Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport

Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport (Arabic: مطار رفيق الحريري الدولي بيروت, (previously known as Beirut International Airport) (IATA: BEY, ICAO: OLBA) is the only operational commercial airport in Lebanon, which is located in the Southern Suburbs of Beirut, Lebanon, 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from the city center. It is the hub for Lebanon's national carrier, Middle East Airlines (MEA) and was the hub for the Lebanese cargo carrier TMA cargo and Wings of Lebanon before their respective collapses.

Beirut-Rafic Hariri
International Airport

مطار رفيق الحريري الدولي بيروت

Aéroport International de Beyrouth - Rafic Hariri
Summary
Airport typePublic
Owner/OperatorDirectorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA)
ServesBeirut, Lebanon
Hub forMiddle East Airlines
Elevation AMSL27 m / 87 ft
Coordinates33°49′16″N 035°29′18″E
Websitewww.beirutairport.gov.lb
Map
BEY is located in Lebanon
BEY
BEY
Location within Lebanon
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
03/21 3,800×45 12,467×148 Concrete
16/34 3,395×45 11,138×148 Concrete
17/35 3,250×45 10,663×148 Asphalt
Statistics (2022)
Aircraft movementsIncrease 52,381
Total passengersIncrease 6,349,967

The airport was named after former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri in 2005, following his assassination earlier that year.

It is the main port of entry into the country along with the Port of Beirut. The airport is managed and operated by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), which operates within the Ministry of Public Works and Transport. The DGCA is also responsible for operating the air traffic control (ATC) at the airport as well as controlling Lebanon's airspace. DGCA duties include maintenance and general upkeep ranging from cleaning the terminal to de-rubberising the runways.

History

Beirut Airport in 1947

The airport opened on 23 April 1954, replacing the much smaller Bir Hassan Airfield which was located a short distance north. At the time of its opening, the terminal was very modern and it featured an excellent spotters terrace with a café. The airport consisted of two asphalt runways at the time. Runway 18/36 at 3,250 metres (10,663 ft) was used primarily for landings from the 18 end while runway 03/21 at 3,180 metres (10,433 ft) was used primarily for take-offs from the 21 end and from the Sami end.

Premier Middle East hub

Beirut Airport in 1982
Another photo of the terminal building in 1982

The airport grew to become a premier hub in the Middle East, thanks to limited competition from neighbours, with fast and steady growth by the country's four carriers at the time, Middle East Airlines (MEA), Air Liban, Trans Mediterranean Airways (TMA), and Lebanese International Airways (LIA), and numerous other foreign carriers.

Israeli assault

In response to an attack on El Al Flight 253 two days earlier in Athens, on the night of 28 December 1968, Israeli commandos mounted a surprise attack on the airport and destroyed 14 civilian aircraft operated by the Lebanese carriers, Middle East Airlines (Air Liban had merged with MEA by this time), Trans Mediterranean Airways, and Lebanese International Airways. This caused serious devastation to the Lebanese aviation industry. Middle East Airlines managed to rebound quickly, but Lebanese International Airways went bankrupt and its employees were transferred to MEA.

Lebanese Civil War

Beirut Airport in 1982

The airport lost its status as one of the premier hubs of the Middle East with the start of the 15-year-long Lebanese Civil War in April 1975 and lost virtually all of its airline services with the exception of two Lebanese carriers, Middle East Airlines and Trans Mediterranean Airways. Both airlines continued operating with the exception of certain periods of time when the airport itself was completely closed. Despite the conflict, the terminal was renovated in 1977, only to be badly damaged five years later by Israeli shelling during the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon. The airport was the site of the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing, in which 241 American servicemen were killed. The airport's runways were renovated in 1982 and 1984.

Reconstruction

Inside the airport, with passenger check-in and the entrance to passport control out of frame to the right

By the time war finally came to an end in 1990, the airport needed to launch a massive reconstruction program. A ten-year reconstruction program was launched in 1994 which included the construction of another terminal, two runways, a fire station, a power plant, a general aviation terminal, and an underground parking garage. Many structures, like the radar building, were rehabilitated.

In 1998 the first phase of the new terminal was completed. It was located immediately adjacent to the east of the old terminal and consists of gates 1–12. After it was inaugurated, the old terminal was demolished and construction on the western half began and was completed in 2000, however it was not inaugurated until 2002. This consists of gates 13–23. The new terminal can handle 6 million passengers annually and is expected to be expanded to handle 16 million passengers by 2035.

It was decided early on that the original runways were no longer sufficient. A new landing runway, 17/35 was constructed protruding at an angle out into the sea, with a length of 3,395 metres (11,138 ft). This seaward protrusion was built in order to move landing traffic away from the city in a bid to improve safety and reduce aircraft noise. A new take-off runway was constructed parallel to the old 03/21 at a length of 3,800 metres (12,467 ft) making it the longest runway in the airport. The old 03/21 was converted to a taxiway for accessing the new runway 03/21. Unlike the old runways, the two new runways were constructed from concrete and feature more advanced lighting systems and instrument landing systems. In 2004, runway 17/35 was re-designated 16/34 and runway 18/36 was re-designated 17/35 after more accurate runway heading measurements were conducted. Despite being essentially replaced by and adjacent to the new runway 16/34, runway 17/35 is still open, although it is rarely used.

On 17 June 2005, the General Aviation Terminal was finally opened. It is located on the northwestern corner of the airport. All fixed-base operators and VIP charter providers have moved their operations to this state-of-the-art terminal.

More damage during the 2006 war

On 13 July 2006 at approximately 6:00 a.m. local time, all three runways of the airport sustained significant damage from missile strikes directed at it by the Israeli Air Force as part of the 2006 Lebanon War. The Israeli Air Force claimed that the airport was a military target because Hezbollah was receiving weapons shipments there.[2] The runways were rendered inoperative and the Lebanese Government declared that the airport was closed until further notice.[3]

Shortly thereafter, MEA used one of the long taxiways at the airport to evacuate five of its aircraft (four Airbus A321s and one Airbus A330).

Limited activity at the airport

The airport reopened to commercial flights on 17 August 2006, with the arrival of a Middle East Airlines (MEA) flight around 1:10 p.m. local time from Amman, followed by a Royal Jordanian flight also from Amman.[4] This marked the first commercial flight arrival at Beirut International Airport since the airport's closure almost five weeks before. All runways and taxiways at the airport have been successfully repaired and the airport is operating as it was before the hostilities.[5]

Israel ends air blockade

On 7 September 2006, Israel ended its air blockade of Lebanon. The first plane to land at the airport after the end of the blockade was a Middle East Airlines flight at 6:06 p.m. local time.[6] Soon after that, a Kuwait Airways flight landed at the airport. Over the next couple of days, more airlines resumed flights to the airport.[7]

U.S. air traffic ban amended

On 6 June 2007, U.S. President George W. Bush amended a ban on air traffic to Lebanon imposed since the 1985 hijacking of TWA Flight 847 to allow flights by the U.S. Government. A press release issued by the White House said that the "prohibition of transportation services to Lebanon...is hereby further amended to permit U.S. air carriers under contract to the United States Government to engage in foreign air transportation to and from Lebanon of passengers, including U.S. and non-U.S. citizens, and their accompanying baggage; of goods for humanitarian purposes; and of any other cargo or materiel."[8]

First Airbus A380 flight

On 29 March 2018, Emirates operated a one-off Airbus A380 service to Beirut. It was a trial flight in order to test the airport's handling of the aircraft. The aircraft parked at gate 1, which is capable of handling the Airbus A380. This marked the first time the A380 had landed in Lebanon.

2019 renovation and minor expansion

On 1 June 2019, the airport launched the new renovated and expanded departures and arrivals terminals. New customs counters were installed for both the departures and arrivals terminals. The airport is going to improve security by using newer equipment, relocate most of the security checkpoints, install an improved baggage handling system and inaugurate a fast track system for business and first class passengers by the end of the summer.[9]

Impact of 2020 Port of Beirut explosion

On 4 August 2020, a massive explosion in Beirut resulted in the airport sustaining moderate damage to the terminal buildings.[10] Doors and windows were destroyed, and ceiling tiles were shaken loose by the shockwave, severing electrical wires. Despite the damage, flights to the airport resumed following the explosion.[11]

Passenger terminal

The terminal consists of two wings: the East and West Wing, which are connected together by the main terminal, forming a U‑shaped building, with each wing being parallel to the other, and the main terminal connecting the wings. The modern terminal consists of 23 gates, 19 of which have jetways, two of which are dual jetway gates for large aircraft, and two are bus gates which have been decommissioned. Smoking is prohibited in almost all areas inside the terminal, with a few exceptions (see East and West Wing section below).

Main Terminal

The main terminal includes the bulk of the duty-free, some other shops, restaurants, and the lounges. The main terminal has four levels:

  • The ground level, which contains the arrival area, and also contains a duty-free section for arriving passengers next to baggage claim. The duty-free shops and baggage area are accessible to arriving passengers after they clear passport control, but before they clear customs (this duty-free, like all the others, is not open to the general public). The general public has access to the waiting area, and there are various cafes and restaurants open to the public.
  • The second level contains the departure area, ticketing, security checkpoint, customs, and immigration. It also includes the primary duty-free shopping area, which is only accessible to ticketed passengers once they clear immigration.
  • The third level houses all of the private airline lounges, prayer rooms, as well as a restaurant with a view of the tarmac.
  • The fourth level, which is closed to the public and passengers, mainly houses the airport administration offices.

East and West Wing

Three MEA A321s parked at the West Wing

Each wing contains its own departure gates, as well as two cafés (one of which features a smoking section), a newsstand, a tourism shop, and smaller duty-free shopping areas in each wing. The East Wing, which opened in 1998, has gates 1–12 and the West Wing, which opened in 2002, has gates 13–23. Gates 2 and 3 are dual jetway gates for large aircraft. Gates 4 and 22 are bus boarding gates, however these are almost never used. The only way to move from one wing to the next is through the main terminal.

Passenger services

The airport also includes banks, a post office, massage chairs, prayer rooms, and a tourist information centre. The airport was the first in the region to offer 5G wireless internet services available for free for 2 hours,[12] but the service is currently working.

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

AirlinesDestinations
Aegean Airlines Athens
Air Arabia Abu Dhabi,[13] Sharjah
Air Cairo Seasonal charter: Sharm El Sheikh, El Alamein
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle
AnadoluJet Adana
Seasonal: Ankara, Antalya, Bodrum, Dalaman, İzmir
Condor Düsseldorf[14]
Cham Wings Airlines Aleppo, Damascus, Qamishli
Corendon Airlines Seasonal charter: Dalaman, Antalya
Cyprus Airways Larnaca
Egyptair Cairo
Emirates Dubai–International
Ethiopian Airlines Addis Ababa
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi
Eurowings Berlin, Düsseldorf
Seasonal: Hamburg, Stockholm–Arlanda[15]
Fly Baghdad Baghdad, Najaf
flydubai Dubai–International
FlyEgypt Seasonal charter: Hurghada
Georgian Airways Seasonal charter: Tbilisi
Iran Air Tehran–Imam Khomeini
Iraqi Airways Baghdad, Basra, Najaf, Sulaymaniyah
Jazeera Airways Kuwait City
Kuwait Airways Kuwait City
LOT Polish Airlines Warsaw–Chopin
Lufthansa Frankfurt
Seasonal: Munich
Mahan Air Mashhad, Tehran–Imam Khomeini
Meraj Airlines Mashhad, Tehran–Imam Khomeini
Middle East Airlines Abidjan, Abu Dhabi, Accra, Amman–Queen Alia, Athens, Baghdad, Basra, Brussels, Cairo, Copenhagen, Dammam, Doha, Dubai–International, Düsseldorf, Erbil, Frankfurt, Geneva, Istanbul, Jeddah, Kuwait City, Lagos, Larnaca, London–Heathrow, Madrid, Milan–Malpensa, Najaf, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Riyadh, Rome–Fiumicino, Yerevan
Seasonal: Medina, Nice
Seasonal charter: Mykonos, Tbilisi
Pegasus Airlines Adana, Antalya, Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen
Seasonal: Dalaman[16]
Petroleum Air Services Sharm El Sheikh
Seasonal charter: Hurghada
Qatar Airways Doha
Royal Jordanian Amman–Queen Alia
Salam Air Muscat[17]
Saudia Jeddah, Medina, Riyadh
Scandinavian Airlines Stockholm–Arlanda
Seasonal: Copenhagen
Southwind Airlines Seasonal charter: Antalya[18]
Sundair Berlin, Bremen
SunExpress Seasonal: Antalya,[19] İzmir
Swiss International Air Lines Zurich[20]
Syrian Air Aleppo, Damascus
TAROM Bucharest–Otopeni
Transavia Amsterdam, Lyon, Marseille,[21] Paris–Orly
Turkish Airlines Istanbul
Seasonal: Adana, Antalya
Seasonal charter: Bodrum
UR Airlines Baghdad, Erbil, Najaf
Vueling Barcelona

Cargo

AirlinesDestinations
DHL Aviation Bahrain
EgyptAir Cargo Cairo[22]
Emirates SkyCargo Dubai–Al Maktoum
Ethiopian Airlines Cargo Addis Ababa, Liège, Vienna
Maersk Air Cargo Leipzig
Qatar Airways Cargo Accra, Doha, Kuwait City, Zaragoza
Turkish Cargo Istanbul

Statistics

Annual passenger traffic at BEY airport. See Wikidata query.

Passenger use and aircraft movements have increased each year since 1990 with the exception of 2006, which saw a sharp decrease in both. Total cargo has trended upwards since 1990 but also experienced a significant decrease in 2006.[23]

Busiest Western Europe routes from Beirut International Airport'
RankCityPassengers (2017)Carriers
1 France Paris-Charles de Gaulle534,706Air France, Middle East Airlines
2 United Kingdom London-Heathrow271,359Middle East Airlines
3 Italy Rome-Fiumicino167,155Alitalia, Middle East Airlines
4 Germany Frankfurt134,335Lufthansa, Middle East Airlines
International scheduled weekly departures from Beirut International Airport (July 2019)
RankCityNumber of weekly departuresPassengers (2017)Carriers
1 Turkey Istanbul70---AtlasGlobal, Middle East Airlines, Pegasus Airlines, Turkish Airlines
2 United Arab Emirates Dubai63---Emirates, flydubai, Middle East Airlines
3 Egypt Cairo42---EgyptAir, Middle East Airlines
3 Qatar Doha42---Middle East Airlines, Qatar Airways
5 Jordan Amman40---Middle East Airlines, Royal Jordanian
6 France Paris36534,706 (CDG only)Aigle Azur, Air France, Middle East Airlines, Transavia France
7 Saudi Arabia Riyadh32---Flynas, Middle East Airlines, Saudia
8 Cyprus Larnaca31---Cyprus Airways, Middle East Airlines
9 Kuwait Kuwait City29---Jazeera Airways, Kuwait Airways, Middle East Airlines
10 United Arab Emirates Sharjah28---Air Arabia
11 Saudi Arabia Jeddah24---Flynas, Middle East Airlines, Saudia
12 Germany Frankfurt22134,335[24] Lufthansa, Middle East Airlines
13 United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi21---Etihad, Middle East Airlines
13 United Kingdom London21271,359British Airways, Middle East Airlines
13 Italy Rome21167,155Alitalia, Middle East Airlines
16 Greece Athens19153,914Aegean Airlines, Middle East Airlines
17 Iraq Baghdad15---Fly Baghdad, Iraqi Airways, Middle East Airlines
18 Ethiopia Addis Ababa14---Ethiopian Airlines
18 Bahrain Bahrain14---Gulf Air
20 Iraq Najaf12---Iraqi Airways, Middle East Airlines
21 Saudi Arabia Dammam10---Middle East Airlines
21 France Nice10---Air France, Middle East Airlines
23 Turkey Antalya9---Pegasus Airlines, Turkish Airlines
24 Armenia Yerevan8---Armenia Aircompany, Middle East Airlines
25 Serbia Belgrade7---Air Serbia
25 Romania Bucharest7---TAROM
25 Denmark Copenhagen7---Middle East Airlines, Scandinavian Airlines
25 Switzerland Geneva766,443 (2016)[25]Middle East Airlines
29 Spain Barcelona6---Vueling
29 Iraq Basra6---Iraqi Airways, Middle East Airlines
29 Belgium Brussels6---Middle East Airlines
29 Morocco Casablanca6---Royal Air Maroc
29 Italy Milan6---Middle East Airlines
29 Czech Republic Prague6---Czech Airlines
29 France Marseille6---Aigle Azur, Air France
36 Turkey Adana5---AtlasGlobal
36 Iraq Erbil5---Middle East Airlines
36 Tunisia Tunis5---Tunisair
36 Poland Warsaw5---LOT Polish Airlines
Statistics for Beirut International Airport
YearTotal passengersTotal cargo (metric tons)Total aircraft movements
1990 637,944 8,048
1991 837,14444,06410,822
1992 1,092,64548,85914,963
1993 1,343,28945,53916,581
1994 1,489,42954,00719,045
1995 1,672,65749,74220,478
1996 1,715,43446,50521,004
1997 1,715,43446,50521,004
1998 2,006,95655,03723,051
1999 2,222,34454,30025,010
2000 2,343,38752,43929,707
2001 2,444,85162,78930,627
2002 2,606,86165,91332,952
2003 2,840,40065,67434,468
2004 3,334,71062,08139,023
2005 3,892,35668,85244,295
2006 2,463,57652,63827,870
2007 3,009,74959,38732.674
2008 4,004,97271,96549,873
2009[26] 4,952,89957,54566,122
2010[27] 5,512,43577,27658,592
2011[28] 5,596,03474,00463,666
2012 5,960,41484,91163,211
2013 6,249,503106,36162,980
2014 6,555,06964,579
2015 7,203,78168,872
2016 7,510,82885,34369,944
2017 8,230,99071,169
2018 8,841,96698,20073,627
2019[1] 8,689,60387,51772,279

Ground transport

The airport has a three-level car park with a total capacity of 2,350 cars.[29]

Public transportation to the airport does not exist, except for taxis. These tend to be more expensive than regular service taxis, however.

LCC Bus Route 1 takes passengers from the airport roundabout, which is located one kilometer from the terminal, to Rue Sadat in Hamra, whereas Route 5 takes to the Charles Helou bus station. OCFTC buses number seven and ten also stop at the airport roundabout, en route to central Beirut.

Airport services

Airport services, like much else in Lebanon, are often divided and delegated based upon sectarian allegiance. Such as the Shia party Hezbollah, other groups, including Sunnis and Maronites, have their own fiefs within the airport's provision of services.[30][31]

Ground handling providers

The airport has two ground handling operators, Middle East Airlines Ground Handling (MEAG) Lebanese Air Transport (LAT).

Middle East Airlines Ground Handling (MEAG) is a wholly owned subsidiary of the national carrier, MEA. It provides ground handling services for the national carrier, MEA, as well as most of the carriers serving the airport, including the cargo carriers. MEAG handles nearly 80% of the traffic at the airport.

Lebanese Air Transport (LAT) is a smaller ground handling operator that conducts ground handling operations for a number of carriers serving the airport. LAT specialises in handling charter flights, but does have contracts with a number of scheduled carriers such as British Airways.

Fixed-base operators

The airport is home to four fixed-base operators (FBOs) for private aircraft.

MEAG recently launched its own FBO services with the opening of the new General Aviation Terminal called the Cedar Jet Centre, now regarded as the airport's top FBO. Another leading FBO is Aircraft Support & Services, which specialises in fixed-base operator services for private and executive aircraft. In addition, they operate two executive jets that can be chartered to various places. JR Executive operates a fleet of small propeller aircraft that can be chartered or leased. They also have a flight school, and conduct maintenance on light aircraft while offering fixed-base operator services. Cirrus Middle East, a member of the German Cirrus Group, partnered up with Universal Weather and Aviation to create a fixed-base operator and VIP charter service, which was launched on 15 October 2012. The company will initially be called Universal/Cirrus Middle East, but will eventually become Universal Aviation Beirut. They aim to become one of the top FBOs in the Middle East and will cater aircraft as large as Boeing 747s.

LAT offers limited fixed-base operator services for private and executive aircraft. Executive Aircraft Services offers aircraft charter services, ground handling services, aircraft management, and aircraft acquisition and sales.

Aircraft maintenance providers

The airport is the home base of MidEast Aircraft Services Company (MASCO), an aircraft maintenance provider that specialises in Airbus maintenance, particularly the A320 and A330 series. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the national carrier, MEA. MASCO has EASA 145 approval and as a result can maintain any aircraft registered in Europe.

Other facilities

Middle East Airlines has its corporate headquarters and training centre at Beirut Airport.[32]

Accidents and incidents

  • On 21 November 1959, Ariana Afghan Airlines Flight 202 crashed near Beirut on a flight from Beirut to Tehran, killing 24 of the 27 passengers and crew on board the Douglas DC-4.
  • On 23 February 1964, Vickers Viscount SU-AKX of United Arab Airlines was damaged beyond economic repair in a heavy landing.[33]
  • On 30 September 1975 a Tupolev Tu-154 of Malév Hungarian Airlines, Malév Flight 240 crashed into the sea while approaching the airport. The cause and the circumstances remain mysterious, but it was most likely shot down. All 50 passengers and 10 crew were killed.
  • In September 1970, Pan Am Flight 93 was hijacked while flying to New York. The plane landed to refuel and pick up another PFLP hijacker. It was then flown to Cairo where it was blown up.
  • On 17 May 1977, Antonov An-12, SP-LZA, a cargo plane leased by LOT Polish Airlines from the Polish Air Force along with its crew, flying to Lebanon with a cargo of fresh strawberries crashed 8 kilometers from Beirut airport, all 6 crew members and 3 passengers on board were killed. The plane crashed due to the crew being lost in translation (i.e. the Polish-speaking crew did not understand the Lebanese Arabic language), which led to the crew repeating to themselves the order to descend, ending up with the aircraft unwittingly flying into the side of a mountain.
  • On 23 July 1979, a TMA Boeing 707-320C, on a test flight for four copilots due to be promoted to captains, crashed whilst on a third touch-and-go. The plane touched down but then yawed right to left to right again before the wing clipped the ground causing the plane to flip and come to rest inverted across a taxiway. All six crew members were killed.[34]
  • On 8 January 1987, Middle East Airlines Boeing 707-323C OD-AHB was destroyed by shelling after landing.[35]
  • On 25 January 2010, Ethiopian Airlines Flight 409, bound for Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and carrying 90 passengers (of which 54 were Lebanese) crashed into the Mediterranean Sea shortly after take-off, killing everyone on board.[36][37]

See also

References

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  2. Myre, Greg; Erlanger, Steven (13 July 2006). "Israelis Enter Lebanon After Attacks". New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008.
  3. "Israeli warplanes hit Beirut suburb". CNN.com. 14 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 July 2006.
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  5. "Beirut airport reopens; sea blockade continues - Africa & Middle East - International Herald Tribune". The New York Times. 7 September 2006. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  6. MEA Linked in page
  7. "Flights to Lebanon to resume soon". Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  8. "Presidential Determination No. 2007–22 of June 5, 2007: Partial Resumption of Travel to Lebanon To Promote Peace and Security" (PDF).
  9. "Beirut airport's departures terminal renovated | News , Lebanon News | THE DAILY STAR". Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  10. "Beirut airport damaged in explosion, but flights continue". The National. 6 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  11. Perton, Ted (6 August 2020). "Beirut Airport Continues Operation Despite Heavy Damage". SamChui.com. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  12. "High-speed internet launches at Beirut airport | News , Lebanon News | THE DAILY STAR". Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  13. "Air Arabia Abu Dhabi Schedules Beirut / Kuwait late-Oct 2022 Launch". Aeroroutes.
  14. "Condor Flights to Beirut".
  15. Eurowings
  16. "News for Airlines, Airports and the Aviation Industry | CAPA".
  17. "Flights From Muscat to Beirut". 25 June 2023.
  18. "SOUTHWIND AIRLINES NS23 NETWORK OVERVIEW – 21MAY23". 22 May 2023.
  19. Casey, David. "SunExpress Schedules New Summer Routes". Routesonline. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  20. "Newsroom : SWISS further expands its network for summer 2022 and offers new destinations". 14 December 2021.
  21. "Transavia : Trois liaisons internationales au départ de Marseille cet été | Air Journal". 19 February 2022.
  22. "EGYPTAIR CARGO". www.egyptair-cargo.com. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  23. Yearly Traffic 1990–2004. Beirut Airport website. Archived 2 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  24. "Luftverkehr auf Hauptverkehrsflughäfen" (PDF) (in German). Statistisches Bundesamt. 22 February 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  25. "Rapport annuel 2016 de Genève Aéroport". 4 April 2017.
  26. "Official statistics for 2009". Archived from the original on 5 October 2011.
  27. "Official statistics for 2010". Archived from the original on 24 February 2012.
  28. "Official statistics for 2011". Archived from the original on 24 February 2012.
  29. Bilal Hamidi, Employee at Opentech. "مواقف السيارات". Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  30. "How airports explain the Arab world". The Economist. 29 June 2019.
  31. "Iran using civilian flights to smuggle weapons to Hezbollah". The National. 4 September 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2019. ...according to Lina Al Khatib, head of the Middle East and North Africa programme at the international affairs think tank Chatham House. "This practice has intensified with the Syrian war and with Iran's ally Hezbollah tightening its indirect control over Beirut International Airport. This indirect control is due to key personnel of the Airport Security apparatus being members of Hezbollah or loyal to the group", she told The National.
  32. "World Airline Directory." Flight International. 26 July 1980. 330. "Head Office: PO Box 206, Beirut International Airport, Lebanon."
  33. "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
  34. "TMA 1979 crash". Aviation-safety.net.
  35. "Criminal Occurrence description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
  36. "Ethiopian plane crashes off Beirut, 90 feared dead". Reuters. 25 January 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  37. "Ethiopian Airlines plane crashes into Mediterranean sea". The Daily Telegraph. London. 25 January 2010. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
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