Lydian alphabet

The Lydian alphabet[2][3] is closely related to the other alphabets of Asia Minor as well as to the Greek alphabet. It contains letters for 26 sounds. Some are represented by more than one symbol, which is considered one "letter." Unlike the Carian alphabet, which had an f derived from Φ, the Lydian f has the peculiar 8 shape also found in the Neo-Etruscan alphabet and in Italic alphabets of Osco-Umbrian languages such as Oscan, Umbrian, Old Sabine and South Picene (Old Volscian),[4] and it is thought to be an invention of speakers of a Sabellian language (Osco-Umbrian languages).[4]

The Lydian Alphabet

Letter		Transliteration	Sound (IPA)	Notes
Text	Image
𐤠		a	[a]
𐤡		traditional: b new: p	[p~b]	Plain labial voiced to [b] before nasals and probably [r]
𐤢		g	[ɡ]	Occasionally substituted for secondarily voiced /k/.
𐤣		d	[θ~ð]?	Descends from lenited PIE *t; most likely an interdental [θ~ð] though another coronal fricative such as [z] is possible
𐤤		e	[eː]	Fairly high and long, like Greek ει; only occurs accented.
𐤥		traditional: v new: w	[w~v]	Descends from PIE *w; may have been labiodental. Now usually transcribed w to avoid confusion with ν for the nasal 𐤸.
𐤦		i	[i]
𐤧		y	[i̯~j]?	Apparently an allophone of /i/, perhaps when unstressed. Attested only 11 times: artymu- ~ artimu-.[5] It may be a borrowing of Carian 𐊹.
𐤨		k	[k~ɡ]	Voiced to [ɡ] before nasals and probably [r]
𐤩		l	[l]
𐤪		m	[m]
𐤫		n	[n]
𐤬		o	[oː]	Fairly high and long, like Greek ου; only occurs accented.
𐤭		r	[r]
𐤮		traditional: ś new: s	[s]	A simple [s], despite its former traditional transcription.
𐤯		t	[t~d]	Voiced to [d] before nasals and probably [r]
𐤰		u	[u]
𐤱		f	[f] or [ɸ]	Labiodental or bilabial fricative. Alternates with /w/ in: 𐤩𐤤𐤱𐤮~‎𐤩𐤤𐤥𐤮 lewś~lefś "Zeus"
𐤲		q	[kʷ]	At least historically [kʷ]; it is not clear if this pronunciation was still current.
𐤳		traditional: s new: š	[ç] or [ʃ]	Palatalized *s. Newer transcriptions use š.
𐤴		τ	[tç] or [tʃ]	𐤴𐤴 ττ results from 𐤯+‎𐤳 t+s as in: 𐤨𐤠𐤯+𐤳𐤠𐤣𐤪𐤶𐤮 >‎ 𐤨𐤠𐤴𐤴𐤠𐤣𐤪𐤶𐤮 kat+sadmẽś > kaττadmẽś
𐤵		ã	nasal vowel	Perhaps [ãː]. Only occurs accented. Ã or a is found before a nasal consonant: aliksãntru ~ aliksantru.[6]
𐤶		ẽ	nasal vowel	Not [ẽ]; perhaps [ã] or [æ̃] as in Lycian. Only occurs accented.
𐤷		λ	[ʎ] (or [ɾʲ]?)	Palatalized *l (or palatalized flap?[7])
𐤸		traditional: ν new: ñ	[ɲ] or [ŋ]?	Arose from word-final or palatalized *m and *n; later loss of final vowels caused it to contrast with those sounds. Transliterated as a Greek ν (nu). A new transcription is ñ, to avoid confusion with the Latin letter v and parallel to the Lycian letter transcribed as ñ, also with similar but unknown pronunciation.)
𐤹		c	[ts~dz]?	An undetermined affricate or fricative: [ts], [z], [dz], or [dʒ], etc. At least one origin is assibilated PIE *d.

In addition, two digraphs, aa and ii, appear to be allophones of [a] and [i] under speculative circumstances, such as lengthening from stress.[8] Complex consonant clusters often appear in the inscriptions and, if present, an epenthetic schwa was evidently not written: 𐤥𐤹𐤯𐤣𐤦𐤣 wctdid [wt͡stθiθ], 𐤨𐤮𐤡𐤷𐤯𐤬𐤨 kśbλtok- [kspʎ̩tok].

Note: a newer transliteration employing p for b, s for ś, š for s, and/or w for v appears in recent publications and the online Dictionary of the Minor Languages of Ancient Anatolia (eDiAna), as well as Melchert's Lydian corpus.[9][10]

The Lydian alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in April, 2008 with the release of version 5.1. It is encoded in Plane 1 (Supplementary Multilingual Plane).

The Unicode block for Lydian is U+10920–U+1093F:

• Lydian language
• Lydia
• Lydians
• Runes