke from doka = to move 14 Det det hard crown of the head 15
A similar system but with one more place was described by Howitt for the Wurundjeri, speakers of the Woiwurrung language, in information given to Howitt by the elder William Barak. He makes it clear that once counting has reached "the top of the head. From this place the count follows the equivalents on the other side."
Other languages
| Language | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anindilyakwa[2] | awilyaba | ambilyuma | abiyakarbiya | abiyarbuwa | amangbala | ememberrkwa | |||||
| Gumulgal[2] | urapon | ukasar | ukasar-urapon | ukasar-ukasar | ukasar-ukasar-urapon | ukasar-ukasar-ukasar | |||||
| Gurindji[3] | yoowarni | garndiwirri | nga-rloo-doo | ||||||||
| Kokata[2] | kuma | kutthara | kabu | wima | ngeria | ||||||
| Kunwinjku[2] | na-kudji | boken | danjbik | kunkarrngbakmeng | kunbidkudji | kunbidboken | |||||
| Ngaanyatjarra[4] | kutja | kutjarra | marnkurra | kutjarra-kutjarra | kutjarra-marnkurra | ||||||
| Nunggubuyu[2] | anyjabugij | wulawa | wulanybaj | wulalwulal | marang-anyjabugij | marang-anyjabugij wula | marang-anyjabugij marang-anyjabugij | ||||
| Tiwi[2] | natinga | jirara | jiraterima | jatapinta | punginingita | wamutirara | |||||
| Wangka[2] | kuja | kujarra | kujarra kuju | kujarrakujarra | marakuju | marakujarra | |||||
| Yorta Yorta[5] | iyung | bultjubul | bultjubul iyung | bultjubul bultjubul | bultjubul bultjubul iyung | bultjubul biyin-n | |||||
| Yolngu[2] | wanggany | marrma' | lurrkun | marrma' marrma' | gong wangany | gong marrma' |
See also
References
- "Explainer: how does the Aboriginal numeric system work?". The University of Sydney. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
- John Harris, Australian Aboriginal and Islander mathematics, Australian Aboriginal Studies, 1987.
- William B. McGregor, (2013). Languages of the Kimberley, Western Australia, Routledge. ISBN 9781134396023
- Stephanie Fryer-Smith, (2002). Aboriginal Benchbook for Western Australian courts Archived 2013-10-12 at the Wayback Machine, Australian Institute of Judicial Administration Incorporated. ISBN 1875527427
- 'Yorta Yorta Language Heritage Dictionary', Heather Bowe, Lois Peeler,Sharon Atkinson,copyright 1997, Hawker Brownlow Education, 2005.
Bibliography
- Howitt, A.W. 1904. The native tribes of south-east Australia. London: McMillan and Co. Reprinted. 1996. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. pp696-699 describe the system in Wotjobaluk, while p700-703 describe the Wurundjeri system.