Almendres Cromlech

The Cromlech of the Almendres (Portuguese: Cromeleque dos Almendres/Cromeleque na Herdade dos Almendres) is a megalithic complex (commonly known as the Almendres Cromlech), located 4.5 road km WSW of the village of Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe, in the civil parish of Nossa Senhora da Tourega e Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe, municipality of Évora, in the Portuguese Alentejo. The largest existing group of structured menhirs in the Iberian Peninsula (and one of the largest in Europe), this archaeological site consists of several megalithic structures: cromlechs and menhir stones, that belong to the so-called "megalithic universe of Évora", with clear parallels to other cromlechs in Évora District, such as Portela Mogos and the Vale Maria do Meio Cromlech.[1]

Cromlech of the Almendres
Alternative nameCromlech of the Almendres Estate
LocationÉvora, Alentejo Central, Alentejo, Portugal
Coordinates38°33′27″N 8°03′40″W
Altitude400 m (1,312 ft)
TypeCromlech
Length62.4 m (205 ft)
Width32 m (105 ft)
Site notes
Archaeologistsunknown
OwnershipPortuguese Republic
Public accessPrivate

History
Scheme showing the evolution of the Almendres Cromlech (Évora, Portugal) from the early Neolithic until today[2]

The construction of these structures dates back to the 6th millennium BC. They were rediscovered in 1966 by Henrique Leonor Pina, who was carrying out field work relating to the country's geological charts.[1][3][4][5]

The excavation of the site unearthed a series of both megalithic and neolithic construction phases; Almendres I 6000 BC (Early Neolithic), Almendres II 5000 BC (Middle Neolithic), and Almendres III 4000 BC (Late Neolithic). The relative chronology of the cromlech and menhirs is extremely complex and covers a period from the Neolithic to Chalcolithic. It is believed that the monument either had a religious/ceremonial purpose or functioned as a primitive astronomical observatory.[1][5]

Architecture

Located off the national roadway from Évora to Montemor-o-Novo, in the former-civil parish of Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe, the cromlech is situated just after the village of Guadalupe, in Herdade dos Almendres (the Almendres Estate).[1][5] It is located in the southwest of the property, while the menhir is situated on the eastern limits of the estate[1][5] facing the sunrise over the Serra de Monfurado, isolated from the local community. A pedestrian trail was defined by the local municipal council, and integrated into the municipality's "megalithic route" that follows the prehistoric remnants through the region.[5]

The complex, organized in a circular pattern, is marked by a forest of about 95 granite monoliths, deposited in small groups.[1] The older (Early Neolithic) monoliths are formed as two or three concentric circles of smaller monoliths in the western part of the complex, while the Middle Neolithic structures consist of two ellipses (irregular but concentric) and large menhirs. In the Late Neolithic phase the earlier constructions suffered modifications, transforming it into a site for social or religious rituals.[5] Ninety-two of the menhirs form two grounds, which were built and oriented to different directions associated with the Equinox.[5]

Many of the stones were unearthed where they stood/fell, and were rebuilt/erected by Mario Varela Gomes, based on criteria established from research and rediscovery of the original bases.[3][5][6] The complex's latitudinal position is about the same as the maximum moon elongation (38.55 degrees for 1500 BC); comparably, another latitude where this occurs is associated with Stonehenge (51.18 degrees for 2000 BC).[3]

Although there are many large solitary 2.5 to 3.5 metres rounded/elliptical stones, most are smaller and formed into groups.[1] The cromlech occupies an area of 70 by 40 metres, oriented along an axial alignment northwest to southeast. The columns show signs of profound erosion, especially in those surfaces exposed to the elements, although decoration is still visible. These designs take the form of lines and radials, at least two on each stone.[5]

About a dozen monoliths exhibit some form of carved drawings,[1] of which four exhibit only small circular holes. Monolith number 8, with a cut flat top at about breast level and showing several dimples, might have served for finer astronomical observation, specially spring equinox observation, by putting small stones on the dimples. These observations might also be made from stone 39, on the eastern focal point of the elliptic layout.[3] Menhir 48, also exhibits a schematized anthropomorphic representation, surrounded by circles and associated with a crozier.[1]

An isolated single menhir, approximately 4.5 metres tall and 0.9 metres in diameter is located near the residences, or 1400 metres northeast of the main complex. A line from the Almendres Cromlech to this menhir points roughly towards the sunrise in the Winter solstice.[3]

Views
The distribution of the Cromlech of the Almendres
Almendres Cromlech, Évora, Portugal, 2014
View from the top, 2019
  • Spirals engraved stone
    Spirals engraved stone
  • An example of an engraved stone (circles)
    An example of an engraved stone (circles)
  • Semi-circular crescents engraved on another stone
    Semi-circular crescents engraved on another stone
  • An inverted shepherd's crook: a common motif
    An inverted shepherd's crook: a common motif
  • The number 8 monolith with rounded dimples
    The number 8 monolith with rounded dimples
  • The isolated Menhir of the Almendres
    The isolated Menhir of the Almendres
  • Aerial view
    Aerial view

References

Notes
  1. IGESPAR, ed. (2011). "Cromeleque, Menir e Pedras dos Almendres" (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: IGESPAR-Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
  2. Mário Varela Gomes. Cromeleque dos Almendres: Um dos Primeiros Grandes Monumentos Públicos da Humanidade. Biblioteca Digital do Alentejo
  3. Marciano, C., Sobre o Possível Significado Astronómico do Cromeleque dos Almendres (in Portuguese), archived from the original on 22 February 2006, retrieved 30 October 2008
  4. Pina, H.L. (1971), "Novos Monumentos Megalíticos do Distrito de Évora", Actas do II Congresso Nacional de Arqueologia, Coimbra, Portugal, p. 151{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. Branco, Manuel (1993). SIPA (ed.). "Cromeleque e menir, na Herdade dos Almendres" (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
  6. Alvim, P. (1996–1997), "Sobre alguns vestígios de paleoastronomia no Cromeleque de Almendres", A Cidade de Évora (in Portuguese), vol. II, pp. 5–23

Sources
  • Gonçalves, José Pires (1975), Roteiro de Alguns Megálitos da Região de Évora (in Portuguese), Évora, Portugal{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Varela Gomes, Mário (1979), "Aspects of Megalithic Religion According to the Portuguese Menhirs", Valcamonica Symposium, vol. III, Capo di Monte, Italy{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Santos, M. Farinha dos (1985), Pré-História de Portugal (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Gonçalves, José Pires; Varela Gomes, Mário; Santos, M. Farinha dos (1986), "Os Menires da Pedra Longa", Arqueologia e História, Lisbon, Portugal{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Silva, António Carlos, ed. (1992), Roteiro do Megalitismo de Évora (in Portuguese), Èvora, Portugal: Câmara Municipal de Évora
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