Copper(I) hydroxide

Copper(I) hydroxide is the hydroxide of the metal copper with the chemical formula of CuOH. It is a mild, highly unstable alkali. The color of pure CuOH is yellow or orange-yellow,[2] but it usually appears rather dark red because of impurities. It is extremely easily oxidized even at room temperature. It is useful for some industrial processes and in preventing condensation of formaldehyde. It is also an important reactant and intermediate for several important products including Cu2O3[3] and Cu(OH)2. Additionally, it can act as a catalyst in the synthesis pyrimidopyrrolidone derivatives.[4]

Copper(I) hydroxide
Names
Other names
Cuprous hydroxide; Copper monohydroxide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
  • InChI=1S/Cu.H2O/h;1H2/q+1;/p-1
    Key: ZMHWUUMELDFBCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M
  • [OH-].[Cu+]
Properties
CuOH
Molar mass 80.55 g/mol
Hazards
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 TWA 1 mg/m3 (as Cu)[1]
REL (Recommended)
 TWA 1 mg/m3 (as Cu)[1]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 TWA 100 mg/m3 (as Cu)[1]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Preparation

The dissociation of Cu(OH)2− leads to the formation of CuOH.

The dissociation energy required for this reaction is 62 ± 3 kcal/mol.[3]

Another method is by the double displacement of CuCl and NaOH:

Notably, this method is rarely used because the CuOH produced will gradually dehydrate and eventually turn into Cu2O.

Structure

CuOH can be a linear molecule of the symmetry group C∞v. For the linear structure, the bond distance of the Cu-O bond has been found to be 1.788 Å and the distance of the O-H bond has been found to be 0.952 Å. The CuOH bond angle was measured as 180°.[3]

There is also the possibility of a formed CuOH with the point group Cs. This has been found to have increased stability compared to the linear geometry. In this case, the bond distance of the Cu-O bond was 1.818 Å and the bond distance of the O-H bond was 0.960 Å. The bond angle for this geometry was 131.9°. The compound is highly ionic in character, which is why this angle is not exactly 120°.[3]

Spectroscopic characterization

CuOH has been characterized spectroscopically using intracavity laser spectroscopy,[5] single vibronic level emission,[6] and microwave spectroscopic detection.[7]

Reactions

Similar to iron(II) hydroxide , copper(I) hydroxide can easily oxidise into copper(II) hydroxide:

Cu(OH)2 is used as a fungicide for agriculture, as a mordant, as a source for copper salts, and for the manufacturing of rayon.[8]

Catalytic activity

CuOH can act as a catalyst. It has been found to be useful in the reaction of heterocyclic ketene aminals (an important building block) with diazoesters. This reaction is used to synthesize pyrimidopyrrolidone derivatives with high yields and mild reaction conditions needed.[4] As a catalyst in these reactions, it is used with potassium tert-butoxide and argon with tert-butyl hydroperoxide and dichloroethane. 25 examples of these reactions were successfully performed.[4] Chemicals in the pyrrolidone family have been useful for drug development, including pharmaceuticals for the neuroprotection after strokes and in anti-seizure medications. Although these are psychoactive drugs, they tend to have fewer side effects than their counterparts. The mechanisms by which these drugs work have yet to be established.[9]

Applications

CuOH is an important intermediate in the formation of copper(I) oxide (Cu2O).[3] The Cu2O compound has versatile applications such as for use in solar cells,[10] for the oxidation of fiberglass,[11] and for use in lithium ion batteries.[12] It has even been shown to have a useful application in the development of DNA biosensors for the hepatitis B virus.[13] Notably, it has been found that both CuOH and Cu(OH)2 must be simultaneously present for the synthesis of Cu2O.[3]

Copper (I) vs other oxidation states

Cu+ and Cu2+ are the most common oxidation states of copper although Cu3+ and Cu4+ have also been reported. Cu2+ tends to form stable compounds whereas Cu+ usually forms unstable compounds such as CuOH. One exception to this is Cu2O, which is much more stable. However, aside from this compound, compounds containing Cu+ have not been studied as extensively as Cu2+ compounds due to their relative instability. This includes CuOH.[14]

References
  1. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0150". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  2. Soroka, Inna L.; Shchukarev, Andrey; Jonsson, Mats; Tarakina, Nadezda V.; Korzhavyi, Pavel A. (2013). "Cuprous hydroxide in a solid form: does it exist?". Dalton Transactions. 42 (26): 9585–94. doi:10.1039/C3DT50351H. PMID 23673918.
  3. Illas, F.; Rubio, J.; Centellas, F.; Virgili, J. (1984). "Molecular structure of copper (I) hydroxide and copper hydroxide (1-)(Cu (OH) 2-). An ab initio study". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 88 (22): 5225–28. doi:10.1021/j150666a022.
  4. Luo, K.; Li, W.; Lin, J.; Jin, Y. (2019). "Tandem reaction of heterocyclic ketene aminals with diazoesters: Synthesis of pyrimidopyrrolidone derivatives". Tetrahedron Letters. 60 (41): 151136. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151136. S2CID 203143147.
  5. Harms, J.C.; O'Brien, L.C.; O'Brien, J.J. (2019). "Rotational analysis of the [15.1] A "–X~ 1A′ transition of CuOH and CuOD observed at high resolution with Intracavity laser spectroscopy". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 362: 8–13. doi:10.1016/j.jms.2019.05.013. S2CID 191158971.
  6. Tao, C.; Mukarakate, C.; Reid, S.A. (2007). "Single vibronic level emission spectroscopy and fluorescence lifetime of the B~ 1A "→ X~ 1A′ system of CuOH and CuOD". Chemical Physics Letters. 449 (4–6): 282–85. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2007.10.084.
  7. Whitham, C.J.; Ozeki, H.; Saito, S. (1999). "Microwave spectroscopic detection of transition metal hydroxides: CuOH and AgOH". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 15, 110 (23): 11109–12. doi:10.1063/1.479051. hdl:10098/1528.
  8. Devamani, R.H.; Alagar, M. (2013). "Synthesis and characterisation of copper II hydroxide nano particles". Nano Biomed. Eng. 5 (3): 116–20. doi:10.5101/nbe.v5i3.p116-120.
  9. Shorvon, S. (2001). "Pyrrolidone derivatives". The Lancet. 358 (9296): 1885–92. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06890-8. PMID 11741647. S2CID 205937857.
  10. Akimoto, K.; Ishizuka, S.; Yanagita, M.; Nawa, Y.; Paul, G.K.; Sakurai, T. (2006). "Thin film deposition of Cu2O and application for solar cells". Solar Energy. 1, 80 (6): 715–22. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.10.012.
  11. Ramı́rez-Ortiz, J.; Ogura, T.; Medina-Valtierra, J.; Acosta-Ortiz, S.E.; Bosch, P.; de Los Reyes, J.A.; Lara, V.H. (2001). "A catalytic application of Cu2O and CuO films deposited over fiberglass". Applied Surface Science. 174 (3–4): 177–84. doi:10.1016/S0169-4332(00)00822-9.
  12. Fu, L.J.; Gao, J.; Zhang, T.; Cao, Q.; Yang, L.C.; Wu, Y.P.; Holze, R.; Wu, H.Q. (2007). "Preparation of Cu2O particles with different morphologies and their application in lithium ion batteries". Journal of Power Sources. 174 (2): 1197–1200. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.06.030.
  13. Zhu, H.; Wang, J.; Xu, G. (2009). "Fast synthesis of Cu2O hollow microspheres and their application in DNA biosensor of hepatitis B virus". Crystal Growth & Design. 9 (1): 633–8. doi:10.1021/cg801006g.
  14. Korzhavyi, P.A.; Soroka, I.; Boman, M.; Johansson, B. (2011). "Thermodynamics of stable and metastable Cu-OH compounds". Solid State Phenomena. 172: 973–78. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.172-174.973. S2CID 137644376.
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