Colhuehuapian

The Colhuehuapian age is a period of geologic time (21.0–17.5 Ma) within the Early Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification in South America. It follows the Deseadan and precedes the Santacrucian age.[1]

Etymology

The age is named after the Colhué Huapí Member of the Sarmiento Formation in the Golfo San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina.

Formations

Colhuehuapian is located in South America

Locations of Colhuehuapian formations

Formation bold is type	Country	Basin	Notes
Colhué Huapí Member	Argentina	Golfo San Jorge Basin	[2][3]
Abanico Formation	Chile	Abanico Basin	[4][5]
Biblián Formation	Ecuador	Cuenca Basin	[6]
Castillo Formation	Venezuela	Falcón Basin	[7]
Cerro Bandera Formation	Argentina	Neuquén Basin	[8]
Chichinales Formation	Argentina	North Patagonian Massif	[9]
Chilcatay Formation	Peru	Pisco Basin	[10][11]
Cura-Mallín Group	Chile	Cura-Mallín Basin	[12]
Gaiman Formation	Argentina	Valdés Basin	[13]
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation	Argentina	Colorado Basin	[14]
Monte León Formation	Argentina	Austral Basin	[15][16]
Montera Formation	Peru	Sechura Basin	[17]
Pirabas Formation	Brazil	Amazon Basin	[18]
Río Jeinemeni Formation	Argentina	Austral Basin	[19]
Uitpa Formation	Colombia	Cocinetas Basin	[20]

Fossils

Group	Fossils	Formation	Notes
Mammals	Abderites meridionalis, Acarechimys cf. minutissimus, Acaremys cf. murinus, A. preminutus, Acrocyon riggsi, Acyon tricuspidatus, Anargyrolagus primus, Arctodictis sinclairi, Argyrohippus cf. boulei, ?Astrapotherium ruderarium, Australoprocta fleaglei, Borhyaena macrodonta, Branisamyopsis australis, Caviocricetus lucasi, Cephalomyopsis hipselodontus, Cladosictis centralis, Clenia minuscula, Colpodon distinctus, Cramauchenia normalis, Dolichocebus gaimanensis, Dudumus ruigomezi, Eomicrobiotherium mykerum, Eosteiromys homogenidens, E. segregatus, Eoviscaccia australis, Euphractus patagonicus, Gaimanomys alwinea, Galileomys antelucanus, Hypsosteiromys axiculus, H. nectus, Licaphrops festinus, Luanthus initialis, Luantus propheticus, Mazzonicebus almendrae, Mormopterus barrancae, Necrolestes mirabilis, Neoreomys pinturensis, Oligobiotherium divisum, Pachybiotherium acclinum, Palaeothentes ?minutus, Parabderites bicrispatus, Paradelphomys fissus, Parasteiromys friantae, P. uniformis, Parastrapotherium symmetrum, Patagonia peregrina, Peltephilus pumilus, Perimys dissimilis, P. incavatus, P. transversus, Proargyrolagus argentinus, Proheptaconus patagonicus, Prolicaphrium spectabile, Prospaniomys priscus, Prostichomys bowni, Protacaremys avunculus, P. prior, P. pulchellus, Protadelphomys latus, Prozaedyus humilis, Pseudostegotherium glangeaudi, Pseudothylacynus rectus, Pternoconius bondi, Sipalocyon externus, Soriamys gaimanensis, S. ganganensis, Stegotherium tesselatum, S. variegatum, Tremacebus harringtoni, Willidewu estaparius, Acarechimys sp., Interatherium sp., Microbiotherium sp., Nematherium sp., Pachyrukhos sp., Proeutatus sp., Protypotherium sp., Prozaedyus sp., Soriamys sp., Tetramerorhinus sp., Titanothentes sp., Argyrolagoidea indet., Caluromyinae indet., ?Cephalomyidae indet., Chinchilloidea indet., Dasypodidae indet., Didelphidae indet., Didelphimorphia indet., Didelphoidea indet., Glyptodontidae indet., Hathlyacininae indet., Leontiniidae indet., Marsupialia indet., Megalonychidae indet., Neoepiblemidae indet., Phyllostominae indet., Propalaehoplophorinae indet., Thylacosmilidae indet.	Colhué Huapí	[21][22] [23][24] [25][26]
	Chilecebus carrascoensis, Notoungulata indet., Rodentia indet.	Abanico	[27]
	Xenastrapotherium aequatorialis	Biblián	[28]
	Banderomys leanzai, Caviocricetus lucasi, Comahuetherium coccaorum, Cramauchenia normalis, Doryperimys olsacheri, Eoviscaccia australis, Garridomys curunuquem, Leucokephalos maior, Proadinotherium cf. muensteri, Protypotherium sinclairi, Abderites sp., Astrapothericulus sp., Cladosictis sp., Eosteiromys sp., Palaeothentes sp., Parastrapotherium sp., Perimys sp., Pitheculites sp., Proeutatus sp., Protypotherium sp., Prozaedyus sp., Sipalocyon sp., Stenotatus sp., Astegotheriini indet., Borhyaenidae indet., Hegetotheriidae indet., Macraucheniidae indet., Peltephilidae indet., Platyrrhini indet., Propalaehoplophorinae indet., Proterotheriinae indet.	Cerro Bandera	[29][30] [31][32] [33][34]
	Australoprocta fleaglei, Caviocricetus lucasi, Cladosictis cf. patagonica, Eoviscaccia australis, Willidewu esteparius, cf. Colpodon sp., Hegetotherium sp., Octodontoidea sp., Proeutatus sp., cf. Protypotherium sp., cf. Stenotatus sp., Interatheriidae indet., Mesotheriinae indet., Nesodontinae indet., Propalaehoplophorinae indet., Proterotheriinae indet.	Chichinales	[35]
	Ensidelphis riveroi, Inticetus vertizi, Notocetus vanbenedeni, Pinnipedia indet., Platanidelphidi indet.	Chilcatay	[36][37] [38][39] [40][41] [42]
	Colpodon antucoensis, Acarechimys sp., Luantus sp., Protacaremys sp., Protypotherium sp., Sipalocyon sp., Echimyidae indet.	Cura-Mallín	[43][44]
	Aglaocetus moreni, Aondelphis talen, Argyrocetus patagonicus, Idiorophus patagonicus, Morenocetus parvus, Phoberodon arctirostris, Plesiocetus dyticus, Prosqualodon australis, Kentriodon sp., Eurhinodelphinidae indet., Squalodontidae indet.	Gaiman	[45] [46][47]
	Metaxytherium crataegense	Montera	[48]
	Dioplotherium allisoni, Sirenotherium pirabense, Metaxytherium sp., Rytiodus sp., Dugongidae indet.	Pirabas	[49][50] [51][52] [53][54]
	Phanomys mixtus	Río Jeinemení	[55]
Birds	Falconidae indet.	Cerro Bandera	[34]
	Opisthodactylus horacioperezi, Patagorhacos terrificus, Psilopteridae indet.	Chichinales	[35][56]
	Palaeospheniscus sp.	Chilcatay	[57]
	Apterodytes ictus, Eretiscus tonnii, Palaeospheniscus affinis, P. bergi, P. bilocular, P. gracilis, P. intermedius, P. interruptus, P. patagonicus, P. planus, P. rothi, Paraptenodytes antarcticus, P. robustus, Treleudytes crassa, Arthrodytes sp., Anseriformes indet., Sphenisciformes indet.	Gaiman	[46][47] [58]
Reptiles	Gaimanophis tenuis, Waincophis sp., Colubridae indet.	Colhué Huapí	[24]
	Geochelone sp., Pleurodira indet.	Chichinales	[35]
	Crocodylia indet., Gavialoidea indet., Pleurodira indet.	Pirabas	[49][50] [51][52]
Fish	Alopias superciliosus, Alopias cf. vulpinus, Anotodus agassizii, Carcharhinus brachyurus, Carcharhinus cf. leucas, Carcharocles chubutensis, Carcharodon hastalis, Cosmopolitodus plicatilis, Galeocerdo aduncus, Hemipristis serra, Isurus desori, Isurus oxyrinchus, Megachasma cf. applegatei, Megalolamna paradoxodon, Negaprion brevirostris, Parotodus benedeni, Physogaleus contortus, Sphyrna zygaena, cf. Anoxypristis sp., Carcharias sp., Squatina sp., Dasyatidae indet., Myliobatoidea indet.	Chilcatay	[59]
	Carcharhinus ackermanii, C. egertoni, C. priscus, Carcharodon subauriculatus, Diodon ferreirai, Galeocerdo paulinoi, Ginglymostoma obliquum, G. serra, Hemipristis serra, Isurus novus, Nebrius obliquus, Rhinoptera studeri, Scoliodon taxandriae, Sphyraena cunhai, S. egleri, Sphyrna magna, S. prisca, Arius sp., Hypoprion sp., Myliobatis sp.	Pirabas	[49][50] [51][52] [53]
	Heptranchias cf. howellii, Centrophorus sp., Dalatias cf. licha, Pristiophorus sp., Isurus cf. oxyrinchus, Carcharocles sp., Alopias cf. superciliosus, Hemipristis serra, Carcharhinus gibbesii, Sphyrna laevissima, Mobula sp., Lamniformes indet., Teleostei indet.	Uitpa	[60]
Decapods	Acanthocarpus obscurus, Arenaeus cribarius, Calappilia broksi, Callinectes cf. declivis, C. ferreirai, C. paraensis, C. pirabensis, C. reticulatus, Cyclocancer tuberculatus, Euphylax septendentatus, Hepatella amazonica, Necronectes tajinensis, Paratumidocarcinus marajoarus, Panopeus capanemensis, Parthenope tuberculata, Portunus atecuicitilis, P. haitensis, P. pirabensis, P. spimanus, P. spinimanus, Scylla costata, Sesarma paraensis, Tasadia tuberculatus, Tetraxanthus rathbunae, Typilobus unispinatus, Randallia sp.	Pirabas	[49][50] [52]

References

Paleo Database: Colhuehuapian
Dozo et al., 2014, p.241
Acosta & Tambussi, 2005, p.128
Godoy et al., 2012
Muñoz et al., 2006
Veintimilla González, 2015, p.47
Johnson, 2009, p.60
Kramarz et al., 2005
Kramarz et al., 2005, p.288
De la Cruz, 2008, p.53
Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.13
Utgé et al., 2009
Acosta Hospitaleche, 2007, p.419
Reichler, 2010, p.181
Náñez et al., 2009
Pérez Panera, 2010, p.52
Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.24
De Araújo et al., 2010, p.207
Dal Molín & Colombo, 2003, p.140
Moreno et al., 2015, p.7
Cheme et al., 2016
Arnal et al., 2014
Gran Barranca Upper Fossil Zone at Fossilworks.org
Southern Cliff of lower Chubut River Valley at Fossilworks.org
Gran Barranca - southern cliff of lake Colhué Huapí at Fossilworks.org
Sacanana at Fossilworks.org
Río Las Lenas at Fossilworks.org
Point 354989 Anzogues at Fossilworks.org
Vucetich et al., 2015
Kramarz et al., 2015
Cerro Bandera Type at Fossilworks.org
Cerro Bandera Barda Negra at Fossilworks.org
Cerro Bandera Sierra del Portezuelo Norte at Fossilworks.org
Cerro Bandera Bayo Mesa at Fossilworks.org
Paso Córdoba at Fossilworks.org
Lambert et al., 2017
Zamaca in the Paleobiology Database
Santa Rosa in the Paleobiology Database
Cerro Buque in the Paleobiology Database
Bianucci et al., 2020
Landini et al., 2019
Varas Malca et al., 2011
Shockey et al., 2012
Flynn et al., 2008, p.414
Viglino et al., 2018, p.264
Cerro del Castillo, Trelew at Fossilworks.org
Bryn Gwyn at Fossilworks.org
Cerro Chocan at Fossilworks.org
Jazida B17 at Fossilworks.org
Atalaia at Fossilworks.org
Praia de Fortalezinha at Fossilworks.org
Ilha de Fortaleza; São João de Pirabas at Fossilworks.org
Colonia Pedro Teixeira at Fossilworks.org
Tauari at Fossilworks.org
Río Jeinemení at Fossilworks.org
Agnolin & Chafrat, 2015
Acosta Hospitaleche & Stucchi, 2005
Patagonian at Fossilworks.org
Alván et al., 2004
Carrillo Briceño et al., 2016, p.91

Bibliography

Colhué Huapí Member

Arnal, Michelle; Alejandro G. Kramarz; M. Guiomar Vucetich, and E. Carolina Vieytes. 2014. A new early Miocene octodontoid rodent (Hystricognathi, Caviomorpha) from Patagonia (Argentina) and a reassessment of the early evolution of Octodontoidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34(2). 397–406. Accessed 2019-02-12.
Cheme Arriaga, Lucas; María Teresa Dozo, and Javier N. Gelfo. 2016. A new Cramaucheniinae (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36(6). e1229672. Accessed 2019-02-12.

Abanico Formation

Bertrand, Ornella C.; John J. Flynn; Darin A. Croft, and André R. Wyss. 2012. Two new taxa (Caviomorpha, Rodentia) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna (Chile). American Museum Novitates 3750. 1–36. Accessed 2019-02-15.
Bradham, Jennifer; John J. Flynn; Darin A. Croft, and Andre R. Wyss. 2015. New notoungulates (Notostylopidae and basal toxodontians) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna of the Andean Main Range, central Chile. American Museum Novitates 3841. 1–24. Accessed 2019-02-13.
Croft, Darin A.; John J. Flynn, and André R. Wyss. 2008. The Tinguiririca fauna of Chile and the early stages of "modernization" of South American mammal faunas. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro 66. 191–211. Accessed 2019-02-12.
Engelman, Russell K.; John J. Flynn; Philip Gans; André R. Wyss, and Darin A. Croft. 2018. Chlorocyon phantasma, a late Eocene borhyaenoid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Los Helados locality, Andean Main Range, central Chile. American Museum Novitates 3918. 1–22. Accessed 2019-02-11.
Godoy, Estanislao. 2012. Sobre el variable marco geotectónico de las formaciones Abanico y Farellones y sus equivalentes al sur de los 35°LS. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 69. 570–577. Accessed 2017-08-15.
Muñoz, Marcia; Francisco Fuentes; Mario Vergara; Luis Aguirre; Jan Olov Nyström; Gilbert Féraud, and Alain Demant. 2006. Abanico East Formation: petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks behind the Cenozoic arc front in the Andean Cordillera, central Chile (33°50'S). Revista Geológica de Chile 33. 109–140. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Biblián Formation

Veintimilla González, Liliana Alexandra. 2015. Solución geológica, geotécnica, hidrológica, hidráulica y estructural de la alcantarilla que sirve a la autopista Cuenca-Azogues, Abscisa km. 4+667 (thesis), 1–111. Universidad de Cuenca. Accessed 2018-09-11.

Castillo Formation

Johnson, Kenneth G.; Marcelo R. Sánchez Villagra, and Órangel A. Aguilera. 2009. The Oligocene-Miocene transition on coral reefs in the Falcón Basin (NW Venezuela). PALAIOS 24. 59–69. Accessed 2017-08-15.
Rincón, Ascanio D.; Andrés Solórzano; H. Gregory McDonald, and Mónica Núñez Flores. 2017. Baraguatherium takumara, gen. et sp. nov., the earliest mylodontoid sloth (early Miocene) from northern South America. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 24(2). 179–191. Accessed 2019-02-12.
Rincón, Ascanio D.; Andrés Solórzano; Mouloud Benammi; Patrick Vignaud, and H. Gregory McDonald. 2014. Chronology and geology of an Early Miocene mammalian assemblage in North of South America, from Cerro La Cruz (Castillo Formation), Lara State, Venezuela: implications in the 'changing course of Orinoco River' hypothesis. Andean Geology 41. 507–528. Accessed 2018-09-07.
Solórzano, Andrés; Ascanio D. Rincón; Giovanne M. Cidade; Mónica Núñez Flores, and Leonardo Sánchez. 2018. Lower Miocene alligatoroids (Crocodylia) from the Castillo Formation, northwest of Venezuela. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments _. 1–19. Accessed 2018-09-07.
Urbani, Franco, and David Mendi. 2010. Notas sobre la discordancia del margen sur de la cuenca Oligo-Miocena de Falcón estados Lara, Falcón y Yaracuy, Venezuela. Boletín de la Academia de Ciencias Físicas, Matemáticas y Naturales LXX. 9–25. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Cerro Bandera Formation

Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Mariano Bond, and Michelle Arnal. 2015. Systematic description of three new mammals (Notoungulata and Rodentia) from the early Miocene Cerro Bandera Formation, northern Patagonia, Argentina. Ameghiniana 52(6). 585–597. Accessed 2019-02-13.
Kramarz, Alejandro; Alberto Garrido; Analía Forasiepi; Mariano Bond, and Claudia Tambussi. 2005. Estratigrafia y vertebrados (Aves y Mammalia) de la Formación Cerro Bandera, Mioceno Temprano de la Provincia del Neuquén, Argentina. Revista Geológica de Chile 32. 273–291. Accessed 2017-10-20.

Chichinales Formation

Agnolin, Federico L., and Pablo Chafrat. 2015. New fossil bird remains from the Chichinales Formation (Early Miocene) of northern Patagonia, Argentina. Annales de Paléontologie 101(2). 87–94. Accessed 2019-02-13.
Kramarz, Alejandro Gustavo, and Ernesto Rodrigo Paz. 2013. Un Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) basal del Mioceno temprano de Patagonia. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 30. 186–195. Accessed 2017-10-20.

Chilcatay Formation

Bianucci, Giovanni; C. de Muizon; M. Urbina, and O. Lambert. 2020. Extensive diversity and disparity of the early Miocene platanistoids (Cetacea, Odontoceti) in the Southeastern Pacific (Chilcatay Formation, Peru). Life 10. 1–62. .
Landini, W.; A. Collareta; C. Di Celma; E. Malinverno; M. Urbina, and G. Bianucci. 2019. The early Miocene elasmobranch assemblage from Zamaca (Chilcatay T Formation, Peru). Journal of South American Earth Sciences 91. 352–371. .
Bianucci, Giovanni; Giulia Bosio; Elisa Malinverno; Christian De Muizon; Igor M. Villa; Mario Urbina, and Olivier Lambert. 2018. A new large squalodelphinid (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from Peru sheds light on the Early Miocene platanistoid disparity and ecology. Royal Society Open Science 5(4). 172302. Accessed 2019-02-11.
De la Cruz, Aldo Alván. 2008. Geología de Ocucaje: aportes en la sedimentología y paleontología de Lomas de Ullujaya (Ica, Perú). Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG 11. 51–59. Accessed 2017-08-15.
Lambert, Olivier; Christian De Muizon; Elisa Malinverno; Claudio Di Celma; Mario Urbina, and Giovanni Bianucci. 2017. A new odontocete (toothed cetacean) from the Early Miocene of Peru expands the morphological disparity of extinct heterodont dolphins. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 16(12). 981–1016. Accessed 2019-02-12.
Lambert, Olivier; Giovanni Bianucci, and Mario Urbina. 2014. Huaridelphis raimondii, a new early Miocene Squalodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Chilcatay Formation, Peru. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34(5). 987–1004. Accessed 2019-02-12.
Varas Malca, R. M.; A. J. Altamirano Sierra; T. DeVries, and M. Urbino. 2011. The earliest known pinniped from the Southern Hemisphere. Ameghiniana 48. R217. .
Acosta Hospitaleche, C., and M. Stucchi. 2005. Nuevos restos terciarios de Spheniscidae (Aves, sphenisciformes) procedentes de la Costa del Peru. Revista Española de Paleontología 20. 1–5. .
Alván, A.; J. Apolín, and C. Chacaltana. 2004. Los dientes de Seláceos (Condrichthyies) y su aplicaión estratigráfica en Las Lomas de Ullujaya (Ica, Perú), 595–598. XIII Congreso Peruano de Geología. Resúmenes Extendidos.
Colbert, E. H. 1944. A new fossil whale from the Miocene of Peru. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 83. 199–216. .

Cura-Mallín Group

Flynn, John J.; Reynaldo Charrier; Darin A. Croft; Phillip B. Gans; Trystan M. Herriott; Jill A. Wertheim, and André R. Wyss. 2008. Chronologic implications of new Miocene mammals from the Cura-Mallín and Trapa Trapa formations, Laguna del Laja area, south central Chile. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 26. 412–423. Accessed 2017-10-20.
Shockey, Bruce J.; John J. Flynn; Darin A. Croft; Phillip Gans, and André R. Wyss. 2012. New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina : comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses. American Museum Novitates 3737. 1–64. Accessed 2019-02-15.
Utgé, Silvana; Andrés Folguera; Vanesa Litvak, and Víctor A. Ramos. 2009. Geología del sector norte de la Cuenca de Cura Mallín en las Lagunas de Epulaufquen, Neuquén. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 64(2). 231–248. Accessed 2017-10-01.

Gaiman Formation

Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina. 2007. Revisión sistemática de Palaeospheniscus biloculata (Simpson) nov. comb. (Aves, Spheniscidae) de la Formación Gaiman (Mioceno Temprano), Chubut, Argentina. Ameghiniana 44. 417–426. Accessed 2018-09-11.
Viglino, Mariana; Mónica R. Buono; Carolina S. Gutstein; Mario A. Cozzuol, and José I. Cuitiño. 2018. A new dolphin from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina: Insights into the evolution of Platanistoidea in the Southern Hemisphere. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63(2). 261–277. Accessed 2019-02-11.

Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation

Reichler, Valeria A. 2010. Estratigrafía y paleontología del Cenozoico marino del Gran Bajo y Salinas del Gualicho, Argentina, y descripción de 17 especies nuevas. Andean Geology 31. 177–219. Accessed 2018-09-11.

Monte León Formation

Náñez, Carolina; Mirta E. Quattrocchio, and Liliana Ruiz. 2009. Palinología y micropaleontología de las Formaciones San Julián y Monte León (Oligoceno - Mioceno temprano) en el subsuelo de cabo Curioso, provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina. Ameghiniana 46. 669–693. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Montera Formation

Córdova Aguilar, Arturo. 2009. Proyecto: "desarrollo de capacidades para una propuesta de zoneamiento ecológico económica (ZEE) para el ordenamiento territorial del Departamento de Piura" - área: Geología y potencial de recursos mineros, 1–83. Ministry of Environment, Peru. Accessed 2018-09-11.

Pirabas Formation

De Araújo Távora, Vladimir; André Augusto Rodrigues dos Santos, and Raphael Neto Araújo. 2010. Localidades fossilíferas da Formação Pirabas (Mioceno Inferior). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi 5. 207–224. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Río Jeinemení Formation

Dal Molín, C.N., and F. Colombo. 2003. Sedimentación neógena en la Cuenca del Río Zeballos y del Río Jeinemeni (47° Latitud Sur) Antepaís patagónico Argentina. Geogaceta 34. 139–142. Accessed 2018-09-10.

Uitpa Formation

Amson, Eli; Juan D. Carrillo, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2016. Neogene sloth assemblages (Mammalia, Pilosa) of the Cocinetas Basin (La Guajira, Colombia): Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange. Palaeontology _. 1–20. Accessed 2017-03-31.
Cadena, Edwin, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2015. Early to middle Miocene turtles from the northernmost tip of South America: giant testudinids, chelids, and podocnemidids from the Castilletes Formation, Colombia. Ameghiniana 52. 188–203. Accessed 2017-08-08.
Carrillo, Juan D.; Eli Amson; Carlos Jaramillo; Rodolfo Sánchez; Luis Quiroz; Carlos Cuartas; Aldo F. Rincón, and Marcelo R. Sánchez Villagra. 2018. The Neogene record of northern South American native ungulates. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 101. 1–67. Accessed 2019-02-11.
Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D.; Thodoris Argyriou; Vladimir Zapata; René Kindlimann, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2016. A New Early Miocene (Aquitanian) Elasmobranchii Assemblage from the la Guajira Peninsula, Colombia. Ameghiniana 53. 77–99. Accessed 2017-08-08.
Hendy, Austin J.W.; Douglas S. Jones; Federico Moreno; Vladimir Zapata, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2015. Neogene molluscs, shallow marine paleoenvironments, and chronostratigraphy of the Guajira Peninsula, Colombia. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 134. 45–75. Accessed 2017-08-08.
Moreno, F.; A.J.W. Hendy; L. Quiroz; N. Hoyos; D.S. Jones; V. Zapata; S. Zapata; G.A. Ballen, and Edwin Cadena, A.L. Cárdenas, J.D. Carrillo Briceño, J.D. Carrillo, D. Delgado Sierra, J. Escobar, J.I. Martínez, C. Martínez, C. Montes, J. Moreno, N. Pérez, R. Sánchez, C. Suárez, M.C. Vallejo Pareja, C. Jaramillo. 2015. Revised stratigraphy of Neogene strata in the Cocinetas Basin, La Guajira, Colombia. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 134. 5–43. Accessed 2017-08-08.
Moreno Bernal, Jorge W. 2014. Fossil Crocodilians from the High Guajira Peninsula of Colombia, and the History of Neogene Crocodilian Diversity in Tropical South America, 1–66. University of Nebraska. Accessed 2017-08-08.
Suárez, Catalina; AnalÍa M. Forasiepi; Francisco J. Goin, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2015. Insights into the Neotropics Prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange: new evidence of mammalian predators from the Miocene of Northern Colombia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36(1). e1029581. Accessed 2019-02-13.

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[1] Paleo Database: Colhuehuapian

[Dozo_p241-2] Dozo et al., 2014, p.241

[Acosta2005_p128-3] Acosta & Tambussi, 2005, p.128

[Godoy2012-4] Godoy et al., 2012

[Munoz2012-5] Muñoz et al., 2006

[Veintimilla2015_p47-6] Veintimilla González, 2015, p.47

[Johnson_p60-7] Johnson, 2009, p.60

[Kramarz2005-8] Kramarz et al., 2005

[Kramarz2005_p288-9] Kramarz et al., 2005, p.288

[DelaCruz_p53-10] De la Cruz, 2008, p.53

[Solis2018_p13-11] Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.13

[Utge2009-12] Utgé et al., 2009

[Acosta2007_p419-13] Acosta Hospitaleche, 2007, p.419

[Reichler2010_p181-14] Reichler, 2010, p.181

[Nanez2009-15] Náñez et al., 2009

[Perez2010_p52-16] Pérez Panera, 2010, p.52

[Cordova2009_p24-17] Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.24

[DeAraujo_p207-18] De Araújo et al., 2010, p.207

[DalMolin2003_p140-19] Dal Molín & Colombo, 2003, p.140

[Morenoetal_p7-20] Moreno et al., 2015, p.7

[Chemeetal2016-21] Cheme et al., 2016

[Arnal2014-22] Arnal et al., 2014

[FWSarmientoGranBarrancaUpperFossilZone-23] Gran Barranca Upper Fossil Zone at Fossilworks.org

[FWSarmientoSouthernCliffLowerChubutRiverValley-24] Southern Cliff of lower Chubut River Valley at Fossilworks.org

[FWSarmientoGranBarrancaLakeColhueHuapi-25] Gran Barranca - southern cliff of lake Colhué Huapí at Fossilworks.org

[FWSarmientoSacanana-26] Sacanana at Fossilworks.org

[FWRioLasLenas-27] Río Las Lenas at Fossilworks.org

[FWBiblian-28] Point 354989 Anzogues at Fossilworks.org

[Vucetichetal2015-29] Vucetich et al., 2015

[Kramarzetal2015-30] Kramarz et al., 2015

[FWCerroBanderaType-31] Cerro Bandera Type at Fossilworks.org

[FWCerroBanderaBardaNegra-32] Cerro Bandera Barda Negra at Fossilworks.org

[FWCerroBanderaSierraDelPortezueloNorte-33] Cerro Bandera Sierra del Portezuelo Norte at Fossilworks.org

[FWCerroBanderaBayoMesa-34] Cerro Bandera Bayo Mesa at Fossilworks.org

[FWChichinalesPasoCordoba-35] Paso Córdoba at Fossilworks.org

[LambertInticetus2017-36] Lambert et al., 2017

[ChilcatayZamaca-37] Zamaca in the Paleobiology Database

[ChilcataySantaRosa-38] Santa Rosa in the Paleobiology Database

[ChilcatayBuque-39] Cerro Buque in the Paleobiology Database

[Bianucci2020-40] Bianucci et al., 2020

[Landini2019-41] Landini et al., 2019

[Varas2011-42] Varas Malca et al., 2011

[ShockeyColpodon2012-43] Shockey et al., 2012

[Flynn2008_p414-44] Flynn et al., 2008, p.414

[Viglino2018_p264-45] Viglino et al., 2018, p.264

[FWGaimanTrelew-46] Cerro del Castillo, Trelew at Fossilworks.org

[FWGaimanBrynGwyn-47] Bryn Gwyn at Fossilworks.org

[FWMontera-48] Cerro Chocan at Fossilworks.org

[FWJazidaB17-49] Jazida B17 at Fossilworks.org

[FWAtalaia-50] Atalaia at Fossilworks.org

[FWPraiaDeFortalezinha-51] Praia de Fortalezinha at Fossilworks.org

[FWIlhaDeFortaleza-52] Ilha de Fortaleza; São João de Pirabas at Fossilworks.org

[FWColoniaPedroTeixeira-53] Colonia Pedro Teixeira at Fossilworks.org

[FWTauari-54] Tauari at Fossilworks.org

[FWRioJeinemeni-55] Río Jeinemení at Fossilworks.org

[AgnolinChafrat2015-56] Agnolin & Chafrat, 2015

[Acosta2005-57] Acosta Hospitaleche & Stucchi, 2005

[FWPatagonianGaiman-58] Patagonian at Fossilworks.org

[Alvan2004-59] Alván et al., 2004

[Carrillo_p91-60] Carrillo Briceño et al., 2016, p.91