Chichester

Chichester (/ˈtʃɪtʃɪstər/ ⓘ)[4] is a cathedral city and civil parish in West Sussex, England.[5] It is the only city in West Sussex and is its county town. It was a Roman and Anglo-Saxon settlement and a major market town from those times through Norman and medieval times to the present day. It is the seat of the Church of England Diocese of Chichester, with a 12th-century cathedral.

For the local government district, see Chichester District. For other uses, see Chichester (disambiguation).

Chichester
City
Market Cross
Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity
Guildhall
Pallant House Gallery
Festival Theatre
Clockwise from top: Market Cross seen from East Street, the Guildhall, the Festival Theatre, Pallant House Gallery and the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity
Coat of arms granted in 1570
Chichester is located in West Sussex
Chichester
Chichester
Location within West Sussex
Area10.67 km2 (4.12 sq mi) [1]
Population26,795 [2] (2011 Census)
• Density2,225/km2 (5,760/sq mi)
DemonymCicestrian[3]
OS grid referenceSU86060482
• London54 miles (87 km) NNE
Civil parish
  • Chichester
District
Shire county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townCHICHESTER
Postcode districtPO19
Dialling code01243
PoliceSussex
FireWest Sussex
AmbulanceSouth East Coast
UK Parliament
WebsiteCity Council

The city has two main watercourses: the Chichester Canal and the River Lavant. The Lavant, a winterbourne, runs to the south of the city walls; it is hidden mostly in culverts when close to the city centre.

History

Roman period
Main article: Noviomagus Reginorum

There is no recorded evidence that the city that became Chichester was a settlement of any size before the coming of the Romans.[6] The area around Chichester is believed to have played a significant part during the Roman invasion of AD 43, as confirmed by evidence of military storage structures in the area of the nearby Fishbourne Roman Palace.[7] The city centre stands on the foundations of the Romano-British city of Noviomagus Reginorum, capital of the Civitas Reginorum.[8][9]

The Roman road of Stane Street, connecting the city with London, started at the east gate, while the Chichester to Silchester road started from the north gate. The plan of the city is inherited from the Romans: the North, South, East and West shopping streets radiate from the central market cross dating from medieval times.

The original Roman city wall was over 6+1⁄2 feet (2.0 m) thick with a steep ditch (which was later used to divert the River Lavant). It survived for over 1,500 years before being replaced by a thinner Georgian wall.

The city was also home to some Roman baths, found down Tower Street when preparation for a new car park was underway. A museum, The Novium, preserving the baths was opened on 8 July 2012.

An amphitheatre was built outside the city walls, close to the East Gate, in around 80 AD. The area is now a park, but the site of the amphitheatre is discernible as a gentle bank approximately oval in shape; a notice board in the park gives more information.

In January 2017, archaeologists using underground radar reported the discovery of the relatively untouched ground floor of a Roman townhouse and outbuilding. The exceptional preservation is due to the fact the site, Priory Park, belonged to a monastery and has never been built upon since Roman times.[10]

Anglo-Saxon period
Chichester City walls. Saxon and medieval work on Roman foundations.
AR penny, minted in Chichester under Cnut the Great between 1024 and 1030.
Moneyer: Leofwine.

The legendary foundation of Anglo-Saxon Chichester is described by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle that says that the area was annexed towards the close of the fifth century, by Ælle and his three sons. The city was supposedly renamed after his son, Cissa. It also says that it was the principal city of the Kingdom of Sussex. However, the foundation story is regarded as a myth by historians as there is no archaeological evidence that Chichester was reoccupied after the Romans left until the 9th century.[11][12]

In the 9th century Alfred the Great set about building a system of fortified towns or forts, known as burhs, in response to the Viking threat. This included old Roman settlements where the walls could be rebuilt and strengthened. Chichester was one of these and was rebuilt probably between 878–879. The Burghal Hidage is an Anglo-Saxon document that provides a list of over thirty burhs, mainly in the ancient Kingdom of Wessex, and the taxes (recorded as numbers of hides) assigned for their maintenance. For each five hides the town was expected to provide one fully armed soldier in the king's service, and one man from every hide was to be liable to do garrison duty for the burhs and to help in their initial construction and upkeep. Chichester was one of the larger burhs and was rated at 1500 hides.[13] [14]

The system was supported by a communication network based on hilltop beacons to provide early warning. It has been suggested that one such link ran from Chichester to London.[15][16]

Norman period

Following the Norman conquest, the cathedral that had been founded in 681 at Selsey was moved to Chichester after the Council of London of 1075 decreed that Sees should be centred in cities.[17]

When the Domesday Book was compiled, Cicestre[18] in the Hundred of Stockbridge (comprising 102 households across the five areas outside the city)[19] comprised 300 dwellings which held a population of 1,500 people, and had an annual value of 25 pounds. There was a mill named Kings Mill that would have been rented to local slaves and villeins. After the Battle of Hastings the township of Chichester was handed to Roger de Mongomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, for courageous efforts in the battle, but it was forfeited in 1104 by the 3rd Earl. Shortly after 1066 Chichester Castle was built by Roger de Mongomerie to consolidate Norman power.[20] In around 1143 the title Earl of Arundel (also known as the Earl of Sussex until that title fell out of use) was created and became the dominant local landowner. In 1216, Chichester Castle, along with Reigate Castle, was captured by the French, but regained the following year, when the castle was ordered to be destroyed by the king.[21] Between 1250 and 1262, the Rape of Chichester was created from the western half of Arundel rape, with the castle as its administrative centre.[22]

Medieval to Victorian period
Engraved map of Chichester in 1610 by John Speed

In about 1400 Bishop Robert Reed erected a cross in the Market Place.[23]

At Christmas 1642 during the First English Civil War, the city was besieged and St Pancras church was destroyed by gunfire.[24]

A military presence was established in the city in 1795 with the construction of a depot on land where the Hawkhurst Gang had been hanged. It was named the Roussillon Barracks in 1958.[25]

The military presence had mostly ceased by 2014 and the site was being developed for housing.[26] with the former Guardroom known as The Keep playing host to a detachment of the Army Cadet Force.[27]

At the beginning of the 19th-century, Chichester's livestock market was recorded as the second largest in the country.[28]

World War II to present

Chichester was bombed by the Luftwaffe during World War II, but fared relatively well compared to larger English cities.[29][30] On 11 May 1944, a United States Air Force B-24 Liberator Bomber crashed in the city, killing three, injuring 38, and damaging hundreds of local buildings.[31]

In December 1993 and January 1994, Chichester was affected by the 1993–94 West Sussex floods.[32]

On 21 November 2017, the Chichester District Council adopted a 'Southern Gateway' plan to redevelop an area from the law courts to the canal basin, including the two railway level crossings.[33][34]

Governance
See also: History of local government in Sussex and List of mayors of Chichester
red brick building, colonaded at ground level with white pillars at the front above
Council House, North Street, headquarters of the City Council
three and four storey Georgian-style red brick building with eleven central bays and two wings, with trees and lawns in the foreground
County Hall, Chichester, headquarters of West Sussex County Council

Historically, Chichester was a city and liberty,[6] thereby largely self-governing. Although it has retained its city status, in 1888 it became a municipal borough, transferring some powers to West Sussex administrative county. In 1974 the municipal borough became part of the much larger Chichester District. There is a city council[35] but it only has the powers of a parish council; control of services is largely in the hands of Chichester District Council and West Sussex County Council.

The city council consists of twenty elected members serving four wards of the city – North, South, East, and West.[36]

The Council House on North Street dates from 1731;[37] prior to this the City Corporation had met in Chichester Guildhall. In addition to its own council offices, those of the Chichester District and the West Sussex County Council are located in the city.

Parliament

Chichester is represented in the House of Commons by the Chichester constituency, held since 8 June 2017 by Gillian Keegan.[38] From 1660 to 1868, Chichester returned two members of Parliament, this was reduced to one member by the Reform Act 1867. The Conservative Party is dominant, with the constituency returning a Conservative member at every election since 1868, with the exception of the Liberal Charles Rudkin in 1923. Between 1812 and 1894 the constituency was represented exclusively by members of the Lennox family.[39]

Arms
Coat of arms of Chichester
Notes
Granted 14 August 1570, to the former Borough. The chief is shown indented in an earlier Visitation record.[40]
Escutcheon
Argent Guttée-de-Sang on a Chief Gules a Lion passant guardant Or.

Freedom of the City

The following people and organisations have received the Freedom of the City of Chichester.

Geography
See also: Geography of Sussex and Geology of West Sussex
The eight areas of Chichester Conservation

The City of Chichester is located on the River Lavant south of its gap through the South Downs. This winterbourne for part of its course now runs through the city in underground culverts.[48] The city's site made it an ideal place for settlement, with many ancient routeways converging here. The oldest section lies within the medieval walls of the city, which are built on Roman foundations.[49]

The Chichester conservation area, designated for its architectural and historic interest,[50] encompasses the whole of the Roman town, and includes many Grade I and II listed buildings. Further to the north lies the separate conservation area around the former Graylingwell Hospital, and to the south, the Chichester Conservation Area has been extended recently to include the newly restored canal basin and part of the canal itself. The Conservation Area has been split into eight 'character' areas, based on historic development, building type, uses and activities.

Climate

Chichester has a maritime climate. With its position in southern England, Chichester has mild winters and cool summers. West Sussex has high sunshine levels compared with other parts of the UK with around 1,900 hours annually.[51]

Demography

The 2011 census recorded a population of 26,795 for the city of Chichester, forming 12,316 households. There is a small imbalance in the sex ratio, with 14,184 female residents (52.9%) and 12,611 male residents (47.1%). Chichester is a majority Christian city with 16,245 (60.6%) residents identifying as such. 25,158 residents (93.9%) listed their ethnic group as White. The median age of Chichester city was 40.[52]

Economy
Chichester Marina

The city has a tourist industry.[53] Several marinas are situated in the area together with related industries. A recent government study suggested that the area has a lot of employment with the public sector (as well as within the tourism and leisure industries), with a growing number of self-employed people in the area.[54]

Culture
See also: Culture of Sussex
Chichester Festival Theatre

The city holds an annual four-week arts and music festival ("Festival of Chichester") held in June and July.[55]

Chichester Festival Theatre, is one of the United Kingdom's flagship producing and touring theatres, whose annual summer season attracts actors, writers and directors from the West End theatre and the USA.[56]

Pallant House Gallery, winner of the 2007 gallery of the year Gulbenkian Prize, has a major collection of chiefly modern British art and in 2006 opened a new extension that houses the collection of Sir Colin St John Wilson. It has a changing programme of exhibitions.[57]

Chichester is home to the South Downs Planetarium & Science Centre, which opened in 2001 and features a program of public star shows in its 100-seat theatre.

The Sloe Fair, a funfair that dates back to the 12th Century, is held annually on 20 October in the city's Northgate car park.[58]

Chichester Cinema at New Park[59] is the city's first and only arthouse cinema. It shows a selection of mainstream, small-budget and older films 7 days a week. It hosts an annual 18-day International Film Festival in August/September. Vice-presidents are Dame Maggie Smith and Kenneth Branagh. There is a larger, multiplex cinema located at Chichester Gate. Chichester's previous cinemas were the Olympia Electric on Northgate (1911-1922). the Plaza CInema on South Street (1920-1960, the Odeon from 1945 and now Iceland supermarket), the Granada Exchange at the Corn Exchange (1922-1980) and the Gaumont on Eastgate Square (1937-1961, later the swimming baths).[60]

The Chichester Open Mic has supported regular programmes of readings by contemporary poets in the city since 2010. It also hosts a high-profile annual event under the banner Poetry and All That Jazz which included performances by Don Paterson in 2010, Sam Willetts in 2011, and David Harsent in 2012.[61]

In 2012 The Novium, Chichester's museum, was opened by author Kate Mosse.[62] Designed by the architect Keith Williams, is approximately 2.4 times the size of the previous museum in Little London. Key highlights are Roman Bath House, Jupiter Stone and Chilgrove Mosaic.

In May 2013 Chichester hosted the Chichester Street Art Festival week where international street artists created colourful murals around the city.[63]

Chichester is mentioned in a 1992 episode of A Bit of Fry and Laurie, the 2003 film Bright Young Things directed by Stephen Fry, the 2005 film Stoned about Brian Jones from the Rolling Stones, and also in the 2009 film Sherlock Holmes. The city is periodically referred to in Call the Midwife, as the seat of the Order of Saint Raymond Nonnatus, the mother house's exterior being depicted in episode 1.6.

The West Sussex Record Office is in Orchard Street and contains the county archives. On 21 April 2017 it was announced that a second parchment manuscript copy of the United States Declaration of Independence, now termed The Sussex Declaration, had been discovered in the archives.[64][65]

Chichester has one of the highest rates of empty homes in England, with 1 in every 17 houses vacant. In October 2020, 3,444 houses were vacant, of which 3,302 were second homes.[66]

Music

Founded in 1881, the Chichester Symphony Orchestra has both amateur and professional players. Three concerts are given each year with the summer concert being part of the Chichester Festivities while the autumn concert is included in the Chichester Cathedral Lunchtime Series.[67] The Chichester Singers, under musical director Jonathan Willcocks, perform classical and contemporary works in concert.[68][69]

The Chichester RAJF (From "Real Ale and Jazz Festival"), was a four-day festival of music and real ale held each July in tents beside the 13th century Guildhall in Priory Park.[70] Founded in 1980 by members of Chichester Hockey Club as a fund-raising event, the festival's early years focused on traditional jazz and featured performers such as Kenny Ball, Humphrey Lyttelton and Kenny Baker. In the 1990s blues and R&B were introduced and acts including Status Quo, Blondie, Boney M, Howard Jones, Go West, The Pretenders and Simple Minds played the festival up until its final staging, in 2011.

Twinning

The City of Chichester has been twinned with Chartres, France, since February 1959 and Ravenna, Italy, since December 1996[71][72] and Speyer, Germany, since 2023.[73] Friendship links have also been established with Marktredwitz in Germany, Kursk in Russia and Valletta in Malta.[72]

Local Media

Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC South and ITV Meridian. Television signals are received from the Rowridge TV transmitter.[74]

Chichester's local radio stations are BBC Radio Sussex on 104.8 FM, Heart South on 96.7 FM, Greatest Hits Radio West Sussex on 96.6 FM and community based radio stations V2 Radio which broadcast online and Chichester Hospital Radio that broadcast on 1431 AM from the St Richard's Hospital in the town.[75][76]

The city is served by the weekly newspaper Chichester Observer.[77]

Landmarks
See also: Grade I listed buildings in Chichester District and Grade II* listed buildings in Chichester District
Chichester Cross, built c. 1477–1503 by Edward Story

The Butter Market in North Street was designed by John Nash, and was opened in 1808 as a food and produce market.[78]

The Corn Exchange on East Street was built in 1833, one of the first in the country.[79] From the 1880s it was used for drama and entertainment and became a cinema from the 1910s.[80] An attempt to convert it to a bingo hall was refused in 1977.[81] As it could not be converted to a multiplex it was closed on 9 August 1980.[81] It remained closed and unused for six years until the front was opened as a fast food restaurant and the rear converted for offices.[81][82] From 2005 the front has been used by a clothing retailer.[83]

Chichester Cross, which is a type of buttercross familiar in old market towns, was built in 1501 as a covered marketplace,[84] and stands at the intersection of the four main roads in the centre of the city.

In 1921, Sir William Robertson unveiled a war memorial in Eastgate Square for soldiers who died in World War I. The memorial was relocated to Litten Gardens in 1940. The city council has subsequently added the names of soldiers who died in World War II.[85]

Transport

Railway
footbridge in the foreground and two-platform railway station beyond
Chichester station in 2021

Chichester railway station, on the West Coastway Line, has regular services to Brighton, London Victoria via Gatwick Airport, Portsmouth and Southampton.

In the past, there was a branch line to Midhurst in the north and a light railway, built by Colonel HF Stephens; it was known as the West Sussex Railway, which ran south to Selsey, and closed in 1935.

Roads

Chichester is the hub of several main roads. The most important of these is the A27 coastal trunk road, which connects Eastbourne with Southampton; it passes to the south of the city. The A27 connects Chichester to the M3, M27 and M275 motorways. The secondary coastal road, the A259, which begins its journey at Folkestone in Kent, joins the A27 here and ends in Havant to the west. Both of those roads make east–west connections.

Three roads give Chichester access to the north: the A29 to London joins the A27 several miles to the east of the city; the A285 runs north-east to Petworth and beyond; and the A286 runs northwards towards Haslemere, Surrey.[86]

Buses

Chichester bus station, which is adjacent to the railway station, is the local hub for bus services. Operators include Stagecoach in the South Downs and Compass Travel.[87][88][89] National Express's Poole-Gatwick Airport route passes through Chichester.[90]

Air
aerial view of two runway grass airfield and perimeter road
Chichester/Goodwood Airport; the perimeter road forms Goodwood motor racing circuit

Chichester/Goodwood Airport is situated north of the city.[86]

Paths

There are several long-distance routes for walkers, cyclists and riders in the area; some of these routes, like the Centurion Way to West Dean, start here. Centurion Way was opened in the mid-1990s and runs along the former railway line. The name was chosen by Ben Adams, a local schoolboy who won a competition to name the path.

In summer 2020, COVID-19 temporary pop-up segregated cycle lanes were implemented predominately around parts of the city inner ring road and associated routes.[91]

Education
See also: List of schools in West Sussex

There are three secondary schools in Chichester: Chichester Free School (which also has a primary sector in Bognor Regis), Bishop Luffa School and Chichester High School formed after the Chichester High School for Boys and Chichester High School for Girls merged in 2016.[92] In the primary sector there are two infant-only schools: Lancastrian and Rumboldswyke; the Central C of E Junior School; six all-level schools;[93] and two special-needs schools at Fordwater and St Anthony's. There is also a Roman Catholic school, St Richard's Primary School, and a Sure Start Children's Centre, Chichester Nursery School, Children and Family Centre.

In the independent sector there are three-day preparatory schools (Oakwood Preparatory School, The Prebendal School and Westbourne House).

The higher and further educational institutions include the Chichester High School Sixth Form, which is the largest Sixth Form in West Sussex. It offers a range of A-Level and vocational courses with full use of a wide range of facilities at both boys and girls high schools, Bishop Luffa School sixth form which also offers a range of A-Level courses and Chichester College, formerly Chichester College of Arts, Science and Technology; offers both foundation-level and degree-equivalent courses, mainly focused towards vocational qualifications for industry. The college has recently made significant investment in upgrading facilities, and is now offering a wider range of subject areas in its prospectus.

The University of Chichester[94] was granted degree-awarding body status by the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority in October 2005.[95]

Religion
See also: Religion in Sussex
Religions adhered to by Chichester residents[52]
Christian
 
 60.6%
No religion
 
 29%
Other
 
 2.8%
Religion not stated
 
 7.6%
Figures from the 2011 census. Religions with less than 1% adherence grouped as Other.
Chichester Cathedral's west front and millennium statue of Saint Richard of Chichester

Chichester Cathedral, founded in the 11th century, is dedicated to the Holy Trinity, and contains a shrine to Saint Richard of Chichester. Its spire, built of the weak local stone, collapsed and was rebuilt during the 19th century. In the south aisle of the cathedral a glass panel in the floor enables a view of the remains of a Roman mosaic pavement. The cathedral is unusual in Britain in having a separate bell tower a few metres away from the main building, rather than integrated into it. Within the cathedral there is a medieval tomb of a knight and his wife, the inspiration of the poem "An Arundel Tomb", by Philip Larkin. A memorial statue exists of William Huskisson, once member of parliament for the city, but best remembered as the first man to be run over by a railway engine.[96] Leonard Bernstein's Chichester Psalms were commissioned for the cathedral. The statue of St Richard (pictured left) is by the sculptor Philip Jackson. There are further Philip Jackson sculptures outside the Chichester Festival Theatre and St Richard's Hospital in Chichester.

In addition to the cathedral there are five Church of England churches, St Richard's Roman Catholic church and nine religious buildings of other denominations.[97] Redundant churches include the Grade I-listed St John the Evangelist's Church, an octagonal white-brick proprietary chapel with an impressive three-decker pulpit.[98][99]

St Mary's Hospital Almshouses are a 13th-century religious foundation located at St Martin's Square, providing housing and care for elderly people from the Chichester diocese.[100]

Sport and leisure
See also: Sport in Sussex

Chichester City F.C. is the main football club and is based at Oaklands Park. They play in the Isthmian League South East Division.[101] The rugby club, Chichester R.F.C., is also based at Oaklands Park.[102]

Chichester Priory Park Cricket Club and Chichester Priory Park Hockey Club share a clubhouse at Priory Park.[103][104]

Chichester is also host to a Detachment of the Army Cadet Army Cadet Force who meet several times a week at the detachment located within the former Roussillon Roussilon Barracks

The army cadet force is a national voluntary youth organisation. It is sponsored by the MoD and provides challenging military, adventurous, and community activities, its aim is to inspire young people to achieve success in life with a spirit of service to the queen, their country and their local community, and to develop in them the qualities of a good citizen. By providing progressive training of an exciting and often challenging nature.[105][106]

The city is home to the Chichester Sharks Flag American Football Club who are members of the BAFA National League.[107]

Chichester Runners and A.C. is a club with runners and athletes of all ages. Other sports include cycling.[108]

Notable people
Main article: List of people from Chichester
Tim Peake, first British ESA astronaut

William Juxon, born 1582, attended The Prebendal School before studying at Oxford. He became chaplain to Charles I and was the last English cleric to hold both church and secular high office. He became Archbishop of Canterbury following the Restoration.[109] William Cawley, born 1602 in Chichester, was on the other side of the English Civil War. Also educated at Oxford University he became the Member of Parliament for Chichester in 1628 and for Midhurst in 1640. He was a regicide and served on the Council of State during the Commonwealth, being forced to flee to Switzerland after the Restoration.[110] A later MP for the town, William Huskisson was one of the earlier people to die from a railway accident, when he was run over by Stephenson's Rocket at the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. In modern times middle-distance runner Christopher Chataway was elected to Parliament in 1969.[111]

Military people have included Edric Gifford, 3rd Baron Gifford who won a Victoria Cross during the Third Anglo-Ashanti War. General Charles Harington Harington served in the Second Boer War and as a staff officer throughout World War I,[112] and military theorist Major General J. F. C. Fuller planned the first large scale tank assault at the Battle of Cambrai in 1917.[113]

Artists who were born or lived most of their lives in Chichester include Richard Buckner, Heywood Hardy, James Hayllar, William Shayer and George Smith.[114][115] Author Kate Mosse (born 1961) studied at Chichester High School For Girls, living in Chichester until moving to Oxford to attend New College. She is author of the first main-stage new play by a woman at Chichester Festival Theatre, an adaptation of her novel The Taxidermist's Daughter, set in and around Chichester.[116]

Tim Peake, who became the first official British astronaut when he arrived on the International Space Station in December 2015, was born in Chichester in 1972. Peake attended the Chichester High School for Boys,[117][118] which now has a Sports and Conference centre named after him and opened by him.

Tom Odell, who was born in Chichester, is a singer and songwriter who gained success with his album, Wrong Crowd.[119]

Edward Bradford Titchener, born in Chichester, created the school of thought in psychology that described the structure of the mind: structuralism.[120]

Public services
See also: Healthcare in Sussex

Territorial policing in Chichester is provided by Sussex Police, who have a station and a custody suite in Chichester on Kingsham Road.[121][122] The Police and Crime Commissioner is Katy Bourne.[123] Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the West Sussex Fire and Rescue Service, which has a station in Northgate.[124]

St Richard's Hospital, on Spitalfield Lane, is a medium-sized NHS hospital administered by the University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust.[125] The South East Coast Ambulance Service provides emergency patient transport to and from this facility. Nuffield Health operates a private hospital in the city.[126]

Chichester's distribution network operator for electricity is Scottish and Southern Electricity Networks, and for gas is SGN.[127] Portsmouth Water manages Chichester's drinking water, whilst Southern Water manages the city's wastewater.[128][129]

References
  1. "2001 Census: West Sussex – Population by Parish" (PDF). West Sussex County Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
  2. "2011 Census: Chichester (Parish)". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
  3. "Domesday Reloaded: Chichester – A Cicestrian". Domesday. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  4. "Chichester". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  5. OS Explorer map 120: Chichester, South Harting and Selsey Scale: 1:25 000. Publisher:Ordnance Survey – Southampton B2 edition. Publishing Date:2009. ISBN 978-0-319-24079-3
  6. "The City of Chichester: Historical introduction - British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  7. Manley, John (2007). AD43: The Roman Invasion of Britain. Tempus Publishing. pp. 111–128. ISBN 978-0-7524-1959-6.
  8. "Ptolemy's Geography - Book II, Chapter 2". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  9. "Britannia in the Ravenna Cosmography". www.kmatthews.org.uk. Archived from the original on 5 May 2003. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  10. "Chichester Roman houses found under Priory Park". 26 January 2017. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  11. Welch, Martin (1978). "Early Anglo Saxon Sussex". In Brandon, Peter (ed.). The South Saxons. Chichester: Phillimore. pp. 18–35. ISBN 978-0-85033-240-7.
  12. Mills, A.D. (2011). "Chichester". A Dictionary of British Place Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960908-6. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  13. Powicke, Michael (1962). Military Obligation in Medieval England. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 18-21.
  14. Hill, David; Rumble, Alexander R., eds. (1996). The Defence of Wessex: The Burghal Hidage and Anglo-Saxon Fortifications. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-719-03218-0.
  15. Gower, Graham, London Archaeologist Winter 2002, pp 59–63
  16. Lapidge, Michael Ed.; John Blair; Simon Keynes; Donald Scragg (2001). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. London: Blackwell. p. 76. ISBN 0-631-22492-0.
  17. Kelly, S.E. (1994). Hobbs, Mary (ed.). Chichester Cathedral: An Historic Survey. Chichester: Phillimore. pp. 1–10. ISBN 0-85033-924-3.
  18. "Chichester | Domesday Book". Open Domesday. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  19. "Open Domesday: Stockbridge (Hundred)". Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  20. Historic England. "Chichester Castle (1386089)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 10 May 2011.
  21. Chichester District Council, Castle, Chichester.gov.uk, archived from the original on 16 October 2007, retrieved 21 May 2009
  22. "Victoria County History – The rape of Chichester". British History Online. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  23. Sir James Ware "The Antiquities and History of Ireland" Dublin 1705
  24. Historic England. "CHURCH OF ST PANCRAS, Chichester (1354343)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  25. "Roussillon Barracks". Royal Sussex. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  26. "Social hub revealed for Roussillon Park". chichester.co.uk. Archived from the original on 8 April 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  27. Roupell, Joss (24 March 2022). "Army Cadets Fresh New Digs". Sussex Express.
  28. Armstrong, Jack Roy (1995). "Chapter 7: Chichester and Lewes from the Norman Conquest". History of Sussex. Chichester, England: Phillimore. pp. 65–70. ISBN 978-0-85033-946-8. OCLC 1244794378.
  29. Hewitt, Phil (2004). "The Second World War comes to Chichester". Chichester Remembered. Chichester, West Sussex: Phillimore. pp. 29–41. ISBN 978-1-86077-229-0.
  30. Hewitt, Phil (2013). "The Horrors of War: 1939-1945". A Chichester Miscellany. Summersdale. pp. 134–171. ISBN 978-1-84953-379-9.
  31. Roberts, Amy. "Liberator Bomber Crash". The Novium Museum. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  32. "Looking back 25 years to Sussex's flooding disaster". Chichester Observer. 7 February 2019. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  33. "Approved Southern Gateway plans 'art of the possible'". Chichester Observer. 8 June 2018. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  34. "About the Southern Gateway". Chichester District Council. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  35. "Chichester City Council - The Parish Council for the City of Chichester". chichestercity.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  36. "City councillors". Chichestercity.gov.uk. 16 May 2007. Archived from the original on 1 September 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  37. "Chichester City Council: The Council House". Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  38. "Gillian Keegan MP". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  39. MacDougall, Philip (2016). "Beer, Bribery and Bartering". Secret Chichester. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4456-5039-5. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  40. "Civic Heraldry of England". Robert Young. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  41. "Barracks History". The Royal Sussex Living History Group. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  42. "Soldiers to exercise freedom of Chichester city". Chichester Observer. 16 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  43. "National Archives: RAF Tangmere: Freedom of City of Chichester". Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  44. "REGIONAL: Tim Peake given freedom of city". 25 February 2018. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  45. "VIDEO: Astronaut Tim Peake praises Chichester as he receives Freedom of the City". 25 February 2018. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  46. "Tim Peake to be awarded the Freedom of his home City | Chichester City Council". Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  47. "Famed sculptor handed Freedom of the City award". 21 April 2021. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  48. "Sub-Urban website: River Lavant". Archived from the original on 10 May 2008.
  49. "City Walls Walk: includes map". Chichesterweb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  50. "Chichester Council Conservation Areas". Chichester.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  51. "Bognor Regis the sunniest spot in Britain". Telegraph. 28 December 2011. Archived from the original on 6 December 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  52. Chichester Parish: Local Area Report (Report). Office for National Statistics. 2011. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  53. "The Chichester Guide". Chichester Web. Archived from the original on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  54. "Creating a Prosperous and Sustainable Economy: An Economic Strategy for Chichester District 2013-2019". Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  55. "Festival of Chichester". 17 May 2013. Archived from the original on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  56. "The Website of Chichester Festival Theatre". Cft.org.uk. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  57. "Pallant House Gallery". Pallant.org.uk. Archived from the original on 20 February 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  58. "Domesday Reloaded: Chichester's Sloe Fair". domesday. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  59. "Chichester Cinema at New Park". Chichestercinema.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  60. "The Novium Museum - Leisurely Pursuits". www.thenovium.org. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  61. "Chichester Open Mic". Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  62. "Kate Mosse to open new museum in Chichester". Chichester District Council. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
  63. "GALLERY: Chichester Street Art". chichester.co.uk. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  64. Wang, Amy B. (24 April 2017). "A rare copy of the Declaration of Independence has been found — in England". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  65. Moore, Ben (video). "Declaration of Independence found in Chichester archives". BBC. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  66. "Chichester has one of the country's highest vacant home rates". Chichester Observer. 30 March 2021. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  67. "Review: Chichester Symphony Orchestra". Mid-Sussex Times. 23 July 2018. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  68. "Chichester Singers offer classic and contemporary". West Sussex County Times. 29 October 2018. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  69. "Review: The Chichester Singers, Chichester Cathedral". Worthing Herald. 29 June 2017. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  70. "Chichester RAJF website". Chichester-raja.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  71. "British towns twinned with French towns [via WaybackMachine.com]". Archant Community Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  72. "Twinning". Chichester City Council. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  73. "Twinning – Chichester City Council". Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  74. https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Rowridge
  75. https://www.v2radio.co.uk
  76. https://www.chr1431.org.uk
  77. https://www.westsussex.gov.uk/about-the-council/council-news-and-campaigns/local-news-media-links/
  78. Saunders, Pat. "Chichester Butter Market". The Novium. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  79. "The Corn Exchange". Chichester.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  80. "The Novium: Chichester Corn Exchange". Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  81. Row, Ken. "Cinema Treasures: Granada Chichester". Archived from the original on 24 October 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  82. "Changing Times - Old corn market house has changed hands a few times going back to the 18th century". "Chichester Post. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  83. "Fashion retailer Next to move into former MacDonalds site". Chichester Observer. 23 June 2005. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  84. "Chichester City Cross". West Sussex.info. Archived from the original on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  85. "Litten Gardens". Chichester City Council. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  86. Ordnance Survey (via coordinates at top of page)
  87. "Stagecoach Chichester network map" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  88. "Bus Timetables Compass Travel - Compass Travel". www.compass-travel.co.uk. 24 January 2014. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  89. "Emsworth & District". www.emsworthanddistrict.co.uk. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  90. "Explore our timetables - National Express Coaches" (PDF). www.nationalexpress.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  91. "Pop-up cycle lane: Chichester scheme" (PDF). West Sussex County Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  92. Truscott, Charlotte. "Chichester High School". The Novium. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  93. They are the Jessie Younghusband Primary School; Kingsham Primary School; Parklands Community School; Chichester Free School, Portfield Community Primary and Singleton C of E Primary School
  94. The establishment was initially called Bishop Otter College, although throughout its history it has had many names: West Sussex Institute of Higher Education, then Chichester Institute of Higher Education, then University College Chichester
  95. Hill, Sofia. "Chichester University". The Novium. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  96. Still, Lorna. "William Huskisson". The Novium. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  97. "Chichester Web': churches of Chichester". Chichesterweb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  98. Historic England (2011). "Former Church of St John the Evangelist, St John's Street (East Side), Chichester, Chichester, West Sussex (1026696)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  99. Beevers, David; Marks, Richard; Roles, John (1989). Sussex Churches and Chapels. Brighton: The Royal Pavilion, Art Gallery and Museums. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-948723-11-7.
  100. "History". St Mary's Almshouses. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  101. "Chichester City FC website". chichestercityfc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  102. "Chichester RFC website". Chichesterrfc.co.uk. 26 June 2010. Archived from the original on 26 August 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  103. "Chichester Priory Park Cricket Club". Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  104. "Chichester Priory Park Hockey Club". Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  105. "Quick Guide To Cadet Badges And Ranks". Army Cadets UK. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  106. "The Ministry of Defence cadet forces". GOV.UK. 26 May 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  107. "Chichester Sharks flag American football website". Chichestersharks.co.uk. Archived from the original on 14 August 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  108. "Southdown Velo cycling club". Southdownvelo.org.uk. 12 July 2010. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  109. Mason, Thomas (1985). Serving God and Mammon: William Juxon, 1582–1663. University of Delaware Press. ISBN 978-0-87413-251-9.
  110. T. Peacey, 'Cawley, William (bap. 1602, d. 1667)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008
  111. "Hansard". 19 January 1972. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  112. Powell, Geoffrey S. (September 2004). "Harington, Sir Charles (1872–1940)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (May 2006 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33712. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2008. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)(subscription required)
  113. Tucker, Spencer C., The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, 2013, ISBN 978-1-135-50701-5, p. 280
  114. Stewart, Brian; Cutten, Mervyn (1987). Chichester Artists. Canterbury, Kent: Bladon Press. ISBN 978-0-9512814-0-6.
  115. Hardy, Kimber G. (2016). The Hardy Family of Artists: Frederick Daniel, George, Heywood, James and their descendants. Woodbridge, Suffolk: ACC Art Books. pp. 68–155. ISBN 978-1-85149-826-0.
  116. "The Taxidermist's Daughter | Chichester Festival Theatre". Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  117. Bremner, Charles; Henderson, Mark; Devlin, Hannah (20 May 2009). "Briton Major Timothy Peake named as Europe's latest astronaut". London: Times Online. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  118. "PEAKE, Timothy Nigel". Who's Who. Vol. 2016 (online Oxford University Press ed.). Oxford: A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  119. Harper, Leah (15 December 2013). "On my radar: Tom Odell's cultural highlights". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  120. Proctor, Robert W; Evans, Rand (Winter 2014). "E. B. Titchener, Women Psychologists and the Experimentalists". American Journal of Psychology. 127 (4): 501–526. doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.127.4.0501. PMID 25603585.
  121. "Thousands gather for last open day at Chichester Police Station". Chichester Observer. 20 July 2017. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  122. Cipirska, Isabella (4 September 2020). "Chichester's custody suite to be reopened temporarily". Chichester Observer. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  123. Powling, Joshua (10 May 2021). "Conservative Katy Bourne re-elected as Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner". Chichester Observer. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  124. Saunders, Pat. "Chichester Fire Brigade". The Novium Museum. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  125. "St Richard's Hospital". University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  126. "Chichester Hospital, Private Hospital in Sussex". Nuffield Health. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  127. "Who's my energy supplier or network operator?". Energy Networks Association. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  128. Stack, Joe (5 November 2019). "Chichester and Bognor water supplier named as 'one of the best in the industry'". Chichester Observer. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  129. Powling, Joshua (16 December 2020). "'Madness' to build houses without adequate sewage capacity". Chichester Observer. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.

Further reading
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.