Criticism of Hamas

Aside from its use of political violence in pursuit of its goals, the Palestinian political and military organization Hamas has been widely criticised for a variety of reasons, including its:

Hate speech
See also: Racism in the Palestinian territories

The ideology of Hamas has a strong anti-Jewish stance, manifesting in the use of tropes from the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, the use of derogatory descriptions the Jews and equating the Jews to the Nazis.[1]

According to academic Esther Webman, antisemitism is not the main tenet of Hamas ideology, although antisemitic rhetoric is frequent and intense in Hamas leaflets. The leaflets generally do not differentiate between Jews and Zionists. In other Hamas publications and interviews with its leaders, attempts at this differentiation have been made.[2] In 2009 representatives of the small anti-Zionist Jewish group Neturei Karta met with Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh in Gaza, who stated that he held nothing against Jews but only against the State of Israel.[3]

Hamas has made conflicting statements about its readiness to recognize Israel. In 2006 a spokesman signaled readiness to recognize Israel within the 1967 borders. Speaking of requests for Hamas to recognize agreements between the Palestinian Authority and Israel, senior Hamas member Khaled Suleiman said that "these agreements are a reality which we view as such, and therefore I see no problem."[4] Also in 2006, a Hamas official ruled out recognition of Israel with reference to West and East Germany, which never recognized each other.[5]

Statements by Hamas members and clerics

Statements to an Arab audience

In 2008, Hamas imam Yousif al-Zahar said in his sermon at the Katib Wilayat mosque in Gaza that "Jews are a people who cannot be trusted. They have been traitors to all agreements. Go back to history. Their fate is their vanishing."[6][7]

Another Hamas legislator and imam, Sheik Yunus al-Astal, discussed a Quranic verse suggesting that "suffering by fire is the Jews' destiny in this world and the next." He concluded "Therefore we are sure that the Holocaust is still to come upon the Jews."[6][7]

Following the rededication of the Hurva Synagogue in Jerusalem in March 2010, senior Hamas figure al-Zahar called on Palestinians everywhere to observe five minutes of silence "for Israel's disappearance and to identify with Jerusalem and the al-Aqsa mosque". He further stated that "Wherever you have been you've been sent to your destruction. You've killed and murdered your prophets and you have always dealt in loan-sharking and destruction. You've made a deal with the devil and with destruction itself—just like your synagogue."[8][9]

On August 10, 2012, Ahmad Bahr, Deputy Speaker of the Hamas Parliament, stated in a sermon that aired on Al-Aqsa TV:

If the enemy sets foot on a single square inch of Islamic land, Jihad becomes an individual duty, incumbent on every Muslim, male or female. A woman may set out [on Jihad] without her husband's permission, and a servant without his master's permission. Why? In order to annihilate those Jews. ... O Allah, destroy the Jews and their supporters. O Allah, destroy the Americans and their supporters. O Allah, count them one by one, and kill them all, without leaving a single one.[10][11][12][13]

In an interview with Al-Aqsa TV on September 12, 2012, Marwan Abu Ras, a Hamas MP, who is also a member of the International Union of Muslim Scholars, stated (as translated by MEMRI):

The Jews are behind each and every catastrophe on the face of the Earth. This is not open to debate. This is not a temporal thing, but goes back to days of yore. They concocted so many conspiracies and betrayed rulers and nations so many times that the people harbor hatred towards them. ... Throughout history—from Nebuchadnezzar until modern times. ... They slayed the prophets, and so on. ... Any catastrophe on the face of this Earth—the Jews must be behind it.[14]

On December 26, 2012, Senior Hamas official and Jerusalem bureau chief Ahmed Abu Haliba, called on "all Palestinian factions to resume suicide attacks ... deep inside the Zionist enemy" and said that "we must renew the resistance to occupation in any possible way, above all through armed resistance." Abu Haliba suggested the use of suicide bombings as a response to Israel's plans to build housing units in East Jerusalem and the West Bank.[15]

In 2014 Hamas spokesman Osama Hamdan defended a video of his repeating the blood libel myth in an interview.[16]

Statements to an international audience
Longtime leader, Khaled Meshaal

In an interview with CBS This Morning on July 27, 2014, then Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal stated:

We are not fanatics. We are not fundamentalists. We are not actually fighting the Jews because they are Jews per se. We do not fight any other races. We fight the occupiers.[17]

On January 8, 2012, during a visit to Tunis, Gazan Hamas prime minister Ismail Haniyeh told the Associated Press that he disagrees with the anti-Semitic slogans. "We are not against the Jews because they are Jews. Our problem is with those occupying the land of Palestine," he said. "There are Jews all over the world, but Hamas does not target them."[18] In response to a statement by Palestinian Authority leader Mahmoud Abbas that Hamas preferred non-violent means and had agreed to adopt "peaceful resistance," Hamas contradicted Abbas. According to Hamas spokesman Sami Abu-Zuhri, "We had agreed to give popular resistance precedence in the West Bank, but this does not come at the expense of armed resistance."[19]

In May 2009, senior Hamas MP Sayed Abu Musameh said, "in our culture, we respect every foreigner, especially Jews and Christians, but we are against Zionists, not as nationalists but as fascists and racists."[20] In the same interview, he also said, "I hate all kinds of weapons. I dream of seeing every weapon from the atomic bomb to small guns banned everywhere." In January 2009, Gazan Hamas Health Minister Basim Naim published a letter in The Guardian, stating that Hamas has no quarrel with Jewish people, only with the actions of Israel.[21] In October 1994, in a response to Israel's crackdown on Hamas militants following a suicide bombing on a Tel Aviv bus, Hamas promised retaliation: "Rabin must know that Hamas loves death more than Rabin and his soldiers love life."[22]

In an interview on Lebanese television on July 28, 2014, Hamas spokesman Osama Hamdan repeated the blood libel myth:

We all remember how the Jews used to slaughter Christians, in order to mix their blood in their holy matzos... It happened everywhere.[23]

Statements on the Holocaust

Hamas has been explicit in its Holocaust denial. In reaction to the Stockholm conference on the Jewish Holocaust, held in late January 2000, Hamas issued a press release that it published on its official website, containing the following statements from a senior leader:

This conference bears a clear Zionist goal, aimed at forging history by hiding the truth about the so-called Holocaust, which is an alleged and invented story with no basis. (...) The invention of these grand illusions of an alleged crime that never occurred, ignoring the millions of dead European victims of Nazism during the war, clearly reveals the racist Zionist face, which believes in the superiority of the Jewish race over the rest of the nations. (...) By these methods, the Jews in the world flout scientific methods of research whenever that research contradicts their racist interests.[24]

In August 2003, senior Hamas official Abd Al-Aziz Al-Rantisi wrote in the Hamas newspaper Al-Risala that the Zionists encouraged murder of Jews by the Nazis with the aim of forcing them to immigrate to Palestine.[25]

In 2005, Khaled Mashal called Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's December 14, 2005, statements on the Holocaust that Europeans had "created a myth in the name of Holocaust"[26]) as "courageous".[27] Later in 2008, Basim Naim, the minister of health in the Hamas-led Palestinian Authority government in Gaza countered holocaust denial, and said "it should be made clear that neither Hamas nor the Palestinian government in Gaza denies the Nazi Holocaust. The Holocaust was not only a crime against humanity but one of the most abhorrent crimes in modern history. We condemn it as we condemn every abuse of humanity and all forms of discrimination on the basis of religion, race, gender or nationality."[28]

In an open letter to Gaza Strip UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) chief John Ging published August 20, 2009, the movement's Popular Committees for Refugees called the Holocaust "a lie invented by the Zionists," adding that the group refused to let Gazan children study it.[29] Hamas leader Yunis al-Astal continued by saying that having the Holocaust included in the UNRWA curriculum for Gaza students amounted to "marketing a lie and spreading it". Al-Astal continued "I do not exaggerate when I say this issue is a war crime, because of how it serves the Zionist colonizers and deals with their hypocrisy and lies."[30][31]

In February 2011, Hamas voiced opposition to UNRWA's teaching of the Holocaust in Gaza. According to Hamas, "Holocaust studies in refugee camps is a contemptible plot and serves the Zionist entity with a goal of creating a reality and telling stories in order to justify acts of slaughter against the Palestinian people."[32][33] In July 2012, Fawzi Barhoum, a Hamas spokesman, denounced a visit by Ziad al-Bandak, an adviser to Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas, to the Auschwitz death camp, saying it was "unjustified" and "unhelpful" and only served the "Zionist occupation" while coming "at the expense of a real Palestinian tragedy". He also called the Holocaust an "alleged tragedy" and "exaggerated".[34][35][36][37] In October 2012, Hamas said that they were opposed to teaching about the Holocaust in Gaza Strip schools run by UNRWA. The Refugee Affairs Department of Hamas said that teaching the Holocaust was a "crime against the issue of the refugees that is aimed at canceling their right of return".[38]

US criticism

The FBI and United States Department of Justice in 2004 stated that Hamas threatened the United States through covert cells on US soil.[39][40]

Researcher Steven Emerson in 2006 alleged that the group had "an extensive infrastructure in the US mostly revolving around the activities of fundraising, recruiting and training members, directing operations against Israel, organizing political support and operating through human-rights front groups". Emerson added that while the group had never acted outside of Israel or the Palestinian Territories, it does have the capacity to carry out attacks in the US "if it decided to enlarge the scope of its operations".[41]

FBI director Robert Mueller in 2005 testified to the Senate Intelligence Committee that, the FBI's assessment at that time was that there was "a limited threat of a coordinated terrorist attack in the US from Palestinian terrorist organizations" such as Hamas. He added that Hamas had "maintained a longstanding policy of focusing their attacks on Israeli targets in Israel and the Palestinian territories", and that the FBI believed that the main interest of Hamas in the US remained "the raising of funds to support their regional goals", and that:

"of all the Palestinian groups, Hamas has the largest presence in the US, with a robust infrastructure, primarily focused on fundraising, propaganda for the Palestinian cause, and proselytizing."

Although it would be a major strategic shift for Hamas, its United States network is theoretically capable of facilitating acts of terrorism in the US.[42]

In May 2011, Hamas leader and Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh condemned the US killing of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan.[43] Haniyeh praised Bin Laden, the founder of the jihadist organization al-Qaeda, as a "martyr" and an "Arab holy warrior".[44][45] The US government condemned his remarks as "outrageous".[46]

Following its actions in 2023, Hamas has been compared to ISIS due to its brutal methods and goals.[47][48][49] US military analyst Andrew Exum has denounced such depictions as "misguided".[50]

Human shields
A Hamas rocket launch site and its civilian surroundings.

Human shields are non-combatants who either volunteer or are forced to shield a military target in order to deter the enemy from attacking it.

After the 2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip, Human Rights Watch stated that Palestinian groups had endangered civilians by "repeatedly fired rockets from densely populated areas, near homes, businesses, and a hotel" and noted that under international law, parties to a conflict may not place military targets in or near densely populated areas. One rocket was launched close to the Shawa and Housari Building, where various Palestinian and international media have offices; another was fired from the yard of a house near the Deira Hotel.[51][52] The New York Times journalist Steven Erlanger reported that "Hamas rocket and weapons caches, including rocket launchers, have been discovered in and under mosques, schools and civilian homes."[53] Another report published by Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center revealed that Hamas used close to 100 mosques to store weapons and as launch-pads to shoot rockets. The report contains testimony from variety Palestinian sources, including a Hamas militant Sabhi Majad Atar, who said he was taught how to shoot rockets from inside a mosque.[54]

Hamas has also been criticized by Israeli officials for blending into or hiding among the Palestinian civilian population during the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict.[55] The Israeli government published what it said was video evidence of human shield tactics by Hamas.[56] Israel said that Hamas frequently used mosques and school yards[57] as hideouts and places to store weapons,[58] and that Hamas militants stored weapons in their homes, making it difficult to ensure that civilians close to legitimate military targets are not hurt during Israeli military operations.[59] Israeli officials also accused the Hamas leadership of hiding under Shifa Hospital during the conflict, using the patients inside to deter an Israeli attack.[53][60]

In 2009, the Israeli government filed a report to the United Nations accusing Hamas of exploiting its rules of engagement by shooting rockets and launching attacks within protected civilian areas. Israel says 12,000 rockets and mortars were fired at it between 2000 and 2008—nearly 3,000 in 2008 alone.[61]

In one case, an errant Israeli mortar strike killed dozens of people near a UN school. Hamas said that the mortar killed 42 people and left dozens wounded. Israel said that Hamas militants had launched a rocket from a yard adjacent to the school and one mortar of three rounds hit the school, due to a GPS error. According to the Israeli military probe, the remaining two rounds hit the yard used to launch rockets into Israel, killing two members of Hamas's military wing who fired the rockets.[62]

Human Rights Watch called Hamas to "publicly renounce" the rocket attacks against Israeli civilians and hold those responsible to account. Human Rights Watch program director Iain Levine said the attacks by Hamas were "unlawful and unjustifiable, and amount to war crimes", and accused Hamas of putting Palestinians at risk by launching attacks from built-up areas.[61] A Hamas spokesman replied that the report was "biased" and denied that Hamas uses human shields.[61]

On 13 October 2023, Hamas told Gaza residents not to respond to Israel’s evacuation order. The spokesperson of Hamas' Al-Qassam Brigades, Abu Obaida, urged Palestinians not to evacuate despite Israel warning of a potential ground invasion in response to Hamas’ terror attacks that killed more than 1,300 people.[63]

Human Rights Watch investigated 19 incidents involving 53 civilian deaths in Gaza that Israel said were the result of Hamas fighting in densely populated areas and did not find evidence for existence of Palestinian fighters in the areas at the time of the Israeli attack. In other cases where no civilians had died, the report concluded that Hamas may have deliberately fired rockets from areas close to civilians.[64] HRW also investigated 11 deaths that Israel said were civilians being used as human shields by Hamas. HRW found no evidence that the civilians were used as human shields, nor had they been shot in crossfire.[65] The Israeli 'human shields' charge against Hamas was called "full of holes" by The National (UAE), which stated that only Israel accused Hamas of using human shields during the conflict, though Hamas "may be guilty" of "locating military objectives within or near densely populated areas" and for "deliberately firing indiscriminate weapons into civilian populated areas".[66]

Israel has accused Hamas of using children as human shields. The Israeli government released video footage in which it claims two militants are shown grabbing a young boy's arm from behind holding him to walk in front of them toward a group of people waiting near a wall. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) argues the militants were placing the boy between themselves and an Israeli sniper. The second scene shows an individual, described as a terrorist, grabbing a school boy off of a floor, where he is hiding behind a column from IDF fire, and using him as a human shield to walk to a different location.[67] After 15 alleged militants sought refuge in a mosque from Israeli forces, the BBC reported that Hamas radio instructed local women to go the mosque to protect the militants. Israeli forces later opened fire and killed two women.[68]

In November 2006, the Israeli Air Force warned Muhammad Weil Baroud, commander of the Popular Resistance Committees who are accused of launching rockets into Israeli territory, to evacuate his home in a Jabalia refugee camp apartment block in advance of a planned Israeli air strike. Baroud responded by calling for volunteers to protect the apartment block and nearby buildings and, according to The Jerusalem Post, hundreds of local residents, mostly women and children, responded. Israel suspended the air strike. Israel termed the action an example of Hamas using human shields.[69] In response to the incident, Hamas proclaimed: "We won. From now on we will form human chains around every house threatened with demolition."[70] In a November 22 press release, Human Rights Watch condemned Hamas, stating: "There is no excuse for calling civilians to the scene of a planned attack. Whether or not the home is a legitimate military target, knowingly asking civilians to stand in harm's way is unlawful."[71] Following criticism, Human rights Watch issued a statement saying that their initial assessment of the situation was in error. They stated that, on the basis of available evidence, the home demolition was in fact an administrative act, viewed in the context of Israel's longstanding policy of punitive home demolitions, not a military act and thus would not fall within the purview of the law regulating hostilities during armed conflict, which had been the basis for their initial criticism of Hamas.[68]

When the UN-sponsored Goldstone Commission Report on the Gaza War was commissioned in 2009, it stated that it "found no evidence that Palestinian combatants mingled with the civilian population with the intention of shielding themselves from attack" though they deemed credible reports that Palestinian militants were "not always dressed in a way that distinguished them from civilians".[72] Hamas MP Fathi Hamed stated that "For the Palestinian people, death has become an industry, at which women excel...the elderly excel at this...and so do the children. This is why they have formed human shields of the women, the children."[73] Following the release of the Goldstone Report, the former commander of the British forces in Afghanistan Colonel Richard Kemp was invited to testify at the UN Human Rights Council 12th Special Session that during Operation Cast Lead, Israel encountered an "enemy that deliberately positioned its military capability behind the human shield of the civilian population".[74]

Children as combatants
See also: Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Child supporter of Hamas in December 2012

In the early intifada period, children in Gaza and the West Bank were instilled by Hamas with Islamic and military values. Evidence from 2001 shows that kindergarten children attended ceremonies where they wore emblematic uniforms and bore mock rifles. Some were dressed up as suicide bombers, whose readiness to die for the cause was held up as a model to be imitated. The preschoolers would swear an oath 'to pursue jihad, resistance and intifada.' At summer camps, alongside Quranic studies and familiarization with computers, courses were given that included military training.[75]

Although Hamas admits to sponsoring summer schools to train teenagers in handling weapons they condemn attacks by children. Following the deaths of three teenagers during a 2002 attack on Netzarim in central Gaza, Hamas banned attacks by children and "called on the teachers and religious leaders to spread the message of restraint among young boys".[76][77]

Hamas's use of child labor to build tunnels with which to attack Israel has also been criticized, with at least 160 children killed in the tunnels as of 2012.[78]

Misuse of humanitarian aid

In 2023, concerns over Hamas redirected aid for military activities were expressed after a 2021 Hamas propaganda video showed Hamas members digging up and dismantling pipelines to produce rockets such as the Qassam rocket which is commonly assembled from industrial piping. As of 2021, the European Union (EU) provided €9 million for the purchase of bulk pipes in Gaza City and Jabalia. In 2023, £26 million has been spent by the EU for expanding pipelines networks in Palestine. The United Kingdom, which had provided significant aid for building pipelines in Palestine, has denied that its funds could be abused by Hamas.[79]

Political freedoms
Hamas mural in the West Bank

No new elections
Main article: Governance of the Gaza Strip

Gaza's last presidential election was the 2005 Palestinian presidential election, which Fatah won. And the last legislative election was the 2006 Palestinian legislative election, which Hamas won with 44.45% of the vote and 74 of the 132 seats, while the previous ruling Fatah received only 41.43% of the vote and only 45 seats.[80] But since the June 2007 Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip, de facto governance of the Gaza Strip has been controlled by Hamas without any free elections. Gaza Strip's electoral process has thus received Freedom House's worst score.[81]

Press restrictions

Human rights groups and Gazans have accused the Hamas government in the Gaza Strip of restricting freedom of the press and forcefully suppressing dissent. Both foreign and Palestinian journalists report harassment and other measures taken against them.[82][83] In September 2007, the Gaza Interior Ministry disbanded the Gaza Strip branch of the pro-Fatah Union of Palestinian Journalists, a move criticized by Reporters Without Borders.[84] In November 2007, the Hamas government arrested a British journalist and for a time canceled all press cards in Gaza.[85][86] On February 8, 2008, Hamas banned distribution of the pro-Fatah Al-Ayyam newspaper, and closed its offices in the Gaza Strip because it ran a caricature that mocked legislators loyal to Hamas.[87][88] The Gaza Strip Interior Ministry later issued an arrest warrant for the editor.[89]

More widely, in late August 2007 the group was accused in The Telegraph, a conservative British newspaper, of torturing, detaining, and firing on unarmed protesters who had objected to policies of the Hamas government.[90] Also in late August, Palestinian health officials reported that the Hamas government had been shutting down Gaza clinics in retaliation for doctor strikes. The Hamas government confirmed the "punitive measure against doctors" because, in its view, they had incited other doctors to suspend services and go out on strike.[91] In September 2007 the Hamas government banned public prayers after Fatah supporters began holding worship sessions that quickly escalated into raucous protests against Hamas rule. Government security forces beat several gathering supporters and journalists.[92] In October 2008, the Hamas government announced it would release all political prisoners in custody in Gaza. Several hours after the announcement, 17 Fatah members were released.[93]

On August 2, 2012, the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) accused Hamas of harassing elected officials belonging to the Palestinian Journalists' Syndicate (PJS) in Gaza. The IFJ said that journalists' leaders in Gaza have faced a campaign of intimidation, as well as threats designed to force them to stop their union work. Some of these journalists are now facing charges of illegal activities and a travel ban, due to their refusal "to give in to pressure". The IFJ said that these accusations are "malicious" and "should be dropped immediately". The IFJ explained that the campaign against PJS members began in March 2012, after their election, and included a raid organized by Hamas supporters who took over the PJS offices in Gaza with the help of the security forces, and subsequently evicted the staff and elected officials. Other harassment includes the targeting of individuals who were bullied into stopping union work. The IFJ backed the PJS and called on Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh to intervene to stop "his officials' unwarranted interference in journalists' affairs".[94] In November 2012, two Gazan journalists were prevented from leaving Gaza by Hamas. There were scheduled to participate in a conference in Cairo, Egypt. After being questioned by security forces, their passports were confiscated.[95]

In 2016 Reporters Without Borders condemned Hamas for censorship and for torturing journalists. Reporters Without Borders Secretary-General Christophe Deloire said "As living conditions in the Gaza Strip are disastrous, Hamas wants to silence critics and does not hesitate to torture a journalist in order to control media coverage in its territory."[96]

Human rights abuses

In June 2011, the Independent Commission for Human Rights based in Ramallah published a report whose findings included that the Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip were subjected in 2010 to an "almost systematic campaign" of human rights abuses by the Palestinian Authority (PA) and Hamas, as well as by Israeli authorities, with the security forces belonging to the PA and Hamas being responsible for torture, arrests and arbitrary detentions.[97]

In 2012, Human Rights Watch (HRW) presented a 43-page long list of human rights violations committed by Hamas. Among actions attributed to Hamas, the HRW report mentions beatings with metal clubs and rubber hoses, hanging of alleged collaborationists with Israel, and torture of 102 individuals. According to the report, Hamas also tortured civil society activists and peaceful protesters. Reflecting on the captivity of Gilad Shalit, the HRW report described it as "cruel and inhuman". The report also slams Hamas for harassment of people based on so-called morality offenses and for media censorship.[98][99] In a public statement Joe Stork, the deputy Middle East director of HRW claimed, "after five years of Hamas rule in Gaza, its criminal justice system reeks of injustice, routinely violates detainees' rights and grants impunity to abusive security services." Hamas responded by denying charges and describing them as "politically motivated".[100]

On May 26, 2015, Amnesty International released a report saying that Hamas carried out extrajudicial killings, abductions and arrests of Palestinians and used the Al-Shifa Hospital to detain, interrogate and torture suspects during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. It details the executions of at least 23 Palestinians accused of collaborating with Israel and torture of dozens of others, many victims of torture were members of rival Palestinian movement Fatah.[101][102]

In 2019, Osama Qawassmeh, a Fatah spokesman in the West Bank, accused Hamas of "kidnapping and brutally torturing Fatah members in a way that no Palestinian can imagine." Qawassmeh accused Hamas of kidnapping and torturing 100 Fatah members in Gaza. The torture allegedly included the practice called "shabah"—the painful binding of the hands and feet to a chair. Also in 2019, Fatah activist from Gaza Raed Abu al-Hassin was beaten and had his two legs broken by Hamas security officers. Al-Hassin was taken into custody by Hamas after he participated in a pro-Abbas demonstration in the Gaza Strip.[103]

References
  1. Litvak, Meir (January 1998). "The Islamization of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: The Case of Hamas". Middle Eastern Studies. 34 (1): 151–152. doi:10.1080/00263209808701214. JSTOR 4283922.
  2. Webman, Esther. Anti-semitic Motifs in the Ideology of Hizballah and Hamas, Project for the study of Anti-semitism, Tel Aviv University, 1994, p. 22. OCLC 641200955
  3. "Anti-Zionist Jews meet with Hamas leader in Gaza". Haaretz. Associated Press. July 16, 2009. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  4. "Hamas: We'll recognize Israel within '67 borders (Ynetnews, 05.11.06)". Ynetnews. June 20, 1995. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  5. "Hamas: No recognition of Israel". BBC News. November 14, 2006. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  6. Erlanger, Steven (April 1, 2008). "In Gaza, Hamas's Insults to Jews Complicate Peace". The New York Times. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  7. "Hamas ratchets up its rhetoric against Jews". Herald Tribune. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
  8. Lyons, John (March 17, 2010). "Israel defies the US over East Jerusalem buildings". The Australian.
  9. Waked, Ali. "Hamas' al-Zahar: Israel made deal with the devil". Ynetnews.
  10. Hamas Official Ahmad Bahr Preaches for the Annihilation of Jews and Americans, MEMRI, Clip No. 3538, August 10, 2012.
  11. Hamas leader prays for annihilation of Jews, Americans by Greg Tepper, The Times of Israel, August 20, 2012.
  12. Video: Hamas MP: 'Annihilate Jews and Americans' by Tzvi Ben Gedalyahu, Israel National News, August 26, 2012.
  13. Hamas top official: Kill every last Jew and American (video), Jewish Journal, August 24, 2012.
  14. Hamas MP Marwan Abu Ras: The Jews Are Behind Every Catastrophe on Earth, MEMRITV, Clip No. 3598 (transcript), September 12, 2012.
  15. Friedman, Matti (December 26, 2012). "Hamas official calls for suicide bombings in response to East Jerusalem construction plans". The Times of Israel. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  16. "Hamas aide: 'I have Jewish friends'". Politico. August 4, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2023.
  17. Will Hamas recognize Israel as a Jewish state?, CBS News, July 27, 2014.
  18. "Tunisian Islamists slam anti-Semitic chants". Ynetnews. Associated Press. January 10, 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
  19. Miller, Elhanan (July 8, 2012). "Contradicting Abbas, Hamas says it still believes in 'armed resistance' against Israel". The Times of Israel. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
  20. David Cronin (May 15, 2009). "Hamas against Zionism, not Judaism". Arab American News. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
  21. Basim Naim (January 13, 2009). "We believe in resistance, not revenge". The Guardian (opinion). London. Retrieved January 10, 2012. Hamas has no quarrel with Jews, only with the actions of Israel
  22. Michael Parks (October 25, 1994). "Ready to Kill, Ready to Die, Hamas Zealots Thwart Peace: Mideast: Both PLO, Israel are threatened as militant Islamic group creates new 'martyrs' in deadly attacks". Los Angeles Times.
  23. "WATCH: CNN's Wolf Blitzer challenges Hamas spokesman on blood libel comments". The Jerusalem Post. August 5, 2014.
  24. "Palestinian Holocaust Denial". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 2000-04-21. Archived from the original on 13 June 2006. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  25. "Holocaust Denial". ajn.com.au. Archived from the original on February 7, 2006. Retrieved September 16, 2010.
  26. Iran leader's Holocaust remarks condemned NBC News, December 14, 2005
  27. "Hamas springs to Iran's defense" Al Jazeera, December 15, 2005
  28. "Hamas condemns the Holocaust" The Guardian, May 12, 2008
  29. "Hamas rips UN over Holocaust lessons in Gaza". The Jerusalem Post.
  30. Hadid, Diaa (August 31, 2009). "Hamas leader denies Nazi genocide of Jews". The New York Times. Associated Press. Retrieved August 31, 2009.
  31. "Hamas rips U.N. for teaching the Holocaust". Archived September 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine JTA. August 31, 2009. August 31, 2009.
  32. Sherwood, Harriet (February 28, 2011). "Hamas fights UN's 'poisonous' Holocaust lessons in Gazan schools". The Guardian. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
  33. "Hamas to U.N.: Don't Teach Holocaust". The Jewish Week. March 1, 2011. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
  34. "Hamas: PA official's Auschwitz visit served Zionists". The Jerusalem Post. August 2, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2012.
  35. Miller, Elhanan (August 2, 2012). "PA official's visit to Auschwitz sparks widening condemnation". The Times of Israel. Retrieved August 2, 2012.
  36. "Hamas 'blasts Palestinian official's Auschwitz visit'". BBC News. August 2, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2012.
  37. "Hamas blasts Palestinian official's Auschwitz trip". Ynetnews. Associated Press. August 2, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2012.
  38. Abu, Khaled (October 17, 2012). "Hamas opposes Holocaust study at UNRWA schools". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  39. United States v. Abu Marzook Archived May 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. No. 03 CR 978 12. IL District Ct. 2005.
  40. Lake, Eli. "Hamas Agents Lurking in U.S., FBI Warns". New York Sun. April 29, 2004. December 10, 2006.
  41. Aaron Klein (December 24, 2006). "Hamas threatens attacks on US". Ynetnews.
  42. FBI Press Room: Testimony of Robert S. Mueller, III, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, before the Senate Committee on Intelligence of the United States Senate. February 16, 2005 Archived September 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  43. Hamas praises Osama bin Laden as holy warrior. May 2, 2011
  44. Sawafta, Ali (May 2, 2011). "Abbas government welcomes bin Laden death, Hamas deplores". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
  45. Conal Urquhart in Ramallah (May 2, 2011). "Hamas praises Osama bin Laden as holy warrior". The Guardian. London. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
  46. "US: Hamas Leader's bin Laden Remarks 'Outrageous'". Voice of America. May 3, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
  47. House, The White (2023-10-10). "Remarks by President Biden on the Terrorist Attacks in Israel". The White House. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  48. "US 'always by your side,' Blinken tells Israel in war with Hamas". Le Monde.fr. 2023-10-12. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  49. Davison, John; Pamuk, Humeyra; Siebold, Sabine; Pamuk, Humeyra (2023-10-13). "Israel releases images of slain children to rally support". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  50. Exum, Andrew (2023-10-18). "Four Misconceptions About the War in Gaza". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  51. "HRW: Hamas rockets from Gaza violated laws of war". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
  52. "Gaza: Palestinian Rockets Unlawfully Targeted Israeli Civilians". HRW. December 24, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
  53. Steven Erlanger (January 10, 2009). "A Gaza War Full of Traps and Trickery". The New York Times. Israel;Gaza Strip. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  54. Hamas used almost 100 mosques for military purposes. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved on August 21, 2010.
  55. "Ground war in Gaza drives up civilian casualties". MLive. Associated Press. January 7, 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  56. "Video: Hamas uses civilians as a means to achieving military goals". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. January 11, 2009. January 13, 2009.
  57. "Video: Hamas uses civilians as a means to achieving military goals". 2009. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. See 4:00 in the video.
  58. "Hamas's human shields". The Jerusalem Post. March 4, 2008. January 13, 2009.
  59. Barzak, Ibrahim and Matti Friedman. "Israel Destroys Hamas Homes, Gaza Mosque". Archived January 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Time. January 2, 2009. January 13, 2009.
  60. Mizroch, Amir. "Dichter: Hamas salaries paid at Shifa Hospital". The Jerusalem Post. January 12, 2009. January 13, 2009.
  61. "Hamas rocket attacks 'war crimes'". BBC News. August 6, 2009. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  62. Amos Harel (January 12, 2009). "IDF investigation shows errant mortar hit UN building in Gaza". Haaretz. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  63. Hamdi Alkhshali (2023-10-13). "Hamas tells Gaza residents not to respond to Israel's evacuation order". CNN. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
  64. Turning a Blind Eye Human Rights Watch April 11, 2010
  65. Israel: Investigate 'White Flag' Shootings of Gaza Civilians Human Rights Watch August 13, 2009
  66. "Israeli 'human shield' claim is full of holes" Archived April 19, 2014, at the Wayback Machine The National (UAE) January 13, 2009.
  67. "Hamas and the Terrorist Threat from the Gaza Strip" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 13, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2010. Hamas and the Terrorist Threat from the Gaza Strip The Main Findings of the Goldstone ReportVersus the Factual Findings, Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center.
  68. "Human Rights Watch Statement on our November 22 Press Release". Human Rights Watch. December 15, 2006. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
  69. Human shield deters Israel strike BBC News November 19, 2006
  70. "Hamas's human shields". The Jerusalem Post. March 4, 2008. November 15, 2009.
  71. OPT: Civilians Must Not Be Used to Shield Homes Against Military Attacks Human Rights Watch November 22, 2006
  72. Human Rights Council (September 15, 2009). "Human Rights in Palestine and Other Occupied Arab Territories: Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict" (PDF). unrol.org. United Nations. p. 147. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 3, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
  73. "Dealing with Hamas's human shield tactics". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
  74. Professor David W Lovell; Professor Igor Primoratz (2013). Protecting Civilians During Violent Conflict: Theoretical and Practical Issues for the 21st Century. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 344. ISBN 978-1409476856.
  75. Levitt, Matthew (2006). Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad. Yale University Press. pp. 124–134. ISBN 978-0300122589.
  76. Youths' Suicide Mission Stuns Palestinians ABC April 25, 2002
  77. Teenage Suicide Bombers Archived December 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine MEF 2002
  78. Freimann, Myer (July 25, 2014). "Hamas Killed 160 Palestinian Children to Build Tunnels". Tablet. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  79. Barnes, Joe (10 October 2023). "EU funded water pipelines despite Hamas boast it could turn them into rockets". The Telegraph. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  80. Central Elections Commission (CEC)
  81. "Gaza Strip: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 2023-10-15. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  82. "Hamas forces try to arrest prominent Gaza journalist". International Herald Tribune. March 29, 2009. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  83. Spokesperson of Presidency Condemns Hamas Militias New Crimes against Citizens in Gaza Strip, WAFA, August 31, 2007.
  84. Hamas disbands journalists union amid continuing incidents Archived August 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Reporters without borders, September 6, 2007
  85. "Hamas widens crackdown on journalists in Gaza". B92. November 15, 2007. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved July 4, 2008. Gaza's Interior Ministry announced that journalists who do not hold official Hamas-issued press cards would not be allowed to work in Gaza.
  86. Martin, Paul (November 13, 2007). "On-the-spot: 'I was arrested by Hamas'". Times Online. London. Retrieved December 29, 2008.
  87. Hamas de facto government bans distribution of Al-Ayyam newspaper in the Gaza Strip Archived January 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Ma'an News Agency, February 10, 2008
  88. "Hamas orders closure of newspaper over caricature". International Herald Tribune. March 29, 2009. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  89. جيش الاحتلال يعلن سيطرته بشكل كامل على السياج الحدودي في قطاع غز [The occupation army announces its complete control over the border fence in the Gaza Strip] (in Arabic). Maan News Agency. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  90. Levinson, Charles (August 26, 2007). "Hamas honeymoon ends with torture". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on August 29, 2007. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
  91. al-Mughrabi, Nidal. "Gaza clinics closed, retaliation for doctor strikes". Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Reuters. August 28, 2007. November 14, 2009.
  92. Hamas blocks Fatah protests in Gaza, Ynetnews, September 7, 2007
  93. Hamas frees Fatah prisoners, Al-Jazeera, October 30, 2008.
  94. "IFJ Condemns Hamas Meddling in Gaza Journalists' Affairs". International Federation of Journalists. August 2, 2012. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
  95. "PCHR slams Hamas for preventing journalists from traveling". Maan News Agency. Archived from the original on June 29, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  96. "Reporters Without Borders condemns Hamas for". Maan News Agency. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  97. Liel, Alon. "PA bans journalists from reporting human rights abuses". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  98. "Rights group: Hamas abusing Palestinians in Gaza". Ynetnews. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  99. World Report 2012: Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories. Human Rights Watch. January 22, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  100. Nidal al-Mughrabi. "Hamas disputes HRW's charges of torture, detentions in Gaza | Reuters". Reuters. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  101. "Palestine (State of): 'Strangling Necks' Abductions, torture and summary killings of Palestinians by Hamas forces during the 2014 Gaza/Israel conflict" (PDF). United Kingdom: Amnesty International. May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
  102. "Gaza Palestinians tortured, summarily killed by Hamas forces during 2014 conflict". Amnesty International. May 27, 2015. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
  103. "Fatah: Hamas brutally torturing our men in Gaza – Middle East". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.