Crimean campaign

The Crimea campaign was an eight-month-long campaign by Axis forces to conquer the Crimean Peninsula, and was the scene of some of the bloodiest battles on the Eastern Front during World War II. The German, Romanian, and defending Soviet troops suffered heavy casualties as the Axis forces tried to advance through the Isthmus of Perekop linking the Crimean Peninsula to the mainland at Perekop, from summer of 1941 through to the first half of 1942.

Crimean campaign
Part of the Eastern Front of World War II
Soviet prisoners of war in the Crimea, 6 November 1941
Date 18 October 1941 – 4 July 1942 Location Crimean ASSR, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union Result Axis victory Territorial changes Axis forces capture the Crimean Peninsula
Belligerents
Germany  Romania Naval support:  Italy	Soviet Union
Commanders and leaders
Erich von Manstein Erick-Oskar Hansen Maximilian Fretter-Pico Hans Graf von Sponeck Florea Mitrănescu Gheorghe Avramescu Wolfram von Richthofen	Gordey Levchenko Ivan Petrov Filipp Oktyabrsky Pyotr Novikov (POW) Dmitry Kozlov Lev Mekhlis Alexey Pervushin (WIA) Konstantin Kolganov Vladimir Lvov † Sergey Gorshkov
Units involved
11th Army LIV Corps XXX Corps XXXXII Corps 7th Corps Mountain Corps VIII Air Corps	Crimean Front 44th Army 47th Army 51st Army Crimean Front VVS Sevastopol Defence Region Coastal Army Black Sea Fleet Azov Flotilla
Casualties and losses
30,000 dead, wounded or missing	65,000 captured 212 vehicles destroyed 672 guns

German Panzer IV tank and soldiers in the Crimea, 1942.

From 26 September 1941 the German 11th Army and troops from the Romanian Third Army and Fourth Army were involved in the fighting,[1] opposed by the Red Army's 51st Army and elements of the Black Sea Fleet. After the campaign, the peninsula was occupied by Army Group A with the 17th Army as its major subordinate formation.[2]

Once the Axis (German and Romanian troops) broke through, they occupied most of Crimea, with the exception of the city of Sevastopol, which was given the title of Hero City for its resistance, and Kerch, which was recaptured by the Soviets during an amphibious operation near the end of 1941 and then taken once again by the Germans during Operation Bustard Hunt on 8 May.[1][3] The Siege of Sevastopol lasted 250 days from 30 October 1941 until 4 July 1942, when the Axis finally captured the city.

In the early hours of 6 November, the Romanian submarine Delfinul, commanded by Constantin Costăchescu, torpedoed and sank the Soviet 1,975-ton cargo ship Uralets four miles South of Yalta. The submarine was subsequently attacked by Soviet forces but she followed a route along the Turkish coast and managed to evade up to 80 depth charges, before safely arriving in the port of Constanța on 7 November.[4][5][6]

Sevastopol, the main object of the campaign, was surrounded by German forces and assaulted on 30 October 1941. German troops were repulsed by a Soviet counterattack. Later, many troops who had been evacuated from Odessa contributed to the defence of Sevastopol. The Germans then began an encirclement of the city. Other attacks on 11 November and 30 November, in the eastern and southern sections of the city, failed. German forces were then reinforced by several artillery regiments, one of which included the railway gun Schwerer Gustav. Another attack on 17 December was repulsed at the last moment with the help of reinforcements and Soviet troops landed on the Kerch peninsula the day after Christmas, to relieve Sevastopol. The Soviet forces remained on the peninsula until a 9 April German counterattack. They held on for another month before being eliminated on 18 May. With the distraction removed, German forces renewed their assault on Sevastopol, penetrating the inner defensive lines on 29 June. Soviet commanders had been flown out or evacuated by submarine towards the end of the siege and the city surrendered on 4 July 1942, although some Soviet troops held out in caves outside of the city until 9 July.[1]

In 1944, Crimea was recaptured by troops of the 4th Ukrainian Front during the Crimean Offensive (8 April 1944 – 12 May 1944) and its three sub-operations:

• Kerch–Eltigen Operation (31 October 1943 – 11 December 1943)
• Perekop–Sevastopol Offensive Operation (8 April 1944 – 12 May 1944)
• Kerch–Sevastopol Offensive Operation (11 April 1944 – 12 May 1944)