Cycas revoluta

Cycads' only relations to the true palms (Arecaceae) is that both are vascular plants and seed plants. The Latin specific epithet revoluta means "curled back",[5] in reference to the leaves. This is also called kungi (comb) palm in Urdu speaking areas.[6]

This very symmetrical plant supports a crown of shiny, dark green leaves on a thick shaggy trunk that is typically about 20 cm (7.9 in) in diameter, sometimes wider. The trunk is very low to subterranean in young plants, but lengthens above ground with age. It can grow into very old specimens with 6–7 m (over 20 feet) of trunk; however, the plant is very slow-growing and requires about 50–100 years to achieve this height. Trunks can branch several times, thus producing multiple heads of leaves.[7]

King sago palm in Humble, Texas.

The leaves are a deep semiglossy green and about 50–150 cm (20–59 in) long when the plants are of a reproductive age. They grow out into a feather-like rosette to 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter. The crowded, stiff, narrow leaflets are 8–18 cm (3.1–7.1 in) long and have strongly recurved or revolute edges. The basal leaflets become more like spines. The petiole or stems of the sago cycad are 6–10 cm (2.4–3.9 in) long and have small protective barbs.

Roots are called coralloid with an Anabaena symbiosis allowing nitrogen fixation.[8] Tannins-rich cells are found on either side of the algal layer to resist the algal invasion.

As with other cycads, it is dioecious, with the males bearing pollen cones (strobilus) and the females bearing groups of megasporophylls. Pollination can be done naturally by insects or artificially.

Propagation of Cycas revoluta is either by seed or clonally by removal of basal offsets. It is one of the most widely cultivated cycads, grown outdoors in warm temperate and subtropical regions, or under glass in colder areas. It grows best in sandy, well-drained soil, preferably with some organic matter. It needs good drainage or it will rot. It is fairly drought-tolerant and grows well in full sun or outdoor shade, but needs bright light when grown indoors. The leaves can bleach somewhat if moved from indoors to full sun outdoors.

Plant covered with snow.

Of all the cycads, C. revoluta is the most popular in cultivation. It is seen in almost all botanical gardens, in both temperate and tropical locations. In many areas of the world, it is heavily promoted commercially as a landscape plant. It is also quite popular as a bonsai plant. First described in the late 18th century, it is tolerant of mild to somewhat cold temperatures, provided the ground is dry. Frost damage can occur at temperatures below −10 °C (14 °F). C. revoluta usually defoliates in winter in this temperate climate, but will usually flush (grow) several new leaves by spring.

This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit[9] (confirmed 2017).[10]

Example of a full-grown tree

The hydro-alcoholic extract of leaves of C. revoluta shows the presence of alkaloids, steroids and tannins while the chloroform extract shows the presence of saponins, tannins and sugars.[13] Leaflets also contain biflavonoids.[14] Estragole is the primary volatile compound emitted from the male and female cones of C. revoluta.[15]

Cycad sago is extremely poisonous to animals (including humans) if ingested. Pets are at particular risk, since they seem to find the plant very palatable.[16] Clinical symptoms of ingestion will develop within 12 hours, and may include vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, seizures, and liver failure or hepatotoxicity characterized by icterus, cirrhosis, and ascites. The pet may appear bruised, have nose bleeds (epistaxis), melena (blood in the stool), hematochezia (bloody straining), and hemarthrosis (blood in the joints).[17] The ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center estimates a fatality rate of 50 to 75% when ingestion of the sago palm is involved. If any quantity of the plant is ingested, a poison control center or doctor should be contacted immediately. Effects of ingestion can include permanent internal damage and death.

All parts of the plant are toxic; however, the seeds contain the highest level of the toxin cycasin. Cycasin causes gastrointestinal irritation, and in high enough doses, leads to liver failure.[18] Other toxins include Beta-methylamino L-alanine, a neurotoxic amino acid, and an unidentified toxin which has been observed to cause hindlimb paralysis in cattle.[19]

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  Female reproductive structure
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  Young leaves
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  Young leaflets curled back, "revoluta"
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  Seeds
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  Seedling
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  A sixteen-year-old two-branched specimen
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  Seeds and seed leaves MHNT

• Kanzen Teruya

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cycas revoluta.

• The Cycad Pages: Cycas revoluta
• Sago Palm: University of Arizona Pima County Cooperative Extension
• The Sago Palm, Cycas revoluta by Phil Bergman
• Cycads: their evolution, toxins, herbivores and insect pollinators. Schneider D, Wink M, Sporer F, Lounibos P. Naturwissenschaften. 2002 Jul;89(7):281-94. Review.PMID 12216856
• Microsporophyll
• Macrosporophyll
• Seeds
• Videos - Flavon's Wild herb and Alpine plants
• line drawing of Cycas revoluta, Manual of Vascular Plants of the Lower Yangtze Valley China Illustration fig. 31
• line drawing of Cycas revoluta, Flora of China Illustrations vol. 4, fig. 2, 1-6