Pragyan (rover)

Pragyan (from Sanskrit: prajñāna, lit. 'wisdom')[7][8] is a lunar rover that forms part of Chandrayaan-3, a lunar mission developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).[9] A previous iteration of the rover was launched as part of Chandrayaan-2 on 22 July 2019 and was destroyed with its lander, Vikram, when it crashed on the Moon on 6 September.[3][10] Chandrayaan-3 launched on 14 July 2023, carrying new versions of Vikram and Pragyan,[1] which successfully landed near the lunar south pole on 23 August 2023.[11]

Pragyan
Pragyan roll out on Moon
Mission typeLunar rover
OperatorISRO
Mission duration
Spacecraft properties
ManufacturerISRO
Landing mass
  • Chandrayaan-2: 27 kg (60 lb)
  • Chandrayaan-3: 26 kg (57 lb)
Dimensions0.9 m × 0.75 m × 0.85 m (3.0 ft × 2.5 ft × 2.8 ft)
Power50 W from solar panels
Start of mission
Launch date
  • Chandrayaan-2: 22 July 2019 (2019-07-22) 14:43:12 IST (09:13:12 UTC)
  • Chandrayaan-3: 14 July 2023 (2023-07-14) 14:35 IST (09:05 UTC)[1]
RocketLVM3 M1, LVM3 M4
Launch siteSDSC Second launch pad
ContractorISRO
Deployed fromVikram
Deployment date
  • Chandrayaan-2: 7 September 2019 (intended,[2] never deployed from destroyed lander)[3]
  • Chandrayaan-3: 23 August 2023[4]
Lunar rover
Landing date
  • Chandrayaan-2: 6 September 2019, 20:00–21:00 UTC
  • Chandrayaan-3: 23 August 2023, 12:32 UTC[5]
Landing siteAttempted: 70.90267°S 22.78110°E[6] (Intended)
Crash landing at least 500m away from planned site. (Actual)
Distance driven
  • Chandrayaan-2: 500 m (1,600 ft) (intended)
  • Chandrayaan-3: 101.4 m (333 ft)
 

Overview
Schematic view of the rover

Pragyan has a mass of about 27 kg (60 lb) and dimensions of 0.9 m × 0.75 m × 0.85 m (3.0 ft × 2.5 ft × 2.8 ft), with a power output of 50 watts.[12] It is designed to operate on solar power.[13][14] The rover moves on six wheels and is intended to traverse 500 m (1,600 ft) on the lunar surface at the rate of 1 cm (0.39 in) per second, performing on-site analysis and sending the data to its lander for relay back to the Earth.[15][16][17][18][19] For navigation, the rover is equipped with:

  • Stereoscopic camera-based 3D vision: two 1-megapixel, monochromatic NAVCAMs in front of the rover to provide the ground control team a 3D view of the surrounding terrain, and help in path-planning by generating a digital elevation model of the terrain.[20] IIT Kanpur contributed to the development of the subsystems for light-based map generation and motion planning for the rover.[21]
  • Control and motor dynamics: the rover design has a rocker-bogie suspension system and six wheels, each driven by independent brushless DC electric motors. Steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels or skid steering.[22]

The expected operating time of the rover is one lunar day or around 14 Earth days, as its electronics are not designed to endure the frigid lunar night. Its power system has a solar-powered sleep and wake-up cycle, which could result in a longer operation time than planned.[23][24]

Chandrayaan-2 (2019)
Further information: Chandrayaan-2
Pragyan mounted on the ramp of Vikram lander

Planned landing site

Two landing sites were selected in the lunar south polar region, each with a landing ellipse of 32 km × 11 km (19.9 mi × 6.8 mi).[6] The prime landing site (PLS54) is at 70.90267°S 22.78110°E / -70.90267; 22.78110, approximately 350 km (220 mi) north of the rim of the South Pole–Aitken basin.[25][6] The alternative landing site (ALS01) is at 67.87406°S 18.46947°W / -67.87406; -18.46947. The prime site is on a high plain between the craters Manzinus C and Simpelius N,[26][25] on the near side of the Moon.[6] The criteria used to select the landing zones were a location in the south polar region and on the near side, a slope less than 15 degrees, with boulders less than 50 cm (20 in) in diameter, a crater and boulder distribution, being sunlit for at least 14 days, and with nearby ridges not shadowing the site for long durations.[6]

Both the planned site and the alternative site are located within the polar LQ30 quadrangle. The surface likely consists of impact melt, possibly mantled by ejecta from the massive South Pole–Aitken basin and mixing by subsequent nearby impacts.[27] The nature of the melt is mostly mafic,[27] meaning it is rich in silicate minerals, magnesium, and iron. The region could also offer scientifically valuable rocks from the lunar mantle if the basin impactor excavated all the way through the crust.[28]

Crash landing

The lander Vikram, carrying Pragyan, separated from the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter on 7 September 2019 and was scheduled to land on the Moon at around 1:50 a.m. IST. The initial descent was considered within mission parameters, passing critical braking procedures as planned. The descent and soft-landing was to be done by the on-board computers on Vikram, with mission control unable to make corrections.[29]

The lander's trajectory began to deviate at about 2.1 kilometers (1.3 mi; 6,900 ft) above the surface.[30] The final telemetry readings during ISRO's live-stream show that Vikram's final vertical velocity was 58 m/s (210 km/h; 130 mph) at 330 m (1,080 ft) above the surface, which according to the MIT Technology Review was "quite fast for a lunar landing".[31] Initial reports suggested a crash,[32][33] and were later confirmed by ISRO chairman K. Sivan, stating that the lander location had been found, and "it must had been a hard landing".[10][34][35] The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter took images of the crash site, showing that the lander had been destroyed by the impact, creating an impact site and debris field spanning kilometers.[36]

Chandrayaan-3 (2023)
A four-meter diameter crater, as captured by the Navigation camera onboard the rover.

Chandrayaan-3 was launched aboard an LVM3-M4 rocket on 14 July 2023, at 09:05 UTC from Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, India. On 23 August 2023, as the lander approached the low point of its orbit, its four engines fired as a braking manoeuvre at 30 kilometres (19 mi) above the Moon's surface. After 11.5 minutes, the lander was 7.2 km (4.5 miles) above the surface; it maintained this altitude for about 10 seconds, then stabilized itself using eight smaller thrusters and rotated from a horizontal to a vertical position while continuing its descent.

It then used two of its four engines to slow its descent to roughly 150 metres (490 ft); it hovered there for about 30 seconds and located an optimal landing spot before continuing downward and touching down at 12:32 UTC.[37][38]

After reaching the Moon's south pole, Chandrayaan-3 deployed the rover to explore the cratered surface, harnessed integrated cameras to send back videos of its environment, and started working on the research objectives planned for a two-week exploration of the Moon.[39]

The first video of the rover, posted on 25 August 2023, showed it leaving the Vikram lander on a ramp and driving onto the Moon. ISRO posted the video in a thread on Twitter that also included footage from the lander approaching its landing site and kicking up dust as it touched down on the surface. ISRO wrote afterwards that the rover's two scientific instruments had been turned on and that it had moved eight meters.[40]

On 26 August, the ISRO posted a new video, shot from the lander, of the rover's drive away, moving almost out of the lander's sight.[41] On 27 August, it published two pictures after the rover encountered a large crater positioned three metres ahead of its location. However, the rover safely headed on a new path afterwards.[42][43]

Later on 30 August, at 7:35 am, the rover took a picture of the Vikram lander, showing its two payloads, Chaste and ILSA, had deployed.[44] Another image was captured at 11:04 the same day, from a distance of 15 m.[45]

On September 2, the rover finished all assignments and entered into a sleep mode in preparation for wake up on September 22, however, it was not expected to continue working.[46] Its battery is fully charged.[47] Both the rover and its lander's reactivations were delayed to the 23rd for unspecified reasons.[48]

See also

References
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    🔍What's new here?
    Pragyan rover roams around Shiv Shakti Point in pursuit of lunar secrets at the South Pole 🌗!"     (Tweet). Retrieved 29 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  42. ISRO [@isro] (28 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission:
    On August 27, 2023, the Rover came across a 4-meter diameter crater positioned 3 meters ahead of its location.
    The Rover was commanded to retrace the path.
    It's now safely heading on a new path"     (Tweet). Retrieved 29 August 2023 – via Twitter.
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  44. ISRO [@isro] (30 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission:
    Smile, please📸!
    Pragyan Rover clicked an image of Vikram Lander this morning.
    The 'image of the mission' was taken by the Navigation Camera onboard the Rover (NavCam).
    NavCams for the Chandrayaan-3 Mission are developed by the Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS)
    isro.gov.in/LEOS.html"     (Tweet). Retrieved 31 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  45. ISRO [@isro] (30 August 2023). "Beyond Borders, Across Moonscapes:
    India's Majesty knows no bounds!.
    Once more, co-traveller Pragyan captures Vikram in a Snap!
    This iconic snap was taken today around 11 am IST from about 15 m.
    The data from the NavCams is processed by SAC/ISRO, Ahmedabad"     (Tweet). Retrieved 31 August 2023 – via Twitter.
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