COSMO-SkyMed

The four satellites are in Sun-synchronous polar orbits with a 97.90° inclination at a nominal altitude of 619 km (385 mi) and an orbital period of 97.20 minutes. The local time ascending node at the equator is 06:00. The operating life of each satellite is estimated to be 5 years. Each satellite repeats the same ground track every 16 days. They cross the equator at approximately 06:00 and 18:00 local-time each day and can image any point twice each day. The satellites are phased in the same orbital plane, with COSMO-SkyMed's 1, 3, and 2 at 90° intervals followed by COSMO-SkyMed 4 at 67.5° after COSMO-SkyMed 2. The offset of satellite 4 allows a one-day interferometry mode for elevation information.[6] The Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) is used due to power (Electrical Power Subsystem) and revisit time requirements.

The satellites' main components are:

• Two solar arrays for 3.8 kW at 42 V DC
• Stabilization, navigation and Global Positioning System (GPS) systems
• Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) working in X-band
• 300 Gbit on-board memory and 310 Mbit/s data-link with ground segments

The radar antenna is a phased array that is 1.4 × 5.7 m (4 ft 7 in × 18 ft 8 in). The system is capable of both single- and dual-polarization collection. The center frequency is 9.6 GHz with a maximum radar bandwidth of 400 MHz.[7]

The ground segment of the system is composed of:

• Command Center:
  •  Italian Centro Controllo e Pianificazione Missione del Fucino
• Tracking and data stations:
  •  Argentine Cordoba Station
  •  Sweden Kiruna Station
• User Ground Segments:
  •  Italian Matera Civil User Ground Segment
  •  Italian Pratica di Mare Defence User Ground Segment
  •  France Defence User Ground Segment

The governments of Argentina and France are involved respectively in the civil and military segments of the system.

The COSMO-SkyMed satellites have three basic types of imaging modes:

• Spotlight, a high-resolution mode collected over a small area by steering the radar beam slightly fore-to-aft during the collection period
• Stripmap, a medium-resolution mode collected over long, continuous swaths in which the beam is pointed broadside to the satellite track
• ScanSAR, a low-resolution mode that creates extra-wide swaths by collecting short segments at different ranges and then mosaicking them together

There are two Spotlight modes:

• SPOTLIGHT1, which is a military-only mode, and
• SPOTLIGHT2, which provides a resolution of 1 m (3 ft 3 in) over a 10 × 10 km (6.2 × 6.2 mi) area. Spotlight polarization is limited to either HH or VV

There are two Stripmap modes:

• HIMAGE, which provides a resolution of between 3 and 5 m (9.8 and 16.4 ft) over a swath of 40 km (25 mi), and
• PINGPONG, which collects dual-polarization data at 15 m (49 ft) resolution over a swath of 30 km (19 mi). The dual-polarization data can consist of any two polarizations (HH, VV, VH, HV), and it is non-coherent, as it is collected in "pulse groups" that alternate from one polarization to the other.

There are two ScanSAR modes:

• WIDEREGION, which provides 30 m (98 ft) resolution data over a swath of 100 km (62 mi), and
• HUGEREGION, which provides 100 m (330 ft) resolution data over a swath of 200 km (120 mi).

The system is sized to collect up to 450 images per satellite per day.[12]

e-GEOS, S.p.A., a joint venture between European spaceflight services company Telespazio (80%) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) (20%), has the exclusive worldwide commercial rights to sell COSMO-SkyMed data and products.[13][12]

The COSMO-SkyMed satellites are lesser-known deliverers of satellite flares, sometimes approaching magnitude −3. Flares come mainly from SAR-panels of the satellites. Although overshadowed by the Iridium satellites, the flares are often long-lasting, with the satellites traversing much of the sky at brighter-than-average magnitudes.

To replace the first COSMO-SkyMed constellation, the Italian Space Agency is developing the COSMO-SkyMed second generation constellation. The 2nd generation constellation has the same function of radar-based Earth observation with particular focus on the Mediterranean area as the 1st generation. Like the 1st generation, the 2nd generation also consists of 4 satellites, CSG-1, CSG-2, CSG-3 and CSG-4. The satellites are improved versions of the first generation satellites. Also the radar payload CSG-SAR (COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation Synthetic Aperture Radar) is an improved version of the first generation X-band SAR payload. Furthermore, the 2nd generation satellites will operate in the same orbit (indeed, in the same orbital plane) as the first generation satellites. The 2nd generation satellites slightly outweigh the first generation satellites at 2,205 kg (4,861 lb) of mass.[14]

The contract for building two satellites was signed in September 2015. In December 2020, another two satellites were ordered. The satellites are built by Thales Alenia Space (the successor company of Alenia Spazio). They have a planned lifetime of 7 years. CSG-1 was launched on 18 December 2019 by Soyuz ST-A from Centre spatial Guyanais (CSG). CSG-2 was launched on 31 January 2022 by Falcon 9 Block 5 from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station,[15] while the CSG-3 satellite is scheduled to be launched in 2024 on a Vega-C launch vehicle.[16]

• SAOCOM, two Argentine SAR-satellites that are part of the SIASGE constellation alongside COSMO-SkyMed.
• SAR Lupe, a system of five military SAR-satellites of Germany.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to COSMO-SkyMed.

• COSMO-SkyMed Web Site
• COSMO-SkyMed Products Archived 22 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
• INNOVA Consorzio per l'Informatica e la Telematica s.r.l. – Italian SME with specific know-how and expertise with COSMO-SkyMed's HDF5 format
• Remote Monitoring of Migrants Vessels in the Mediterranean Sea (CeMiSS)