Bao Jingyan

A successor of Laozi and Zhuang Zhou strain of libertarian Taoism, Pao Ching-yen was, according to Etienne Balazs, "China’s first political anarchist."[4]

Bao Jingyan was the author of the treatise "Neither Lord Nor Subject", preserved in the Waipian (part of the Baopuzi) of the Taoist Ge Hong. The latter has indeed worked to refute Bao's essay. Bao was the first in China to place utopia in the field of politics. Influenced by Zhuangzi's thought, he opposed despotic absolutism.[3] Given the obscurity of Bao Jingyan's person, Jean Levi hypothesized that he could have been the pen name of Ge Hong, who would thus pass subversive theses without taking too many risks, or at the very least that Ge felt a certain sympathy towards these theses.[5] But this claim does not fit well with his Confucian-legalist political philosophy and criticisms of the disorderly political consequences of Lao-Zhuang political discourse.[6]

• No gods, no masters, a similar anarchist slogan

• Balazs, Etienne (1967). Chinese Civilization and Bureaucracy: Variations on a Theme. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09456-5.
• Balazs, Étienne (1968). La Bureaucratie céleste: Recherches sur l'économie et la société de la Chine traditionnelle. Bibliothèque des sciences humaines (in French). Paris: Gallimard. OCLC 462847510..
• Graham, Robert (2005). "1. Bao Jingyan: Neither Lord Nor Subject (300 CE)". Anarchism. A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas. Vol. One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE to 1939). Montreal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 1-55164-250-6.; Hardcover ISBN 1-55164-251-4.
• Knapp, Keith (n.d.). "Ge Hong". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Levi, Jean (2004). Éloge de l'anarchie par deux excentriques chinois (in French). Paris: Éditions de l'encyclopédie des nuisances. p. 92. ISBN 2-910386-23-6. Éloge.
• Needham, Joseph (1956). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 2, History of Scientific Thought. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-05800-1.
• Rapp, John A. (2012). Daoism and Anarchism: Critiques of State Autonomy in Ancient and Modern China. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1441132239..

• Neither Lord Nor Subject: Taoist Anarchism - Anthony Comegna, Libertarianism.org
• Ge Hong (Ko Hung, 283—343 C.E.) - Keith Knapp, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy