Braille Patterns

The Unicode block Braille Patterns (U+2800..U+28FF) contains all 256 possible patterns of an 8-dot braille cell, thereby including the complete 6-dot cell range.[3] In Unicode, a braille cell does not have a letter or meaning defined. For example, Unicode does not define U+2817 ⠗ to be "R".

For the meaning of braille dot patterns, see English Braille.
Braille Patterns
RangeU+2800..U+28FF
(256 code points)
PlaneBMP
ScriptsBraille
Assigned256 code points
Unused0 reserved code points
Source standardsISO 11548-1
Unicode version history
3.0 (1999)256 (+256)
Unicode documentation
Code chart ∣ Web page
Note: [1][2]

Symbols, not letters

In Unicode braille characters are not defined as belonging to any other script, but are defined as the Braille script.[3] That is, the patterns are available as symbols, without connection to an alphabetic letter or a number. This is because the same symbol can be used in multiple scripts, e.g. as a Latin character, a Vietnamese character, a Chinese character and a digit. For example: although U+2813 ⠓ BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-125 represents the letter "H" in basic braille, its Unicode definition makes no reference to "H", and it is just as valid representing Korean ᄐ t-, or Japanese り ri.

For this reason – a dot-pattern is not a letter – Unicode declares that, strictly speaking, braille patterns are 'symbols', not 'letters'. The General Property is "So" (Symbol, other), not "Lo" (Letter, other). Beyond that declaration, however, braille is treated as a script in multiple places. E.g., the character property "Script" for the 256 braille code points is ISO 15924 "Brai", for braille. This way, searching users and programs are led to the right place.

Identifying, naming and ordering
Braille dot numbering
Hexadecimal value of braille dots

The coding is in accordance with ISO/TR 11548-1 Communication aids for blind persons.[3] Unicode uses the standard dot-numbering 1 to 8. Historically only the 6-dot cell was used in braille. The lower two dots were added later, which explains the irregular numbering 1-2-3-7 in the left column and 4-5-6-8 in the right column. Where dots 7 and 8 are not raised, there is no distinction between 6-dot and 8-dot definitions.

The Unicode name of a specific pattern mentions the raised dots: U+2813 ⠓ BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-125 has dots 1, 2 and 5 raised. By exception, the zero dot raised pattern is named U+2800 ⠀ BRAILLE PATTERN BLANK.[4]

In the 8-dot cell each dot individually can be raised or not. That creates 28=256 different patterns. By mapping each of the eight dots to a bit in a byte (in a little-endian order), and by defining "0"/"1" for not raised/raised per bit, every specific pattern generates an identifying binary number. So the pattern with dots 1-2-5 raised would yield (00010011)2, equivalent to (13)16 or (19)10.

The mapping can also be computed by adding together the hexadecimal values, seen at right, of the dots raised. So the pattern with dots 1-2-5 raised would yield 116+216+1016 = 1316. Whether computed directly in hexadecimal, or indirectly via binary, the result is added to 280016, the offset for the Braille Patterns Unicode block.

Unicode: Braille Pattern encoding examples
Braille symbol ⠓⣇⣿
Unicode character U+2813U+28C7U+28FF
Name BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-125BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12378BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12345678
Dot numbers available 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Dot raised=1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Reverse order
(lowest value right, as in decimal notation)		 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 12 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12
Hex value of dots 10+2+116 80+40+4+2+116 80+40+20+10+8+4+2+116
Total hexadecimal value 1316 C716 FF16
Into block,
offset U+280016		 280016+1316=U+2813 280016+C716=U+28C7 280016+FF16=U+28FF

There is no regular mapping to the braille ASCII numbering.

Colloquial names

The Unicode names of braille dot patterns are not the same as what many English speakers would use colloquially. In particular, Unicode names use the word dots in the plural even when only one dot is listed: thus Unicode says braille pattern dots-5 when most English-speaking users of braille would simply say "braille dot 5" or just "dot 5".

In addition, some English-speaking users of braille use the word "and" when listing only two dots. Thus braille pattern dots-45 would be spoken as "braille dots 4 and 5". The word "and" is not always used when listing many dots however.

Block

Braille was added to the Unicode Standard in September, 1999 with the release of version 3.0.

When using punching, the filled (black) dots are to be punched.

The Unicode block for braille is U+2800 ... U+28FF:

Braille Patterns[1]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+280x ⠀ ⠁ ⠂ ⠃ ⠄ ⠅ ⠆ ⠇ ⠈ ⠉ ⠊ ⠋ ⠌ ⠍ ⠎ ⠏
U+281x ⠐ ⠑ ⠒ ⠓ ⠔ ⠕ ⠖ ⠗ ⠘ ⠙ ⠚ ⠛ ⠜ ⠝ ⠞ ⠟
U+282x ⠠ ⠡ ⠢ ⠣ ⠤ ⠥ ⠦ ⠧ ⠨ ⠩ ⠪ ⠫ ⠬ ⠭ ⠮ ⠯
U+283x ⠰ ⠱ ⠲ ⠳ ⠴ ⠵ ⠶ ⠷ ⠸ ⠹ ⠺ ⠻ ⠼ ⠽ ⠾ ⠿
(end of 6-dot cell patterns)
U+284x ⡀ ⡁ ⡂ ⡃ ⡄ ⡅ ⡆ ⡇ ⡈ ⡉ ⡊ ⡋ ⡌ ⡍ ⡎ ⡏
U+285x ⡐ ⡑ ⡒ ⡓ ⡔ ⡕ ⡖ ⡗ ⡘ ⡙ ⡚ ⡛ ⡜ ⡝ ⡞ ⡟
U+286x ⡠ ⡡ ⡢ ⡣ ⡤ ⡥ ⡦ ⡧ ⡨ ⡩ ⡪ ⡫ ⡬ ⡭ ⡮ ⡯
U+287x ⡰ ⡱ ⡲ ⡳ ⡴ ⡵ ⡶ ⡷ ⡸ ⡹ ⡺ ⡻ ⡼ ⡽ ⡾ ⡿
U+288x ⢀ ⢁ ⢂ ⢃ ⢄ ⢅ ⢆ ⢇ ⢈ ⢉ ⢊ ⢋ ⢌ ⢍ ⢎ ⢏
U+289x ⢐ ⢑ ⢒ ⢓ ⢔ ⢕ ⢖ ⢗ ⢘ ⢙ ⢚ ⢛ ⢜ ⢝ ⢞ ⢟
U+28Ax ⢠ ⢡ ⢢ ⢣ ⢤ ⢥ ⢦ ⢧ ⢨ ⢩ ⢪ ⢫ ⢬ ⢭ ⢮ ⢯
U+28Bx ⢰ ⢱ ⢲ ⢳ ⢴ ⢵ ⢶ ⢷ ⢸ ⢹ ⢺ ⢻ ⢼ ⢽ ⢾ ⢿
U+28Cx ⣀ ⣁ ⣂ ⣃ ⣄ ⣅ ⣆ ⣇ ⣈ ⣉ ⣊ ⣋ ⣌ ⣍ ⣎ ⣏
U+28Dx ⣐ ⣑ ⣒ ⣓ ⣔ ⣕ ⣖ ⣗ ⣘ ⣙ ⣚ ⣛ ⣜ ⣝ ⣞ ⣟
U+28Ex ⣠ ⣡ ⣢ ⣣ ⣤ ⣥ ⣦ ⣧ ⣨ ⣩ ⣪ ⣫ ⣬ ⣭ ⣮ ⣯
U+28Fx ⣰ ⣱ ⣲ ⣳ ⣴ ⣵ ⣶ ⣷ ⣸ ⣹ ⣺ ⣻ ⣼ ⣽ ⣾ ⣿
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1

Font differences

When showing braille graphically in printed instruction manuals, it can be useful to indicate the dots that are not punched, especially if a single braille cell of only one or two punched dots is shown out of context: in this case it might otherwise be difficult to judge the vertical alignment of the dots and tell the difference between, say, dots 2 and 4 versus dots 3 and 5.

The current Unicode charts, and some fonts, use empty circles to indicate dots that are not punched. This does not always render very clearly: if the circle outlines are printed heavily then it can be difficult to tell at a glance whether the dot is filled in or not. The braille package for LaTeX (and several printed publications such as the printed manual for the new international braille music code) show unpunched dots as very small dots (much smaller than the filled-in dots) rather than circles, and this tends to print better.

Some braille fonts do not indicate unpunched dots at all. Additionally, some Linux braille fonts (e.g. GNU Unifont and the DejaVu fonts) use small squares instead of small circles to indicate dots.[5]

Other uses

The Braille Pattern characters are commonly[6] used in terminal applications as a way to draw multiple pixels per character.

History

The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Braille Patterns block:

VersionFinal code points[lower-alpha 1]CountUTC IDL2 IDWG2 IDDocument
3.0U+2800..28FF256X3L2/90-064Extracts from "A Proposal for Funding the Programs of Braille Research and Literacy", 1990-01-01
X3L2/91-085TC 173 Proposals for new work items for Braille Coding, 1991-03-20
X3L2/92-039Bishop, Avery (1991-10-29), The long awaited draft reply on Braille symbol encoding
N1093Shibano, Kohji (1994-12-26), Braille Letters
N1203Umamaheswaran, V. S.; Ksar, Mike (1995-05-03), "6.1.3.3", Unconfirmed minutes of SC2/WG2 Meeting 27, Geneva
X3L2/95-114N1279Braille letters (addition request), 1995-10-27
N1303 (html, doc)Umamaheswaran, V. S.; Ksar, Mike (1996-01-26), "8.14 Braille", Minutes of Meeting 29, Tokyo
X3L2/95-125Duran, Peter (1990-05-24), A Proposal for Funding the Programs of Braille Research and Literacy
UTC/1996-002Aliprand, Joan; Hart, Edwin; Greenfield, Steve (1996-03-05), "Braille", UTC #67 Minutes
UTC/1996-007Hart, Edwin (1996-03-07), Contribution on Encoding Braille in ISO/IEC 10646
N1342Sato, Takayuki K. (1996-03-19), Braille letters (confirmation of request)
N1339Ksar, Mike (1996-03-28), Liaison Letter on Braille to ISO/TC137 Secretariat
N1345Hart, Edwin (1996-04-01), Initial comments on encoding Braille into ISO/IEC 10646
N1353Umamaheswaran, V. S.; Ksar, Mike (1996-06-25), "8.9", Draft minutes of WG2 Copenhagen Meeting # 30
UTC/1996-027.2Greenfield, Steve (1996-07-01), "K. Braille Proposal", UTC #69 Minutes (PART 2)
N1409RBraille Symbols, 1996-08-12
N1453Ksar, Mike; Umamaheswaran, V. S. (1996-12-06), "8.9", WG 2 Minutes - Quebec Meeting 31
L2/97-047N1541Everson, Michael (1997-03-11), Proposed pDAM text for Braille
N1588DIS 11 548-1 - Communication aids for blind persons Part 1: Braille identifiers and shift marks - General guidelines, 1997-06-23
N1588.1DIS 11 548-2 - Communication aids for blind persons Part 2: Latin alphabet based character sets
L2/97-157N1612Report of ad-hoc group on Braille encoding, 1997-07-01
L2/97-288N1603Umamaheswaran, V. S. (1997-10-24), "8.4", Unconfirmed Meeting Minutes, WG 2 Meeting # 33, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, 20 June - 4 July 1997
L2/98-136N1770Paterson, Bruce (1998-04-06), Revised Text of 10646-1/FPDAM 16: Amendment 16: Braille Patterns
L2/98-286N1703Umamaheswaran, V. S.; Ksar, Mike (1998-07-02), "6.2.2 FPDAM-16 - Braille patterns", Unconfirmed Meeting Minutes, WG 2 Meeting #34, Redmond, WA, USA; 1998-03-16--20
  1. Proposed code points and characters names may differ from final code points and names

References
  1. "Unicode character database". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  2. "Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  3. Unicode Chapter 15, section 15.10
  4. Unicode chart U+2800, braille patterns
  5. "Braille Pattern Dots-1358 (U+2895) Font Support". fileformat.info. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
  6. "Iirelu/Braillify". GitHub. 22 July 2021.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.