Biometric passport

A biometric passport (also known as an electronic passport, e-passport or a digital passport) is a traditional passport that has an embedded electronic microprocessor chip, which contains biometric information that can be used to authenticate the identity of the passport holder. It uses contactless smart card technology, including a microprocessor chip (computer chip) and antenna (for both power to the chip and communication) embedded in the front or back cover, or centre page, of the passport. The passport's critical information is printed on the data page of the passport, repeated on the machine readable lines and stored in the chip. Public key infrastructure (PKI) is used to authenticate the data stored electronically in the passport chip, supposedly making it expensive and difficult to forge when all security mechanisms are fully and correctly implemented.

Not to be confused with Biological passport.

This biometric symbol is usually printed on the cover of biometric (ICAO compliant) passports.

Many countries are moving towards issuing biometric passports to their citizens. Malaysia was the first country to issue biometric passports in 1998.[1] In December 2008, 60 countries were issuing such passports,[2] which increased to over 150 by mid-2019.[3]

The currently standardised biometrics used for this type of identification system are facial recognition, fingerprint recognition, and iris recognition. These were adopted after assessment of several different kinds of biometrics including retinal scan. Document and chip characteristics are documented in the International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO) Doc 9303 (ICAO 9303).[4] The ICAO defines the biometric file formats and communication protocols to be used in passports. Only the digital image (usually in JPEG or JPEG 2000 format) of each biometric feature is actually stored in the chip. The comparison of biometric features is performed outside the passport chip by electronic border control systems (e-borders). To store biometric data on the contactless chip, it includes a minimum of 32 kilobytes of EEPROM storage memory, and runs on an interface in accordance with the ISO/IEC 14443 international standard, amongst others. These standards intend interoperability between different countries and different manufacturers of passport books.

Some national identity cards, such as those from Albania, Brazil, the Netherlands, and Saudi Arabia are fully ICAO 9303 compliant biometric travel documents. However others, such as the United States passport card, are not.[5]

Data protection

Biometric passports have protection mechanisms to avoid and/or detect attacks:

Non-traceable chip characteristics
Random chip identifiers reply to each request with a different chip number. This prevents tracing of passport chips. Using random identification numbers is optional.
Basic Access Control (BAC)
BAC protects the communication channel between the chip and the reader by encrypting transmitted information. Before data can be read from a chip, the reader needs to provide a key which is derived from the Machine Readable Zone: the date of birth, the date of expiry and the document number. If BAC is used, an attacker cannot (easily) eavesdrop transferred information without knowing the correct key. Using BAC is optional.
Passive Authentication (PA)
PA is aimed at identifying modification of passport chip data. The chip contains a file, Document Security Object (SOD), that stores hash values of all files stored in the chip (picture, fingerprint, etc.) and a digital signature of these hashes. The digital signature is made using a document signing key which itself is signed by a country signing key. If a file in the chip (e.g., the picture) is changed, this can be detected since the hash value is incorrect. Readers need access to all used public country keys to check whether the digital signature is generated by a trusted country. Using PA is mandatory. As of January 2017, 55 of over 60 e-passport-issuing countries belong to the PKD program.[6]
Active Authentication (AA)
AA prevents cloning of passport chips. The chip contains a private key that cannot be read or copied, but its existence can easily be proven. Using AA is optional.
Extended Access Control (EAC)
EAC adds functionality to check the authenticity of both the chip (chip authentication) and the reader (terminal authentication). Furthermore, it uses stronger encryption than BAC. EAC is typically used to protect fingerprints and iris scans. Using EAC is optional. In the European Union, using EAC is mandatory for all documents issued starting 28 June 2009.
Supplemental Access Control (SAC)
SAC was introduced by ICAO in 2009 for addressing BAC weaknesses. It was introduced as a supplement to BAC (for keeping compatibility), but will replace it in the future.
Shielding the chip
This prevents unauthorised reading. Some countries – including at least the US – have integrated a very thin metal mesh into the passport's cover to act as a shield when the passport cover is closed.[7] The use of shielding is optional.

To assure interoperability and functionality of the security mechanisms listed above, ICAO and German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) have specified several test cases. These test specifications are updated with every new protocol and are covering details starting from the paper used and ending in the chip that is included.[8]

Attacks

Since the introduction of biometric passports, several attacks have been presented and demonstrated.

Non-traceable chip characteristics
In 2008, a Radboud/Lausitz University team demonstrated that it is possible to determine which country a passport chip is from without knowing the key required for reading it.[9] The team fingerprinted error messages of passport chips from different countries. The resulting lookup table allows an attacker to determine from where a chip originated. In 2010, Tom Chothia and Vitaliy Smirnov documented an attack that allows an individual passport to be traced,[10][11] by sending specific BAC authentication requests. In 2016, Avoine et al. published a survey on security and privacy issues in passport protocols, where a new technique to track passports is introduced, based on the response time of basic commands.[12]
Basic Access Control (BAC)
In 2005, Marc Witteman showed that the document numbers of Dutch passports were predictable,[13] allowing an attacker to guess/crack the key required for reading the chip. In 2006, Adam Laurie wrote software that tries all known passport keys within a given range, thus implementing one of Witteman's attacks. Using online flight booking sites, flight coupons and other public information it's possible to significantly reduce the number of possible keys. In some early biometric passports BAC wasn't used at all, allowing attacker to read the chip's content without providing a key.[14]
Passive Authentication (PA)
In 2006, Lukas Grunwald demonstrated that it is trivial to copy passport data from a passport chip into a standard ISO/IEC 14443 smartcard using a standard contactless card interface and a simple file transfer tool.[15] Grunwald used a passport that did not use Active Authentication (anti-cloning) and did not change the data held on the copied chip, thus keeping its cryptographic signature valid.
In 2008, Jeroen van Beek demonstrated that not all passport inspection systems check the cryptographic signature of a passport chip. For his demonstration Van Beek altered chip information and signed it using his own document signing key of a non-existing country. This can only be detected by checking the country signing keys that are used to sign the document signing keys. To check country signing keys the ICAO PKD[16] can be used. Only 5 out of 60+ countries are using this central database.[17] Van Beek did not update the original passport chip: instead an ePassport emulator was used.[18]
Also in 2008, The Hacker's Choice implemented all attacks and published code to verify the results.[19] The release included a video clip that demonstrated problems by using a forged Elvis Presley passport that is recognized as a valid US passport.[20]
Active Authentication (AA)
In 2005, Marc Witteman showed that the secret Active Authentication key can be retrieved using power analysis.[13] This may allow an attacker to clone passport chips that use the optional Active Authentication anti-cloning mechanism on chips – if the chip design is susceptible to this attack.
In 2008, Jeroen van Beek demonstrated that optional security mechanisms can be disabled by removing their presence from the passport index file.[21] This allows an attacker to remove – amongst others – anti-cloning mechanisms (Active Authentication). The attack is documented in supplement 7 of Doc 9303 (R1-p1_v2_sIV_0006)[22] and can be solved by patching inspection system software. Note that supplement 7 features vulnerable examples in the same document that – when implemented – result in a vulnerable inspection process.
In 2014, Calderoni et al. show a procedure to bypass the security protocol that is commonly adopted to prove chip authenticity (Active Authentication) within first-generation electronic passports. The discussed breach is related to some metadata files (EF.COM, EF.SOD) and allows the attacker to conceal those data required by the inspection system during the protocol's execution.[23] This breach may facilitate a malicious user in using fake documents cloned from original ones.
Extended Access Control (EAC)
In 2007, Lukas Grunwald presented an attack that can make EAC-enabled passport chips unusable.[24] Grunwald states that if an EAC-key – required for reading fingerprints and updating certificates – is stolen or compromised, an attacker can upload a false certificate with an issue date far in the future. The affected chips block read access until the future date is reached.

Opposition
Map of countries with biometric passports as of July 2023.

Privacy proponents in many countries question and protest the lack of information about exactly what the passports' chip will contain, and whether they affect civil liberties. The main problem they point out is that data on the passports can be transferred with wireless RFID technology, which can become a major vulnerability. Although this could allow ID-check computers to obtain a person's information without a physical connection, it may also allow anyone with the necessary equipment to perform the same task. If the personal information and passport numbers on the chip are not encrypted, the information might wind up in the wrong hands.

On 15 December 2006, the BBC published an article[25] on the British ePassport, citing the above stories and adding that:

"Nearly every country issuing this passport has a few security experts who are yelling at the top of their lungs and trying to shout out: 'This is not secure. This is not a good idea to use this technology'", citing a specialist who states "It is much too complicated. It is in places done the wrong way round – reading data first, parsing data, interpreting data, then verifying whether it is right. There are lots of technical flaws in it and there are things that have just been forgotten, so it is basically not doing what it is supposed to do. It is supposed to get a higher security level. It is not."

and adding that the Future of Identity in the Information Society (FIDIS) network's research team (a body of IT security experts funded by the European Union) has "also come out against the ePassport scheme... [stating that] European governments have forced a document on its people that dramatically decreases security and increases the risk of identity theft."[26]

Most security measures are designed against untrusted citizens (the "provers"), but the scientific security community recently also addressed the threats from untrustworthy verifiers, such as corrupt governmental organizations, or nations using poorly implemented, unsecure electronic systems.[27] New cryptographic solutions such as private biometrics are being proposed to mitigate threats of mass theft of identity. These are under scientific study, but not yet implemented in biometric passports.

List of biometric passports

Algeria
See also: Algerian passport
Cover of Algerian biometric passport

Issued since 5 January 2012. Valid for 10 years for adults, and 5 years for minors.

Botswana
See also: Botswana passport

Issued since 8 March 2010.[28][29]

Cameroon
See also: Cameroonian passport

Issued since July 2021, costing 110,000 CFA. Valid for 5 years.[30]

Cape Verde
See also: Cape Verdean passport

Issued since 26 January 2016, costing €50. It is noted that the scheme will gradually expand to Cape Verdean diplomatic missions in Boston and Lisbon in the future.[31]

Egypt
See also: Egyptian passport

Egypt does not yet issue biometric passports.

Gabon
See also: Gabonese passport

Issued since 23 January 2014.

Ghana
See also: Ghanaian passport

Issued since 1 March 2010 and costing GH¢ 50–100 for adults and children. The passports contain several other technological characteristics other than biometric technology. However the Ghanaian biometric passports do not carry the "chip inside" symbol (), which is mandatory for ICAO-standard electronic passports.

Kenya
See also: Kenyan passport

Issued since 1 September 2017. Contain fingerprints, facials and signature including other vital information, which is all ICAO compliant.

In mid July 2019, a few foreign embassies such as Berlin, Paris, London, and Washington, DC started processing applications for Kenyans in the diaspora. Kenya plans to invalidate old style passports on 31 December 2021.

Lesotho

Date of introduction is uncertain. However, the enabling statute was tabled in November 2016.[32]

Madagascar
See also: Malagasy passport

Issued since 2014 and costs 110,000 Ariary. Since September 2014, it is mandatory for Malagasy citizens to depart the country with a biometric passport.[33]

Mauritania

Issued since 6 May 2011,[34] costs US$115.68. Valid for 5 years.

Morocco
See also: Moroccan passport

Issued since 2008 for trial, and in general since 25 September 2009,[35] costs MAD 500 (approximately US$49).

Mozambique
See also: Mozambican passport

Issued since September 2014. The issuance of such passports was suspended 40 days later but was resumed in February 2015.[36]

Namibia
See also: Namibian passport

Issued since 8 January 2018.[37][38]

Nigeria
See also: Nigerian passport

Issued since 2007. The harmonized ECOWAS Smart electronic passport issued by the Nigerian Immigrations Service is powered by biometric technology in tandem with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) specifications for international travels.

Travellers' data captured in the biometric passport can be accessed instantly and read by any security agent from any spot of the globe through an integrated network of systems configured and linked to a centrally-coordinated passport data bank managed by the Nigerian Immigrations Service.

Rwanda
See also: Rwandan passport

Issued since 27 June 2019, and is in compliance with the new East African Community technical specifications as well as International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Among the new features include a microchip making it tamper-proof. The Rwandan passport is issued Rwandan citizens for international travel. Rwanda started issuing East African Community Biometric Passport also known as E-Passport in June 2019 replacing the old ones that will only stay valid until June 2021, The new passports are valid for five years and ten years. Ordinary, service, and diplomatic passports are issued.

Sierra Leone

Issued since 1st Sept 2015 in compliance with International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). New book design launched at the same time as the switch to e-passport from Machine Readable Passport (MRP). Book re-designed again in 2022 and electronic chip upgraded for faster processing of bio-metric data. Currently issuing e-passports for Ordinary, Diplomatic and Service books.[39]

Somalia
See also: Somali passport

Issued since 10 October 2006, costs US$100 if applied inside of Somalia, and US$150 abroad.[40]

South Sudan
See also: South Sudanese passport

Issued since 3 January 2012.[41][42] The new passport are valid for five years.

Sudan
See also: Sudanese passport

Issued since May 2009, costs SDG 250 (approximately USD 100), SDG 200 for students and SDG 100 for children. Valid for 10 years, or 7 years for a commercial passport.[43]

The new electronic passport are issued in three categories. The citizen's passport (ordinary passport) will be issued to ordinary citizens and will contain 48 pages. Business men/women who need to travel often will have a commercial passport that will contain 64 pages. Smaller passports that contain 32 pages only will be issued to children. The microprocessor chip will contain the holder's information.

Tanzania
See also: Tanzanian passport

Issued since 1 January 2018. The Bio-metric Tanzanian passport is one of the strongest passports in Africa. It is in compliance with the new East African Community Passport which eases border crossing for east African community member nationals. In 2022, the Tanzanian passport was ranked 74 in the global mobility ranking and maintained its spot as the ninth most powerful in Africa.

Togo
See also: Togolese passport

Issued since August 2009, cost then was 30,000 CFA francs. For Togolese residing abroad, the price varies.

Tunisia
See also: Tunisian passport

The Tunisia ministry of interior stated that it will start issuing biometric passports at the end of year 2016 which did not happen.

Zimbabwe
See also: Zimbabwean passport

The Zimbabwean government launched the new e-passports on the 15th of December 2021 at Chiwashira Building in Harare.[44]

Afghanistan
See also: Afghan passport

Issued since September 2011. Contains digital images of fingerprints, photo and electronic signature of the passport holder. Valid for up to 10 years.[45][46]

Armenia
See also: Armenian passport

Issued since July 2012. Contains digital images of fingerprints, photo and electronic signature of the passport holder. Valid for 10 years.[47][48][49]

Azerbaijan
See also: Azerbaijani passport

Issued since September 2013. Contains information about the passport holder's facial features, as well as finger and palm prints.

Bahrain
See also: Bahraini passport

Issued since March 20, 2023.[50][51]

Bangladesh
See also: Bangladeshi passport

Issued since April 2010, biometric machine-readable passports cost ৳3450 (US$32) for regular delivery, including all taxes, and ৳6900 (US$64) for express delivery including all taxes.[52] E-passports cost ৳4025 (US$38) to ৳13800 (US$130) with all taxes included.[53] The cost varies depending on the number of pages and the validity of the e-passport.[53] The e-passport is valid for either five years or ten years depending on the age of the applicant.[54] Bangladesh is the first country in South Asia to issue e-passports for all eligible citizens. The electronic microprocessor chip embedded e-passport has forty-one different security features, including holographic images embossed in thin film laminate, which change colour under light and appear to move.[55] Demographic and biometric information of the bearer including the fingerprints of all ten fingers, iris scan, color photograph of the face and digital signature are stored on the chip in the e-passport.[56] The Government of Bangladesh issues three different types of e-passports. These are diplomatic passports with a red cover; official passports with a blue cover; and regular or ordinary passports with a green cover.

Brunei
See also: Bruneian passport

Issued since 17 February 2007. The Bruneian ePassport has the same functions as the other biometric passports.[57]

Cambodia
See also: Cambodian passport

Issued since 17 July 2014. The cost for a 5-year passport, issued only to children aged five and under, is US$80; while the 10-year passport, issued to all people older than five, costs US$100.[58]

China
See also: Chinese passport

On 30 January 2011, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China launched a trial issuance of e-passports for public affairs. The face, fingerprint and other biometric features of the passport holder will be digitalized and stored in pre-installed contactless smart chip in the passport.[59][60] On 1 July 2011, the Ministry began issuing biometric passports to all individuals conducting public affairs work overseas on behalf of the Chinese government.[61]

Ordinary biometric passports have been introduced by the Ministry of Public Security starting from 15 May 2012.[62] The cost of a passport is 200 CNY (approximately US$31) for first time applicants in China and CNY 220 (or US$35) for renewals and passports issued abroad.

Effective from 1 July 2017, cost of a biometric ordinary passport is reduced to CNY 160 (approximately US$24) for both first time applicants and renewal applicants.[63] As of April 2017, China had issued over 100 million biometric ordinary passports.[64]

Hong Kong
See also: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport

In 2006, the Immigration Department announced that Unihub Limited (a PCCW subsidiary company heading a consortium of suppliers, including Keycorp) had won the tender to provide the technology to produce biometric passports. In February 2007, the first biometric passport was introduced. The cover of the new biometric passport remains essentially the same as that of previous versions, with the addition of the "electronic passport" logo at the bottom. However, the design of the inner pages has changed substantially. The design conforms with the document design recommendations of the International Civil Aviation Organization. The new ePassport featured in the 2008 Stockholm Challenge Event and was a finalist for the Stockholm Challenge Award in the Public Administration category. The Hong Kong SAR ePassport design was praised on account of the "multiple state-of-the-art technologies [which] are seamlessly integrated in the sophisticated Electronic Passport System (e-Passport System)".[65] The cost for a HKSAR passport is HKD 370 (or USD 48) for a 32-page passport and HKD 460 (or USD 59) for a 48-page passport.[66]

Macao
See also: Macau Special Administrative Region passport

Issued since 1 September 2009.

Georgia
See also: Georgian passport

Issued since 2010. Valid for 10 years to adults, costing 100 Lari if issued at tenth business day. The same day issuance will cost 205 Lari. Price of the photo (3 Lari) needs to be paid additionally. There are discounts, e.g. 50% discount for persons under age of 18.[67][68]

India
See also: Indian passport

The Government of India issues three different types of passports – Diplomatic passports; Official passports; and regular or ordinary passports. India initiated the first phase deployment of Biometric e-Passport only for diplomatic passport holders in India and abroad in 2008. Unlike diplomatic passport holders, ordinary Indian citizens are not eligible and are thus not issued e-passports. The new passports have been designed indigenously by the Central Passport Organization, the India Security Press, Nashik and IIT Kanpur. The passport contains a security chip with personal data and digital images. Initially, the new passports will have a 64 KiB chip with a photograph of passport holder and subsequently include the holder's fingerprint(s). The biometric passport has been tested with passport readers abroad and is noted to have a 4-second response time – less than half that of a US Passport (10 seconds). The passport need not be carried in a metal jacket for security reasons as it first needs to be passed through a reader, after which it generates access keys to unlock the chip data for reader access.[69] On 25 June 2008 Indian Passport Authority issued the first e-passport to Pratibha Patil, the then President of India.[70] The e-passport project is under the first phase of deployment and will be initially restricted to diplomatic passport holders only. In mid 2019, the Government of India floated a three-stage international tender for the manufacture of e-passports for ordinary Indian citizens.[71] Once the tendering and procurement process is complete, the Indian government hopes to start issuing e-passports for ordinary Indian citizens sometime in the coming years.[71] Reportedly, the Government of India has granted the Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) the tender for the second phase roll out of the programme. The current passport booklets remain valid and will be replaced by e-Passports as and when they are renewed.[72]

Indonesia
See also: Indonesian passport

48-page biometric passports cost Rp650,000 (US$43).[73] As of 12 October 2022, the validity of newly issued passports are extended from 5 years to 10 years.[74] Diplomatic and service biometric passports are issued since 19 August 2021.[75]

Iran
See also: Iranian passport

Issued since July 2007 for diplomatic and service passports, 20 February 2011 for ordinary biometric passports. The cost of a new passport was approximately IRR 1,500,000 (less than US$8) if issued inside Iran, 100 euros if issued overseas.[76]

Iraq
See also: Iraqi passport

Iraq started issuing the biometric passport to the public in March 2023.[77]

Israel
See also: Israeli passport

Issued since July 2013 for a 2-year pilot project under the Biometric Database Law. This was optional. In August 2013, any passport expiring in more than 2 years could be replaced free of charge with a biometric one upon request. Passports expiring within 2 years were charged the full fee. The review of the pilot project (that was supposed to be concluded in 2015) was postponed by order of the Minister of the Interior to a later date, due to the controversy regarding the creation of the Biometric Database rather than storing the biometric data only in the passport's chip, as is the practice in many other countries. In 2015, the duration of the pilot project was extended until 2017. In May 2017, the pilot project ended. Newly issued passports were then required to be biometric.[78]

To obtain a biometric passport, an applicant must appear in an Interior Ministry office "to be photographed by the special camera which records information such as facial bone structure, distance between one's eyes, ears to eyes and ratio of facial features one from another. The applicant will also be fingerprinted and all this information will be stored in the new high-tech electronic passport."[79]

As of January 2022, Israeli passports issued in the airport or outside of Israel are not biometric, and are generally valid for 5–10 years (1 year if issued as an emergency passport in the airport).

Japan
See also: Japanese passport

Issued since March 2006. The passports meet requirements of the US Visa Waiver Program which calls for countries to roll out their biometric passports before 26 October 2006.

Kazakhstan
See also: Kazakhstani passport

Kazakhstan has presented its concept at implementing biometric passport in 2009.

Kuwait
See also: Kuwaiti passport

Issued since March 2017. By late 2018 older non-biometric passports will no longer be valid for use.

Laos
See also: Laotian passport

Issued since September 2016.

Lebanon
See also: Lebanese passport

Issued since 1 August 2016.

Malaysia
See also: Malaysian passport

Issued since 1998.[1] Malaysia is however not a member of the Visa Waiver Program (VWP) and its first biometric passport did not conform to the same standards as the VWP biometric document because the Malaysian biometric passport was issued several years ahead of the VWP requirement. The difference lies in the storage of fingerprint template instead of fingerprint image in the chip, the rest of the technologies are the same. Also the biometric passport was designed to be read only if the receiving country has the authorisation from the Malaysian Immigration Department. Malaysia started issuing ICAO compliant passports from February 2010.[80]

Malaysia used to issue passports with validity for 2 years and 5 years, but the passport with 2 years validity was withdrawn since January 2015.[81]

The pricing for a Malaysian passport are RM 200 (approximately US$50) with 5 years validity, MYR 100 (approximately US$25) for senior citizens, children below 12, Hajj pilgrims, and students below 21 and studying abroad is MYR 100 and is free for disabled citizens.[82]

Maldives
See also: Maldivian passport

Issued since 26 July 2006. The new passport follows a completely new design, and features the passport holder's facial and fingerprint information as biometric identifiers. A 32-page Ordinary passport will cost Rf350, while a 64-page Ordinary passport will cost Rf600. Children under the age of 10 years and people applying for passports through diplomatic missions abroad will be issued with a 32-page non-electronic Ordinary passport, which will cost Rf250.

Mongolia
See also: Mongolian passport

Issued since the end of 2016.

Nepal
See also: Nepalese passport

Nepal started issuing E-passport from end of 2021.[83]

North Korea
See also: North Korean passport

Oman
See also: Omani passport

Issued since the end of 2014.[84]

Pakistan
See also: Pakistani passport

The Government of Pakistan issues three different types of passports. These are Diplomatic passports; Official passports; and Ordinary passports. On March 30, 2022, Prime Minister Imran Khan launched the e-passport service, which has twenty-nine new security features added. At this initial stage, the e-passport facility was only available for diplomatic officials and government officials who are issued diplomatic passports and official passports respectively.[85] The issuance of e-passports for Islamabad residents only commenced on June 10, 2023, at DGI&P Headquarters in Islamabad. However, starting from 16 August 2023, the issuance of e-passports extended to all field offices throughout the nation. Over time, this service will also be introduced to Foreign Missions of Pakistan abroad.[86]

Palestine
See also: Palestinian Authority passport

Issued since September 1, 2022. Choice is given for the time being between biometric and normal passports.

Philippines
See also: Philippine passport

Issued since 11 August 2009, costs about ₱950.[87][88]

Qatar
See also: Qatari passport

Issued since 20 April 2008, costs QAR 200.[89]

Saudi Arabia
See also: Saudi passport

On February 10, 2022; the Saudi Arabian ministry of interior has announced that they began issuing the new electronic Saudi Passport, with the same issuing fees as the past (300 SAR for 5 years and 600 SAR for 10 years).[90][91]

Singapore
See also: Singaporean passport

Issued since 15 August 2006,[92] costs SGD 70 if applied for online, by mail or ICA deposit box and SGD 80 if applied for via a Singapore Overseas Mission. Valid for 10 years. The passport now complies with the US Visa Waiver Program.[93]

South Korea
See also: South Korean passport

Issued since 25 August 2008, costs 55,000 Won (USD 55). Validity for 5 and 10 years.[94]


Syria
See also: Syrian passport

Syria has started issuing biometric passports in August 2023 for all new passports. The fee varies from £100 to £700 based on the period of processing. The validity varies between 2 years for young male citizens (due to military service), up to 6 years for other citizens. The current fee for the urgent passport (1-3 days processing time) makes it the most expensive passport globally.

Taiwan
See also: Taiwan passport

Issued since 29 December 2008, costs NT$1,300 (approximately US$40) for an ordinary passport with either 3, 5 or 10 years validity.

Tajikistan
See also: Tajik passport

Issued since 1 February 2010.

Thailand
See also: Thai passport

Diplomats and government officials passports issued from 26 May 2005. From 1 June 2005, a limited quantity of 100 passports a day was issued for Thai citizens, however, on 1 August 2005 a full operational service was installed and Thailand became the first country in Asia to issue an ICAO compliant biometric passport.[95]

Turkey
See also: Turkish passport

Turkish passports which are compatible with European Union standards have been available since 1 June 2010.[96] Colours of the new biometric passports have also been changed. Accordingly, regular passports; claret red, special passports; bottle green and diplomatic passports wrap black colours.[97]

Turkish Minister of the State announced that the government is printing the new passports at government minting office since the private contractor failed to deliver in March 2016.[98]

As of January 2022, cost of issuing a 10-year passport in Turkey is ₺1703.30 (approximately €115).[99]

Turkmenistan
See also: Turkmen passport

Turkmenistan became the first country in ex-USSR, in mid-Asia region to issue an ICAO-compliant biometric passport. The passport is available since 10 July 2008.[100]

United Arab Emirates
See also: Emirati passport

The United Arab Emirates Ministry of Interior began to issue biometric passports on 11 December 2011, making it the second GCC state to launch biometric passports after Qatar.[101]

Uzbekistan
See also: Uzbekistani passport

In Uzbekistan on 23 June 2009 Islam Karimov issued a Presidential Decree[102] "On measures to further improve the passport system in the Republic of Uzbekistan." On 29 December 2009 the President of Uzbekistan signed a decree to change the dates for a phased exchange of populations existing passport to the biometric passport. In accordance with this decree, biometric passports will be phased in, beginning with 1 January 2011. In the first phase, the biometric passport will be issued to employees of ministries, departments and agencies of the republic, individuals who travel abroad or outside the country, as well as citizens who receive a passport in connection with the achievement of a certain age or for other grounds provided by law. The second phase will be for the rest of the population who will be able to get new passports for the period from 2012 to 2015.

Vietnam
See also: Vietnamese passport

Issued since 1 March 2023.[103]

European Union/EFTA
Main articles: Passports of the European Union and Passports of the EFTA member states

It was planned that, except for Denmark and Ireland, EU passports would have digital imaging and fingerprint scan biometrics placed on their RFID chips.[104] This combination of biometrics aims to create an unrivaled level of security and protection against fraudulent identification papers . Technical specifications for the new passports have been established by the European Commission.[105] The specifications are binding for the Schengen agreement parties, i.e. the EU countries, except Ireland, and the four European Free Trade Association countries—Iceland, Liechtenstein,[106][107] Norway and Switzerland.[108] These countries are obliged to implement machine readable facial images in the passports by 28 August 2006, and fingerprints by 26 June 2009.[109] The European Data Protection Supervisor has stated that the current legal framework fails to "address all the possible and relevant issues triggered by the inherent imperfections of biometric systems".[110]

Irish biometric passports only used a digital image and not fingerprinting. German passports printed after 1 November 2007 contain two fingerprints, one from each hand, in addition to a digital photograph. Romanian passports will also contain two fingerprints, one from each hand. The Netherlands also takes fingerprints and was[111] the only EU member that had plans to store these fingerprints centrally.[112] According to EU requirements, only nations that are signatories to the Schengen acquis are required to add fingerprint biometrics.[113]

In the EU nations, passport prices will be:

  • Austria Austria (available since 16 June 2006): an adult passport costs €75.90,[114] while a chip-free child's version costs €30.[115] As of March 2009 all newly issued adult passports contain fingerprints.[116] Passports are valid for 2 years after issuance for children up to the age of 1; 5 years for children aged 2–11; 10 years for citizens aged 12 and older.
  • Belgium Belgium (introduced in October 2004): €71 or €41 for children + local taxes. As of May 2014, passports for adults are valid for 7 years.
  • Bulgaria Bulgaria (introduced in July 2009; available since 29 March 2010): BGN 40 (€20) for adults. Passports are valid for 5 years.[117]
  • Croatia Croatia (available since 1 July 2009): HRK 390 (€53). The chip contains two fingerprints and a digital photo of the holder. Since 18 January 2010 only biometric passports can be obtained at issuing offices inside Croatia. Diplomatic missions and consular offices must implement new issuing system until 28 June 2010.
  • Cyprus Cyprus (available since 13 December 2010): €70, valid for 10 years
  • Czech Republic Czechia (available since 1 September 2006): CZK 600 for adults (valid 10 years), CZK 100 for children (valid 5 years). Passports contain fingerprints.
  • Denmark Denmark (available since 1 August 2006): DKK 890 for adults (valid for 10 years), DKK 150 for children 0–11,(valid for 2years (age 0–2) or 5 years) DKK 178 for children 12–17,(valid for 5 years)and DKK 378 retirement age (from July 2021 67 years) (valid for 10 years). A new and standardised photo must be supplied too. As of January 2012 all newly issued passports contain fingerprints.[118][119]
  • Estonia Estonia (available since 22 May 2007): EEK 450 (€28.76) (valid for 5 years). As of 29 June 2009, all newly issued passports contain fingerprints.[120]
  • Finland Finland (available since 21 August 2006): €53 (valid for up to 5 years). As of 29 June 2009, all newly issued passports contain fingerprints.[121]
  • France France (available since April 2006): €86 or €89 (depending whether applicant provides photographs), valid for 10 years. As of 8 June 2022, all newly issued passports contain fingerprints with the exception of emergency passports that hold a validity of 1 year.[122][123][124]
  • Germany Germany (available since November 2005): ≤23 year old applicants (valid for 6 years) €37.50 and >24 years (valid 10 years) €60.[125] Passports issued from 1 November 2007 onwards include fingerprints.[126][127]
  • Greece Greece (available since 26 August 2006): €84.40 (valid for 3 years for children up to 14, valid for 10 years for adults).[128] Since June 2009, passports contain fingerprints.[129]
  • Hungary Hungary (available since 29 August 2006): HUF 7,500 (€26), valid for 5 years, HUF 14,000 (€48.50) valid for 10 years. As of 29 June 2009, all newly issued passports contain fingerprints.[130][131][132]
  • Republic of Ireland Ireland: Biometric passport booklets have been available since 16 October 2006, and Biometric passport cards since October 2015. 34-page passport booklets are priced at €75, 66-page booklets at €105,[133] both valid for 10 years. For children aged between 3 and 18 years the price is €26.50 and the passport booklets are valid for 5 years. Infants' passport booklets for those under 3 years cost €16 and expire 3 years after issue. Irish biometric passport cards are only available to adults of 18 years and over who already have an Irish passport booklet and cost €35. They expire on the same date as the holder's Irish passport booklet or 5 years after issue, whichever is the shorter period. (Ireland is not a signatory to the Schengen Acquis and has no obligation or plans to implement fingerprint biometrics.)
  • Italy Italy (available since 26 October 2006): €116,[134] valid for 10 years. As of January 2010 newly issued passports contain fingerprints.[135]
  • Latvia Latvia (available since 20 November 2007): an adult passport costs €30, or €20 if received together with eID,[136] valid for 10 or 5 years.
  • Lithuania Lithuania (available since 28 August 2006): €43.[137] For children up to 16 years old, valid max 5 years. For persons over 16 years old, valid for 10 years.[138]
  • Malta Malta (available since 8 October 2008): €70 for persons over 16 years old, valid for 10 years, €35 for children between 10 and 16 years (valid for 5 years) and €14 for children under 10 years (valid for 2 years).
  • Netherlands Netherlands (available since 28 August 2006): Approximately €11 on top of regular passport (€38.33) cost €49.33. Passports issued from 21 September 2009 include fingerprints. Dutch identity cards are lookalike versions of the holder's page of the passport but do not contain fingerprints.[139]
  • Poland Poland (available since 28 August 2006): PLN 140 (€35) for adults, PLN 70 for children aged under 13, free for seniors 70+ years, valid 10 years (5 years for children aged below 13). Passports issued from 29 June 2009 include fingerprints of both index fingers.[140]
  • Portugal Portugal (available since 31 July 2006 – special passport; 28 August 2006 – ordinary passport): €65 for all citizens valid for 5 years. All passports have 32 pages.[141]
  • Romania Romania (available since 31 December 2008): RON 258 for citizens over the age of 12, RON 234 for citizens under the age of 12,[142] valid for 10 years for those over the age of 18, 5 years for those over the age of 12 to 18, and for 3 years for those under 12. As of 19 January 2010, new passport includes both facial images and fingerprints.[143] Temporary passports valid for only one year can be issued for the price of RON 96 and is issued in less than 3 working days.
  • Slovakia Slovakia (available since 15 January 2008): an adult passport (>13 years) costs €33.19 valid for 10 years, while a chip-free child's (5–13 years) version costs €13.27 valid for 5 years and for children under 5 years €8.29, but valid only for 2 years. The latest version was issued in 2014 and contains a contactless chip in the biodata card that meets ICAO specifications.[144]
  • Slovenia Slovenia (available since 28 August 2006): €42.05 for adults, valid for 10 years. €35.25 for children from 3 to 18 years of age, valid for 5 years. €31.17 for children up to 3 years of age, valid for 3 years. All passports have 32 pages, a 48-page version is available at a €2.50 surcharge. As of 29 June 2009, all newly issued passports contain fingerprints.[145]
  • Spain Spain (available since 28 August 2006) at a price of €26 (price at 2018), free passports are issued for citizens that hold a "Familia Numerosa" document. They include fingerprints of both index fingers as of October 2009. (Aged <30 a Spanish passport is valid for 5 years, otherwise they remain valid for 10 years).
  • Sweden Sweden (available since October 2005): SEK 400 (valid for 5 years). As of 1 January 2012, new passport includes both facial images and fingerprints.[146]

In the EFTA, passport prices will be:

  • Iceland Iceland Issued since 23 May 2006 and costing ISK 5,100 (ISK 1,900 for under 18 and over 67).
  • Liechtenstein Liechtenstein biometric passports issued since 26 October 2006.[147] The technical specifications are binding for Liechtenstein[106][107] as it became part of the Schengen area in 2011.[148] The cost of the passport ranges from CHF 50 (children under 12) to CHF 250 for adults.
  • Norway Norway Issued since 2005, costs NOK 450 for adults, or c. €50, NOK 270 for children. Increased to NOK 570/342 in 2020.[149] In 2007 the Norwegian government launched a ‘multi-modal’ biometric enrolment system supplied by Motorola. Motorola's new system enabled multiple public agencies to digitally capture and store fingerprints, 2D facial images and signatures for passports and visas.[150] The Norwegian biometrics company IDEX ASA has begun development of electronic ID cards (eID) with fingerprint security technology for use throughout the EU.[151]
  • Switzerland Switzerland Issued since 4 September 2006, costs CHF 140 for adults and CHF 60 for children under 18 years.[152] Since 1 March 2010, all issued passports are biometric, containing a photograph and two fingerprints recorded electronically.[153]
Albania
See also: Albanian passport

Issued since May 2009, costs 7500 Lekë (€60). Valid for 10 years. Contains fingerprints, the bearer's photo and all the data written on the passport.

Belarus
See also: Belarusian passport

Issued since 1st of September 2021, Valid for 10 years. Contains fingerprints and facial photo, the bearer's photo and all the data written on the passport.

Bosnia and Herzegovina
See also: Bosnia and Herzegovina passport

Issued since 15 October 2009 and costing 50 KM (€25.65). Valid 10 years for adults and 5 years for younger than 18. On 1 June 2010 Bosnia and Herzegovina issued its first EAC passport.

Kosovo
See also: Passport of Kosovo

Issued since 31 October 2011.

Moldova
See also: Moldovan passport

Issued since 1 January 2008, costing approximately 760 MDL (€45)[154] and is obligatory from 1 January 2011. The passport of the Republic of Moldova with biometric data contains a chip which holds digital information, including the holder's signature, as well as the traditional information. It is valid for 7 years (for persons over 7) and 4 years (for persons less than 7) respectively. It was introduced as a request of European Union to safeguard the borders between the E.U. and Republic of Moldova.

Montenegro
See also: Montenegrin passport

Issued since 2008, costing €33.

North Macedonia
See also: North Macedonia passport

Issued since 2 April 2007, costs MKD 1,500 or c. €22.

Russia
See also: Russian passport

Issued since 2006. Since 3 August 2018, they cost 5,000 rubles (approximately US$80) and use printed data, photo and fingerprints and are BAC-encrypted.[155] Biometric passports issued after 1 March 2010 are valid for 10 years. Russian biometric passports are currently issued within Russia and in all of its consulates. From 1 January 2015, the passports contain fingerprints.

Serbia
See also: Serbian passport

Issued since 7 July 2008, costs RSD 3,600 or approximately €32.[156] Valid for 10 years, 5 years for children aged 3 to 14, and for 3 years for children aged 3 or less.

Ukraine
See also: Ukrainian passport and Biometric passports in Ukraine
Further information: Countries applying biometrics § Ukraine

It was first planned to issue biometric passports and identity cards on 1 January 2013.[157] They started being issued since January 2015.

Starting August 2021, Ukrainian citizens can use digital passports and identity cards in the Diia app for all legal purposes within Ukraine.[158]

In Ukraine, the term "digital passport" is used to denote only the fully digital version of the biometric passport accessible via the Diia mobile app.[158]

United Kingdom
See also: British passport

United Kingdom introduced it in March 2006, initially costing £72.50 for adults (valid for 10 years) and £46[159] for children under the age of 16 (valid for 5 years).[160]

Sovereign Military Order of Malta
See also: Sovereign Military Order of Malta passport

Issued since 2005 the SMOM diplomatic and service passports include biometric features and are compliant with ICAO standards.

Canada
See also: Canadian passport

Issued since 1 July 2013. Contains bearer's name, gender, and date and place of birth and a digital portrait of their face.[161]

Costa Rica

Issued since March 7, 2022.[162]

Honduras
See also: Honduran passport

Issued since March 22, 2022. Available to all citizens, biometric passports replaced regular passports. Regular passports are valid until expiry date. The price has remained the same at US$35 for a 5-year period and US$50 for a 10-year period. The passport is ICAO-Compliant with the biometric symbol () printed on the biographical data page as well as at the bottom on the front cover.[163]

Mexico
See also: Mexican passport

Issued since 5 October 2021.

Panama
See also: Panamanian passport

Issued since 2014, costs $100.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
See also: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines passport

Issued since 4 March 2014.[164]

United States
See also: United States passport

The biometric version of the U.S. passport (sometimes referred to as an electronic passport) has descriptive data and a digitized passport photo on its contactless chips, and does not have fingerprint information placed onto the contactless chip. However, the chip is large enough (64 kilobytes) for inclusion of biometric identifiers. The U.S. Department of State first issued these passports in 2006, and since August 2007 issues biometric passports only. Non-biometric passports are valid until their expiration dates.[165]

Although a system able to perform a facial-recognition match between the bearer and his or her image stored on the contactless chip is desired,[166] it is unclear when such a system will be deployed by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security at its ports of entry.[167][168]

A high level of security became a priority for the United States after the attacks of 11 September 2001. High security required cracking down on counterfeit passports. In October 2004, the production stages of this high-tech passport commenced as the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) issued awards to the top bidders of the program. The awards totaled to roughly $1,000,000 for startup, development, and testing. The driving force of the initiative is the U.S. Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002 (also known as the "Border Security Act"), which states that such smartcard identity cards will be able to replace visas. As for foreigners travelling to the U.S., if they wish to enter U.S. visa-free under the Visa Waiver Program (VWP), they are now required to possess machine-readable passports that comply with international standards. Additionally, for travellers holding a valid passport issued on or after 26 October 2006, such a passport must be a biometric passport if used to enter the U.S. visa-free under the VWP.

In November 2018, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport and Delta Air Lines opened the nation's first curb-to-gate biometric terminal, which promised to improve aviation security while moving travelers faster through screening.[169]

Australia
See also: Australian passport

Issued since October 2005, costs AU$325 as of 1 January 2023.[170] Contains the same personal information that is on the colour photo page, including a digitized photograph. Australia does not use fingerprinting of incoming passengers. Valid for 10 years for adults and 5 years for minors to 16 years.

Fiji
See also: Fijian passport

Issued since 19 September 2019.[171]

New Zealand
See also: New Zealand passport

Issued since November 2005, like Australia and the US, New Zealand is also using the facial biometric identifier. There are two identifying factors: the small symbol on the front cover (), indicating that an electronic chip has been embedded in the passport and the polycarbonate leaf in the front (version 2009) of the book, inside which the chip is located. Like Australia, New Zealand has installed SmartGates into airports to allow New Zealand ePassport and ePassport holders of 4 other countries (Australia, Canada, UK, and US) to clear immigration controls more rapidly, and facial recognition technology has been installed at immigration gates. The cost for a non-urgent passport is NZ$199 (when applying online or in person in New Zealand) for adults, and NZ$115 for children.[172] Passport were valid for five years if issued before December 2015. However, in 2015 the New Zealand government approved for the reinstatement of a 10-year validity period for passports, with all passports issued after December 2015 being valid for 10 years.

Argentina
See also: Argentine passport

Issued since June 2012, costs 1,500 pesos (USD 15). Valid for 10 years[173]

Bolivia
See also: Bolivian passport

Issued since 1 February 2019 and costing BOB 550 (USD 79.13). Valid 6 years. The Bolivian ePassport has the same functions as the other biometric passports as regulations from OASI.

Brazil
See also: Brazilian passport

Issued since December 2006. However, just in December 2010 it began to issue passports with microchips, first in the capital Brasília and Goiás state. Since the end of January 2011, this last is available to be issued all over Brazil. Valid for 10 years for adults and costs R$156.07 (approximately €35).[174] In December 2014, the Federal Police Department extended the validity of the document, from five to ten years.[175]

Chile
See also: Chilean passport

Issued since 2 September 2013. Valid for 5 years and since 1 February 2020 10 years.[176]

Colombia
See also: Colombian passport

Issued since 1 September 2015, costing COP 169,000 (approx. USD 48).[177]

Ecuador
See also: Ecuadorian passport

Issued since 14 September 2020.

Paraguay
See also: Paraguayan passport

Peru
See also: Peruvian passport

On 21 February 2016, the Superintendencia Nacional de Migraciones announced that the first Peruvian biometric passports would be delivered by 26 February 2016.[178][179] It features a new cover, along with several security improvements, in order to be exempted for visas for the Schengen Area.[180] It will cost PEN 98.50, approximately USD 28, making it the cheapest passport in Latin America.[181]

Uruguay
See also: Uruguayan passport

The Uruguayan Ministry of the Interior started to issue biometric passports to Uruguayan citizens on 16 October 2015. The new passport complies with the standards set forth by the Visa Waiver Program of the United States.[182] However for naturalised citizens, the passport is not ICAO 9303 compliant as the country of birth is used in the "nationality" field and associated MRZ leading to errors being returned on usage (as noted in section 7.1 of ICAO 9303 part 3).

Venezuela
See also: Venezuelan passport

Issued after July 2007, Venezuela was the first Latin American country issuing passports including RFID chips along other major security improvements. The chip has photo and fingerprints data.[183]

Biometric passport photo requirements

The ICAO standard sets a 35x45 mm image with adequate resolution with the following requirements:

  • The facial image shall depict a true likeness of the rightful holder of the passport and shall not be digitally altered or enhanced to change the subject's appearance in any way
  • A close up of the head and shoulders with the subject facing square on and looking directly at the camera with both eyes visible and with a neutral expression with the mouth closed
  • Both edges of the face must be clearly visible. The subject shall not be looking, portrait-style, over one shoulder
  • The eyes must be open, and there must be no hair obscuring them
  • Glasses: the photograph must show the eyes clearly with no lights reflected in the glasses. The glasses shall not have tinted lenses. Avoid heavy frames if possible and ensure that the frames do not cover any part of the eyes. Glasses should appear only if permanently worn.
  • Head coverings shall not be accepted except in circumstances that the issuing State specifically approves. The face must be visible from the hairline to the chin and forward of the ears.
  • A uniform light-coloured background shall be used to provide a contrast to the face and hair. For colour portraits, light blue, beige, light brown, pale grey or white are recommended for the background

Though some countries like USA use a 2x2 inch photo format (51x51 mm), they usually crop it to be closer to 35:45 in ratio when issuing a passport.

See also

References
  1. Mohd Jamal Kamdi. "THE MALAYSIAN ELECTRONIC PASSPORT" (PDF). Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  2. "Over 60+ countries now issuing ePassports – FindBiometrics". FindBiometrics. 30 December 2008. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  3. "The electronic passport in 2021 and beyond". Thales Group. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  4. "ICAO Document 9303, Part 1, Volume 1 (OCR machine-readable passports)" (PDF). ICAO. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  5. Hegemann, Hendrik (March 2015). "Constructions of Effectiveness and the Rationalization of Counterterrorism Policy: The Case of Biometric Passports". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 38 (3): 199–218. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2014.982384. S2CID 110098665.
  6. "ICAO PKD Participants". International Civil Aviation Organization. January 2017.
  7. "Metal shields and encryption for US passports". New Scientist. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  8. Funke, Holger. "Overview of eMRTD test specifications". blog.protocolbench.org.
  9. "Fingerprinting Passports" (PDF). Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  10. Goodin, Dan (26 January 2010). "Defects in e-passports allow real-time tracking, The Register, Dan Goodin, 26th Jan 2010". Theregister.co.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  11. "A Traceability Attack Against e-Passports, Tom Chothia and Vitaliy Smirnov, 14th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security 2010" (PDF). Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  12. Avoine, Gildas; Beaujeant, Antonin; Hernandez-Castro, Julio; Demay, Louis; Teuwen, Philippe (8 February 2016). "A Survey of Security and Privacy Issues in ePassport Protocols, Gildas Avoine, Antonin Beaujeant, J. C. Hernandez-Castro, Louis Demay, Philippe Teuwen, ACM Computing Surveys, Volume 48 Issue 3, February 2016, Article No. 47" (PDF). ACM Computing Surveys. 48 (3): 47:1–47:37. doi:10.1145/2825026. S2CID 17797990. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  13. "Attacks on Digital Passports" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  14. "Belgian Biometric Passport does not get a pass". Dice.ucl.ac.be. Archived from the original on 6 April 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  15. Kim Zetter (3 August 2006). "Hackers clone E-Passports". Wired. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  16. "Icao Pkd". .icao.int. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  17. Steve Boggan (6 August 2008). "Fakeproof e-passport is cloned in minutes". The Sunday Times. UK. Archived from the original on 8 July 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  18. "ePassport emulator". Dexlab.nl. Archived from the original on 12 April 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  19. "The Hacker's Choice ePassport tools". Freeworld.thc.org. Archived from the original on 16 September 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  20. Lettice, John (30 September 2008). "Elvis has left the border: ePassport faking guide unleashed". Theregister.co.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  21. "ePassport reloaded goes mobile" (PDF). Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  22. accessdate April 26, 2009
  23. "Cloning and tampering threats in e-Passports, Luca Calderoni and Dario Maio, Expert Systems with Applications" (PDF). Expert Systems with Applications. 41 (11): 5066–5070. September 2014. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2014.02.044. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  24. "PowerPoint Presentation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  25. "BBC NEWS – Programmes – Click – ePassports 'at risk' from cloning". bbc.co.uk.
  26. Budapest Declaration on Machine Readable Travel Documents, FIDIS NoE, Budapest, September 2006
  27. "E-government: who controls the controllers?". Opendemocracy.net. Archived from the original on 9 May 2006. Retrieved 9 February 2006.
  28. "Republic of Botswana - Government portal". Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  29. "Botswana introduces electronic passport". Sunday Standard. 7 March 2010.
  30. "Portail de pré-enrôlement du nouveau passeport biométrique national". passcam. Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  31. "Passaporte eletrónico arranca em Cabo Verde". CEO Lusófono. 26 January 2016. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  32. "The Lesotho Government Portal". Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  33. "Migration – Le passeport électronique obligatoire". L'Express de Madagascar. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  34. "Mauritanians make biometric passports compulsory". panapress. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
  35. "Passport portal of the Kingdom of Morocco". Kingdom of Morocco. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  36. "Moçambicanos necessitam de passaporte biométrico para entrar na África do Sul". Voice of America. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  37. "Namibia switches to electronic passports". The Namibian.
  38. "Namibia launches the e-passport". The Namibian.
  39. "De la Rue delivers new Sierra Leone ePassport". www.delarue.com.
  40. "?". Archived from the original on 21 January 2008.
  41. "www.sudanradio.org". sudanradio.org. Archived from the original on 31 December 2012.
  42. "South Sudan launches passports and national ID cards – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". www.sudantribune.com. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
  43. الجواز الالكترونى (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 9 March 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  44. Herald, The. "E-passport launch marks another milestone". The Herald. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  45. "Foreign ministry issues computerised passports (Video)". Pajhwok Afghan News. 18 September 2011. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  46. "Modernising the Afghan Passport Office". Khaama Press. 5 November 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  47. "Project of Biometric Passports in Armenia". PLUS Journal. 25 December 2008. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  48. Общество / Культура: У граждан Армении могут быть два вида паспортов. Barev.NET (in Russian). 20 October 2009. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  49. Армения. У граждан будет два типа удостоверений личности (in Russian). 21 October 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  50. "Bahrain to roll out e-Passports on March 20 with advanced security features".
  51. https://www.arabianbusiness.com/industries/travel-hospitality/bahrain-e-passport-types-features-all-you-need-to-know
  52. "MRP applications from Apr 1". BdNews24.com. 29 March 2010. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020.
  53. "E‑Passport Fees". www.epassport.gov.bd. Department of Immigration and Passports, Ministry of Home Affairs.
  54. "DIP mulls e-passports by Dec". The Independent. 6 July 2018. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018.
  55. "E-Passports set to be on roll in June". The Independent. 19 March 2019. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019.
  56. Mamun, Shohel (22 June 2018). "30 million e-passports for citizens". Dhaka Tribune. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020.
  57. "Brunei passport becomes Biometric passport". I4donline.net. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  58. "2014年07月17日 – 有效期10年‧申辦費100美元‧新版本護照啟用 – 新聞 – 柬埔寨". www.camsinchew.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  59. "Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi Attends the Launch Ceremony for the Trial Issuance of E-Passports for Public Affairs". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
  60. "因公电子护照31日试点签发 可使持照人快速通关". 中国网. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
  61. 中华人民共和国外交部公告 (in Chinese). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 1 June 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  62. "Chinese passports to get chipped". China Daily USA. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  63. 网易 (25 July 2017). "普通护照每本收费由200元降为160元_网易新闻". news.163.com. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  64. "4月全国启用新号段电子普通护照 你拿到新护照了吗 – 爱旅行网". www.ailvxing.com. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  65. "Electronic Passport System". Archived from the original on 29 August 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  66. "Fee Tables". Hong Kong Immigration Department. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  67. "სახელმწიფო სერვისების განვითარების სააგენტო – Passport". Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  68. "Migration Commission :: Passport of citizen of Georgia". migration.commission.ge. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  69. After US tests, India to get first e-passport (16 May 2008). "After US tests, India to get first e-passport". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2008. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  70. "E-passport launched, President gets one". India Today. Indo-Asian News Service. 25 June 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  71. "Government Plans to Introduce Chip-Enabled E-Passports With Advanced Security Features". News18. 18 July 2019. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019.
  72. Majumdar, Romita. "TCS could roll out chip based e-passports by the end of 2022". The Economic Times. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  73. "Immigration Fees". Directorate General of Immigration. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  74. Hasibuan, Linda (11 October 2022). "Mulai 12 Oktober Masa Berlaku Paspor 10 Tahun, Ini Biayanya". CNBC Indonesia. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  75. "Kementerian Luar Negeri Luncurkan E-Passport Diplomatik dan Dinas". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 19 August 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  76. مدارک لازم جهت صدور گذرنامه (in Persian). 8 March 2014. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  77. Lee, John (7 March 2023). "Iraq Launches Electronic Passport Portal". MENAFN.
  78. "המאגר הביומטרי ישמור עליכם". הארץ. 13 December 2016 – via Haaretz.
  79. Jewish News: The Yeshiva World, Israel Moving to Biometric Passport.
  80. "MALAYSIA PASSPORT: Biometric Passports". passport.com.my. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  81. Rashvinjeet S. Bedi (15 January 2015). "Passport fee reduced to RM200". The Star. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  82. "Pasport Malaysia Antarabangsa" [Malaysian International Passport] (in Malay). Immigration Department of Malaysia. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  83. "Nepal to distribute e-passports from Nov 17 – OnlineKhabar English News". 12 November 2021.
  84. "Royal Oman Police say biometric passports will replace old documents this year". 16 April 2014.
  85. "PM to launch e-passport system today: Rashid". The Express Tribune. 30 March 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  86. https://dgip.gov.pk/eServices/epassport.php
  87. Tan, Kimberly Jane (11 August 2009). "Arroyo first to receive e-passport from DFA".
  88. "Frequently asked questions regarding the 'e-passport'". 11 August 2009.
  89. "Services – Hukoomi – Qatar E-government".
  90. "عام / سمو الأمير عبدالعزيز بن سعود يقف على سير العمل في المديرية العامة للجوازات ويدشن جواز السفر السعودي الإلكتروني الجديد". 10 February 2022.
  91. "أبرز الأسئلة الشائعة حول #الجواز_السعودي_الإلكتروني". Twitter (in Arabic). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  92. "ICA – Immigration & Checkpoints Authority of Singapore". ica.gov.sg.
  93. "?". Archived from the original on 1 October 2006.
  94. "Passport Issuance Fees". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
  95. "Your partner in document verification". keesingfightfraud.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
  96. "?". Hurriyet Daily News (in Turkish). Turkey.
  97. "Çağdaş pasaport yolda" (in Turkish). 18 June 2009. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  98. "Turkey to start printing new biometric passports in March – Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  99. "T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Nüfus ve Vatandaşlık İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü". Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  100. "Turkmenistan introduces passports with biometric data of their holders". 10 July 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  101. "تم – خدمات حكومة أبوظبي". Abudhabi.ae. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  102. "Uzbekistan Today". Archived from the original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  103. "Bắt đầu cấp hộ chiếu gắn chip điện tử từ ngày 1-3". Báo Tuổi Trẻ (in Vietnamese). 16 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  104. Jonathan P. Aus (25 September 2006). "Decision-making under Pressure: The Negotiation of the Biometric Passports Regulation in the Council" (in Norwegian). Arena.uio.no. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  105. EC News article Archived 9 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine about the relevant regulations: Council Regulation (EC) 2252/2004, Commission Decision C(2005)409 adopted on 28 February 2005 and Commission Decision C(2006)2909 adopted on 28 June 2006
  106. 2008/261/EC: Council Decision of 28 February 2008 on the signature, on behalf of the European Community, and on the provisional application of certain provisions of the Protocol between the European Union, the European Community, the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein on the accession of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the Agreement between the European Union, the European Community and the Swiss Confederation on the Swiss Confederation's association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis, 26 March 2008, retrieved 22 October 2020
  107. 2008/262/EC: Council Decision of 28 February 2008 on the signature, on behalf of the European Union, and on the provisional application of certain provisions of the Protocol between the European Union, the European Community, the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein on the accession of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the Agreement between the European Union, the European Community and the Swiss Confederation on the Swiss Confederation's association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis, 26 March 2008, retrieved 22 October 2020
  108. Council Regulation (EC) No 2252/2004 of 13 December 2004, see preamble 10–14
  109. Regulation (EC) No 444/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 May 2009 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 2252/2004 on standards for security features and biometrics in passports and travel documents issued by Member States, 6 June 2009, retrieved 22 October 2020
  110. Opinion of the European Data Protection Supervisor on the proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Council Regulation (EC) No 2252/2004 on standards for security features and biometrics in passports and travel documents issued by Member States, 6 August 2008
  111. "Donner stopt opslag vingerafdruk paspoort". Security.NL. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  112. "Dutch government to store fingerprints". Nrc.nl. 18 September 2009. Archived from the original on 8 January 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  113. "COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 2252/2004 of 13 December 2004 on standards for security features and biometrics in passports and travel documents issued by Member States" (PDF). Official Journal of the European Union. 29 December 2004. Retrieved 6 October 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  114. "Reisepass – Neuausstellung". help.gv.at (in German). Bundeskanzleramt Österreich. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
  115. "Reisepass – Minderjährige unter 18 Jahren". help.gv.at (in German). Bundeskanzleramt Österreich. 15 May 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
  116. "Austria Adopts Fingerprint Passports". english.cri.cn. China Radio International. 30 March 2009. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  117. "Bulgaria to Start Issuing Biometric IDs in March 2010". Novinite.com. Sofia News Agency. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  118. "Priser på pas gældende fra 1. oktober 2004". politi.dk (in Danish). Danish National Police. 29 December 2009. Archived from the original on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  119. "The fee for issuing a new passport is raised from 1 February 2021". The Danish Immigration Service. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  120. "Estonian Passport Application". Consulate General of Estonia in New York. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  121. "Fingerprints to be included in new passports as from 29 June". Embassy of Finland, Washington. 29 June 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  122. "Passeport biométrique" (in French). Service-public.fr. Archived from the original on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  123. "Passeport en urgence : passeport temporaire pour un majeur". www.service-public.fr (in French). Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  124. "Etats-Unis- Entrée / Séjour". France Diplomatie - Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (in French). Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  125. "Welche Gebühren werden für den Reisepass erhoben?". Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat (in German). Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  126. "Elektronischer Reisepass" (in German). Bundesministerium des Innern. Archived from the original on 22 February 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  127. "Paßgesetz § 5 Gültigkeitsdauer" (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  128. "Issuance of passports". Embassy of Greece Canberra. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  129. "Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Archived from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  130. Molnár, Szilárd (6 July 2009). "HU: Fingerprint in Hungarian Passports". ePractice. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  131. "Június végétől ujjlenyomat is lesz az új útlevelekben". Kormányszóvivő.hu (in Hungarian). 26 May 2009. Archived from the original on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  132. "Útlevél" (PDF). tata.hu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2017.
  133. "Passport Renewals". Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  134. "Passport". esteri.it.
  135. "Avvio emissione di passaporto elettronico con impronte digitali" (in Italian). Ambasciata d'Italia a La Valletta. 11 January 2010. Archived from the original on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  136. "Pilsonības un migrācijas lietu pārvalde – Valsts nodeva par personu apliecinoša dokumenta izsniegšanu". www.pmlp.gov.lv.
  137. "Išdavimo tvarka" (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  138. "Personal document issuing scheme". Personalisation of Identity Documents Centre. Ministry of the Interior. Archived from the original on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  139. "Paspoort twee keer zo lang geldig, ID-kaart zonder vingerafdrukken". rijksoverheid.nl.
  140. "The new Polish passport with fingerprint". Polska Wytwórnia Papierów Wartościowych S.A. 22 June 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  141. "Passaporte Electrónico Português". Archived from the original on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  142. "Romanian Biometric Passport Prices". RCG. 7 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  143. "First biometric passport in Bucharest". RCG. 22 February 2010. Archived from the original on 31 May 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  144. "How to check a passport – Keesing Technologies". Keesing Technologies. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  145. "Slovenia to begin issuing second-generation biometric passports". News. Ministry of the Interior. 29 June 2009. Archived from the original on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  146. "Passport and visa". Swedavia. Archived from the original on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  147. "Home". www.consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  148. "Press corner". European Commission – European Commission. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  149. "Pass og timebestilling". Politiet (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  150. "Norway, Sweden push ahead and biometric passports" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2013.
  151. Bernstein, Ralph (1 November 2011). "European Union". Public Service Review (22).
  152. "Gebühr/Preis und Gültigkeit" (in German). 6 May 2010. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  153. "Pass 10" (in German). 25 January 2010. Archived from the original on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  154. Centrul Resurselor InformaŢionale de Stat "Registru". "Centrul Resurselor Informaţionale de Stat "Registru"". registru.md. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  155. Читаем биометрический паспорт (in Russian). 3 March 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  156. "MUP RS – Putne isprave". Mup.gov.rs. Archived from the original on 31 August 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  157. "Українці зможуть отримати біометричні паспорти вже 1 січня 2015 року". unn.com.ua. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  158. "Ukraine makes digital passports legally equivalent to ordinary ones | KyivPost – Ukraine's Global Voice". KyivPost. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  159. "Passport fees". www.gov.uk.
  160. "Passport prices rise". Directgov. 7 July 2009. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  161. "The ePassport". Passport Canada. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  162. "Biometric Passport – Dirección General de Migración y Extranjería (DGME)". migracion.go.cr. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  163. "Emitirán pasaporte electrónico a partir de este mes en Honduras". www.elheraldo.hn (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  164. "Passport Information – Ministry of National Security, Air and Sea Port Development". security.gov.vc. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  165. "The U.S. Electronic Passport". Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  166. "Biometrics". Department of Homeland Security. 24 October 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  167. Bronk, R. Christopher (May 2007). "Innovation by Policy: A Study of the Electronic Passport" (PDF). The James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  168. "Homeland Security backs off on scanning US citizens". The Register. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  169. US airport opens first fully biometric terminal – CNN travel
  170. "Passport fees". Australian Passport Office. 17 July 2022.
  171. Naidu, Jennis (19 September 2019). "Enrolment Of ePassports Starts Today, Immigration Department Outline New Fees". Fiji Sun. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  172. "Passport costs". Te Tari Taiwhenua – Internal Affairs. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  173. Ministerio del Interior y Transporte. "Ministerio del Interior y Transporte".
  174. "Globo Vídeos – VIDEO – Polícia Federal apresenta novo modelo de passaporte". Video.globo.com. 10 December 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
  175. "G1 – Polícia Federal amplia para dez anos prazo de validade de passaportes – notícias em Distrito Federal". Distrito Federal. 12 December 2014.
  176. "Nueva cédula de identidad y pasaporte electrónicos" (in Spanish). Government of Chile. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  177. Cancillería Colombia. "Costos".
  178. "Pasaporte electrónico se puede tramitar desde hoy". El Comercio (in Spanish). 23 February 2016.
  179. "Todo lo que necesitas saber sobre el Pasaporte Electrónico" (in Spanish). Superintendencia Nacional de Migraciones. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
  180. "Visa Schengen: su eliminación estará lista para marzo del 2016". El Comercio (in Spanish). 30 December 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  181. "Pasaporte peruano será el más barato de Latinoamérica, aseguran" (in Spanish). RPP. 21 February 2016.
  182. "Emiten hoy el primer pasaporte electrónico" (in Spanish). 16 October 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
  183. "Nuevo pasaporte electrónico entrará en vigencia a finales de año" (in Spanish). 22 September 2006. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.