Percomorpha

Percomorpha (from Latin perca 'perch', and Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ) 'shape, appearance') is a large clade of ray-finned fish with more than 17 000 known species that includes the tuna, seahorses, gobies, cichlids, flatfish, wrasse, perches, anglerfish, and pufferfish.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

Percomorpha
Rose fish
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Clade: Percomorpha
Cope, 1871
Subgroups

See text

Synonyms
  • Percomorphaceae Betancur-Rodriguez et al., 2013
  • Acanthopteri

Evolution

Percomorpha are the most diverse group of teleost fish today. Teleosts, and percomorphs in particular, thrived during the Cenozoic era. Fossil evidence shows that there was a major increase in size and abundance of teleosts immediately after the mass extinction event at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary ca. 66 Ma ago.[7]

Evolution of ray-finned fishes, Actinopterygii, from the Devonian to the present as a spindle diagram. The width of the spindles are proportional to the number of families as a rough estimate of diversity. The diagram is based on Benton, M. J. (2005) Vertebrate Palaeontology, Blackwell, 3rd edition, Fig 7.13 on page 185.

External relationships

The two cladograms below are based on Betancur-R et al., 2017.[5] Percomorphs are a clade of teleost fishes. The first cladogram shows the interrelationships of percomorphs with other living groups of teleosts.


Teleostei

Elopomorpha (Elopiformes, Albuliformes, Notacanthiformes, Anguilliformes)

Osteoglossocephala

Osteoglossomorpha (Hiodontiformes, Osteoglossiformes)

Clupeocephala
Otocephala

Clupei (Clupeiformes)

Alepocephali (Alepocephaliformes)

Ostariophysi (Gonorynchiformes, Cypriniformes, Characiformes, Gymnotiformes, Siluriformes)

Euteleostei
Lepidogalaxii

Lepidogalaxiiformes (salamanderfish)

Protacanthopterygii (Argentiniformes, Galaxiiformes, Esociformes, Salmoniformes)

Stomiati (Stomiiformes, Osmeriformes)

Neoteleostei
Ateleopodia

Ateleopodidae (jellynoses)

Eurypterygia
Aulopa

Aulopiformes (lizardfish)

Ctenosquamata
Scopelomorpha

Myctophiformes (lanternfish)

Acanthomorpha

Lampripterygii (Lampriformes)

Paracanthopterygii (Percopsiformes, Zeiformes, Stylephoriformes, Gadiformes)

Polymixiipterygii

Polymixiiformes (beardfish)

Acanthopterygii
Berycimorphaceae

Beryciformes (alfonsinos, whalefishes)

Trachichthyiformes (pinecone fishes, slimeheads)

Holocentrimorphaceae

Holocentriformes (squirrelfish, soldier fishes)

Percomorpha


Internal relationships

The following cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships of the various groups of extant percomorph fishes:


Percomorpha
Ophidiaria

Ophidiiformes (cusk-eels)

Batrachoidaria

Batrachoididae (toadfishes)

Pelagiaria

Scombriformes (tunas, mackerel, etc.)

Syngnatharia

Syngnathiformes (seahorses, seadragon, etc.)

Gobiaria

Gobiiformes (gobies)

Kurtiformes (nurseryfishes, cardinalfishes)

Anabantaria

Anabantiformes (snakeheads, Siamese fighting fish, gouramies)

Synbranchiformes

Carangaria

Polynemidae (threadfins)

Lactariidae (false trevally)

Menidae (moonfish)

Part of "Carangiformes"

Nematistiidae (roosterfish)

Echeneidae (remoras)

Coryphaenidae (dolphinfish)

Rachycentridae (cobia)

Sphyraenidae (barracudas)

Centropomidae (snooks)

Pleuronectiformes (flatfish)

Part of "Carangiformes"

Carangidae (jacks)

Istiophoriformes (billfish)

Leptobramidae (beachsalmons)

Toxotidae (archerfish)

Ovalentaria
Cichlomorphae

Cichliformes (cichlids, convict blennies)

Polycentridae (leaffish)

Atherinomorphae

Beloniformes (needlefish, flying fish, halfbeaks)

Atheriniformes (silversides, rainbowfish, etc.)

Cyprinodontiformes (tooth-carps)

Ambassidae (Asiatic glassfishes)

Congrogadidae (eel blenny)

Pomacentridae (damselfishes, clownfish)

Embiotocidae (surfperches)

Mugilomorphae

Mugiliformes (mullets)

Lipogramma

Plesiopidae (roundheads)

Pseudochromidae (dottybacks)

Grammatidae (basslets)

Opistognathidae (jawfishes)

Blenniimorphae

Blenniiformes (blennies, clinids, sand stargazers)

Gobiesociformes (clingfishes)

Eupercaria

Gerreiformes (mojarras)

Uranoscopiformes (stargazers)

Centrogenyidae (false scorpionfish)

Labriformes (wrasses, cales, parrotfish)

Perciformes (perches, sticklebacks, scorpionfishes, etc.)

Centrarchiformes (black basses, temperate perches, etc.)

Pempheriformes (sweepers)

Moronidae (temperate basses)

Sillaginidae (smelt-whitings)

Ephippiformes (spadefishes, batfishes)

Chaetodontiformes (butterflyfishes)

Sciaenidae (drums, croakers)

Acanthuriformes (surgeonfishes, ponyfishes)

Monodactylidae (moonyfishes, fingerfishes)

Emmelichthyidae (rovers)

Pomacanthidae (angelfishes)

Lutjaniformes (snappers)

Callanthiidae (splendid perches)

Malacanthidae (tilefishes)

Lobotiformes (tripletails)

Spariformes (sea breams)

Siganidae (rabbitfishes)

Priacanthiformes (bigeyes, bandfishes)

Scatophagidae (scats)

Caproiformes (boarfishes)

Lophiiformes (anglerfishes)

Tetraodontiformes (pufferfishes, triggerfishes, etc.)

References
  1. Phylogenetic analyses of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) using collagen type I protein sequences
  2. Thomas J. Near; et al. (2012). "Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification". PNAS. 109 (34): 13698–13703. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10913698N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206625109. PMC 3427055. PMID 22869754.
  3. Betancur-R, Ricardo; et al. (2013). "The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes". PLOS Currents Tree of Life. 5 (Edition 1). doi:10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288. hdl:2027.42/150563. PMC 3644299. PMID 23653398.
  4. Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1995). "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (2): 165–223. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x.
  5. Betancur-R, Ricardo; Wiley, Edward O.; Arratia, Gloria; Acero, Arturo; Bailly, Nicolas; Miya, Masaki; Lecointre, Guillaume; Ortí, Guillermo (6 July 2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
  6. Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 314–526. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  7. Sibert, E. C.; Norris, R. D. (2015-06-29). "New Age of Fishes initiated by the Cretaceous−Paleogene mass extinction". PNAS. 112 (28): 8537–8542. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.8537S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1504985112. PMC 4507219. PMID 26124114.
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