Burmese Braille

Burmese Braille
Karen Braille
Burmese Braille; Karen Braille
Script type	Alphabet
Print basis	Burmese alphabet
Languages	Burmese, Karen
Related scripts
Parent systems	Braille English Braille? Burmese Braille; ;

Burmese Braille is the braille alphabet of languages of Burma written in the Burmese script, including Burmese and Karen. Letters that may not seem at first glance to correspond to international norms are more recognizable when traditional romanization is considered. For example, သ s is rendered ⠹ th, which is how it was romanized when Burmese Braille was developed (and is how it often still is romanized); similarly စ c and ဇ j as ⠎ s and ⠵ z.

History

The first braille alphabet for Burmese was developed by Father William Henry Jackson ca. 1918.[1] There was no provision for the voiced aspirate series of consonants (gh, jh, dh, bh), nor for the retroflex (tt etc.), and Jackson provided distinct letters for complex onsets such as ky, hm and for various syllable rimes (ok, ein, aung, etc.), with no regard to how they are written in the print Burmese alphabet. These aspects have all been changed, as have several of the letters for the values which were retained. However, some of the old letters, unusual by international standards, remain, such as ⠌ for င ng and ⠪ for ီ i.

Charts

Print letters

The letters in print Burmese transcribe consonants and, in syllable-initial position, vowels. The consonants each have a corresponding letter in braille, but the initial (stand-alone) vowels in print are in braille all written ⠰ plus the letter for the appropriate diacritic (see next section). The consonant ny has two forms in print which are distinct in braille as well.[2][3]


Braille
Print	က	ခ	ဂ	ဃ	င	စ	ဆ	ဇ	ဈ	ည
Roman	k	kh	g	gh	ng	c	ch	j	jh	ny
Braille
Print	ဋ	ဌ	ဍ	ဎ	ဏ	တ	ထ	ဒ	ဓ	န
Roman	tt	tth	dd	ddh	nn	t	th	d	dh	n

Braille
Print	ပ	ဖ	ဗ	ဘ	မ	ယ	ရ	လ	ဝ	သ
Roman	p	ph	b	bh	m	y	r	l₁	w	s

Braille
Print	ဟ	ဠ	အ	(initial vowel)						ဉ
Roman	h	l	'	(initial vowel)						-ny-

Stacked consonants

The stacking of consonants (conjuncts) in print is indicated with ⠤ in braille. That is, Burmese Braille has two viramas, one corresponding to print virama (see next section), and one corresponding to stacking. For example, ကမ္ဘာ kambha "world" is written ⠅⠍⠤⠃⠁.[4]

Print diacritics

The diacritics in print, which transcribe both vowels and consonants, are rendered as follows in Karen Braille.[3]

Braille
Print	ာ	ါ	ိ	ီ	ု	ူ	ေ	ဲ	?	ံ	င်္
Roman	-a[5]		-i.	-i	-u.	-u	-e	-ai:	[6]	-m	-ing

Braille
Print	ျ	ြ	်	ွ	ှ	့	◌း	(initial vowel)
Roman	-y-	-r-	(virama)	-w-	h-	-.[7]	-:[8]	(initial vowel)

⠰ is used to mark syllable- or word-initial vowels, which have distinct letters in the Burmese print alphabet. For example,

braille	⠰⠑	is print	ဥ u.,
	⠰⠑⠪⠆	=	ဦး u:,
	⠰⠱	=	ဧ e,
	⠰⠊	=	ဣ i.,
and	⠰⠪	=	ဤ i.

Numbers

Burmese numerals are represented as follows:[2]

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	0
Braille
Print	၁	၂	၃	၄	၅	၆	၇	၈	၉	၀

Punctuation

The following punctuation is specific to Burmese. (See Burmese alphabet#Punctuation for an explanation.) Western punctuation presumably uses Western braille conventions.

Braille					?	?
Print	၍	၏	၌	၎င်း	၊	။
Roman	(..and..)	.	@	(ditto)	,	.

References

World Braille Usage (Report). UNESCO. 1954. [Note: source says "circa 1914", but Jackson did not arrive in Burma until November 1917]
World Braille Usage Archived 2014-09-08 at the Wayback Machine, UNESCO, 2013
Karen Braille chart Archived November 9, 2013, at the Wayback Machine at the LoC
The sources used for this article are not explicit on the order of the braille letters.
Low tone
Labeled as a visarga, like ⠆ ◌း. However, it looks like the virama ်.
Creaky tone
High tone

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[1] World Braille Usage (Report). UNESCO. 1954. [Note: source says "circa 1914", but Jackson did not arrive in Burma until November 1917]

[unesco3-2] World Braille Usage Archived 2014-09-08 at the Wayback Machine, UNESCO, 2013

[Karen-3] Karen Braille chart Archived November 9, 2013, at the Wayback Machine at the LoC

[4] The sources used for this article are not explicit on the order of the braille letters.

[5] Low tone

[6] Labeled as a visarga, like ⠆ ◌း. However, it looks like the virama ်.

[7] Creaky tone

[8] High tone