Battle of Amritsar (1757)

In January 1757, Ahmad Shah Durrani was returning to Afghanistan after raiding Hindustan and sacking Delhi, when his army under Prince Timur Shah and Jahan Khan were attacked by Sikh bands under Ala Singh and Baba Deep Singh near Sirhind, seizing the treasures they were carrying. The army was again attacked, harassed and plundered at Malerkotla.[4][5] When Ahmad Shah reached Lahore, he sent a military detachment to sack the town of Amritsar, which destroyed the Shri Harmandir Sahib and massacred the Sikh population.[6][5]

In May 1757, Ahmad Shah appointed Timur Shah as Governor of Lahore, with Jahan Khan as his deputy, and ordered Timur Shah to chastise the Sikhs.[4][5] The Afghan government pursued the Sikhs, who sought refuge in Himalayan tracts and the Malwa Desert.[7] News of the desecration of Shri Harmandir Sahib reached Baba Deep Singh, who was stationed at Damdama Sahib.[7] Infuriated, he vowed to liberate Harmandir Sahib from the Afghans, and to celebrate the Diwali festival at Amritsar.[7] Baba Deep Singh managed to gather a band of around a thousand followers from different villages before advancing towards Amritsar.[7][6][9]

Having received intelligence that the Sikhs had gathered at Amritsar, Jahan Khan mobilized an Afghan force to fight them.[7][10] He ordered every man in Lahore who owned a horse, whether in the service of the government or not, to join his expedition against the Sikhs.[10][7] Mughlani Begum sent her personal guards to join him,[10] and Qasim Khan also joined the expedition against the Sikhs.[10] Jahan Khan sent word to Haji Atai Khan asking him to join him at Amritsar,[7][10] and with an army of two thousand troops reached the village of Gohalwar.[7][10] The total number of Afghan soldiers in the battle was around 20,000, whereas Baba Deep Singh mobilized an army of 5,000 or 6,000 soldiers.[lower-alpha 1][6][9][11][2] According to Tom Landsford, the Sikhs outnumbered the Afghan forces during the battle.[1]

The outcome of the battle is disputed:

• According to one account, Jahan Khan was surprised that the Afghan forces of Atai Khan had not arrived at the rendezvous point, and delayed his march.[7][10] The Sikhs attacked and Afghan forces under Jahan Khan were overwhelmed by the Sikhs, and his soldiers retreated.[lower-alpha 2][4][1]

• According to another account, Jahan Khan was nearly overwhelmed by Sikh forces until reinforcements from Haji Atai Khan arrived later during the battle.[12] The Sikhs were defeated and many were massacred, while Jahan Khan achieved both a victory and the death of Baba Deep Singh.[13][14]

Baba Deep Singh dueled Jamal Shah, one of the Afghan commanders,[2] and suffered a mortal wound to the neck, while Jamal Shah was killed.[2] Despite the severe injury, Baba Deep Singh continued to fight until he collapsed and fell dead.[13][4][8] According to Tony Jacques, Baba Deep Singh was killed by Attal Khan.[4]

Legend says that Baba Deep Singh was fully decapitated but continued to fight against the Afghans while holding his head on one hand and his sword on the other.[8]

According to historian Ganda Singh, once the reinforcements led under Haji Atai Khan arrived, they defeated the Sikhs and pursued them all the way to Amritsar.[10]

When the Afghans entered the city, they clashed with five Sikh soldiers stationed at the main gate. During this incident Mir Nimat Khan, one of the chiefs from Lahore, was killed.[10] The Afghans set up camp for the night and returned to Lahore a few days later.[10] A monument was built to commemorate Baba Deep Singh along with the other Sikhs who were killed in the battle.[7] Other Sikh soldiers and commanders who were killed in the battle include Ram Singh, Sajjan Singh, Bahadur Singh, Agarh Singh, Hira Singh, Kuar Singh, Mana Singh, and Sant Singh.[7]

• Jaspat Rai
• Nihang
• Battle of Mahilpur
• Maratha conquest of North-west India

• Banerjee, Himadri (2002). The Khalsa and the Punjab Studies in Sikh History, to the Nineteenth Century. Tulika Books.
• Grewal, J.S. (1990). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 0-521-63764-3. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
• Hoernle, August Friedrich Rudolf; Stark, Herbert Alick (1906). A history of India. Orissa Mission Press. p. 113.
• Jacques, Tony (2006). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Press. p. 400. ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5. Archived from the original on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
• Lansford, Tom (2017). Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598847604.
• Singh, Rishi (2015). State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab. SAGE Publications.
• Singha, H. S (2000). The encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
• Barlow, Hugh D. (2015). Dead for Good: Martyrdom and the Rise of the Suicide Bomber. Taylor & Francis. p. 91. ISBN 9781317261575.
• Chadha, Vivek (2005). Low Intensity Conflicts in India: An Analysis. SAGE Publications. p. 171. ISBN 9780761933250.
• Singh, Bhagat (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Publication Bureau Punjabi University Patiala ISBN 978-8130201818
• Gupta, Hari (2007). History Of The Sikhs Vol. II Evolution Of Sikh Confederacies (1707-69). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-215-0248-9
• Singh, Ganda (1959). Ahmad Shah Durrani, Father of Modern Afghanistan. Asia Publishing house.
• Singh, Harbans (1995). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism Vol I A-D (2nd ed.) Patiala:Punjabi University.
• Singh, Bhagat Lakshman (1923). Sikh Martyrs. Ludhiana: Lahore Book Shop