Damdami Taksal

Fresco of a Taksali Sikh holding a gutka manuscript and a musket

In 1706, after the Battle of Muktsar, the army of Guru Gobind Singh camped at Sabo Ki Talwandi. This acted as a damdamā, or halting place (lit. "breathing place"), and is now the site of Takht Sri Damdamā Sahib.[5] That year, Guru Gobind Singh is said to have founded a distinguished school of exegesis,[6] later headed up by Baba Deep Singh.[7] Damdamā Sahib was considered to be the highest seat of learning for the Sikhs during the 18th century,[8] and Damdami Taksal claims direct historical ties to Guru Gobind Singh,[4] who entrusted it with the responsibility of teaching the reading (santhyā), analysis (vichār) and recitation of the Sikh scriptures, and Baba Deep Singh.[9] The word ṭaksāl (lit. 'mint') refers to an education institute; which is a community of students who associate themselves with a particular sant (lit. spiritual leader or saint).[10]

The main center of the present-day Damdami Taksal (Jatha Bhindran-Mehta) is located at Gurdwārā Gurdarshan Parkāsh in Mehta, Amritsar.[11] It is actually a branch of a major school of traditional Sikh learning known as the Bhindrāṅ Ṭaksāl which is based Mehta. Although, this Taksal was established in 1906 by Sundar Singh (1883-1930) of Boparai Kalan in Ludhiana. It achieved prominence through its second incumbent, Gurbachan Singh Khalsa (1902-1969) of Bhindran Kalan, hence its name.[11] He devoted his entire life to teaching the enunciation and intonation in reciting the Sikh scriptures. He trained a large number of gianīs, traditional Sikh scholars, through his mobile seminary. When he died in 1969 he was succeeded by two contenders, Giani Mohan Singh (1919-2020), leading the original Bhindrāṅ Kalāṅ branch in Ludhiana and Kartar Singh Khalsa (1932-1977), leading the Mehtā branch in Amritsar district.[11]

During much of the mid-1900s, Gurbachan Singh Khalsa was a prominent sant teaching a large number of students[12] and remains an influential figure. The influence of Bhindran Taksal is attested by the fact that its alumni include the mukkh granthī (chief reader of Sikh scriptures) at the Golden Temple, jathedārs of various Sikh takhts, and granthīs of major gurdwaras.[11]

The Damdami Taksal also had a history of dispute with the Indian government, as a previous leader, Kartar Singh Khalsa, had been a severe critic of the excesses of Indira Gandhi’s Emergency rule.[4][3] In 1975, a large event to commemorate the 300th anniversary martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur was attended by Indira Gandhi and Kartar Singh Khalsa. This was the starting point of tensions between Damdami Taksal and the Central Government under Congress.[13] The dispute[note 1] was about who was the leader and who had the greater authority over the Sikh people, the Guru Granth Sahib or Indira Gandhi.[14]

The Damdami Taksal was first brought to wider national attention by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale during the 1978 Sikh–Nirankari clashes,[15] the Anandpur Resolution, the Dharam Yudh Morcha of 1982,[16] and later the Khalistan movement and insurgency.[17]

[18]

			Term		Description
No.	Name (Birth–Death)	Image	Start	End		Citation(s)
1.	Baba Deep Singh (1682–1757)		1708	1757		[19]
2.	Baba Gurbaksh Singh (1688–1764)		1757	1764		[20]
3.	Bhai Soorat Singh		1764			[21]
4.	Bhai Gurdas Singh (b. 1773)					[22]
5.	Giani Sant Singh (1768–1832)			1832		[23]
6.	Sant Giani Daya Singh		1832			[24]
7.	Sant Giani Bhagovan Singh					[25]
8.	Sant Giani Harnam Singh Bedi					[26]
9.	Sant Bishan Singh Muralewale (1852–1905)			1905		[27]
10.	Sant Giani Sundar Singh Bhindranwale (1883–1930)		1905	1930		[28]
11.	Sant Gurbachan Singh Bhindranwale (1902/1903–1961)		1930	1969		[29][30]
12.	Sant Kartar Singh Bhindranwale (1932–1977)		1969	1977		[31]
13.	Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale (1947-1984)		1977	1984		[32][33]
14.	Baba Thakur Singh Bhindranwale (1915–2004)		1984	2004		[34]
15.	Baba Harnam Singh Khalsa		2004	Present

During British Colonial rule, Sunder Singh Bhindranwala[note 2] set about purging diversity in Sikh doctrine, ritual and practice, hoping to have a uniform Sikh community. Part of this strategy was to have a Rehat Maryada i.e. standardised code of conduct .[35]

Sunder Singh was succeeded by Gurbachan Singh Khalsa in 1930, after whom Kartar Singh Bhindranwala continued his work in 1961. Kartar Singh established Gurdwara Gurdarshan Parkash at Mehta, Amritsar.[11] In 1977, after the death of Kartar Singh, Jarnail Singh Bhindranwala became the head of Damdami Taksal.[11][36]

Thakur Singh Bhindranwala[37] took over his Taksal when Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale was killed in 1984 by the military on Harmander Sahib, referred to as Operation Bluestar.[38] Baba Thakur Singh famously said that Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale was not dead, was the last jathedar, and was in "chardi kala", and was to return soon. It is unclear if he meant that Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale would come again via transmigration.

Students of the Sikh University, Damdami Taksal, learning Santhiya

The Damdami Taksal have their own Sikh Code of Conduct, the Gurmat Rehat Maryada, which differs from the Rehat Maryada published by the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee.[45] Some differences include the reading of Ragmala after Akhand Path.[46] It is well known for prioritizing extreme discipline & strictness within the Sikh Lifestyle.

Damdami Taksal is somewhat influenced by the Nirmala school of thought as the eleventh leader of Damdami Taksal, Bishan Singh Muralewale, studied under Nirmala Sants such as Pundit Tara Singh and Pundit Sadhu Singh during the late 19th century.[49][50] Sant Gurbachan Singh Bhandranwale studied the famous Faridkot Teeka authored by Nirmala scholars.[51]

• Khalsa
• Nirmala
• Sects of Sikhism

• Giani Jaswant singh Manji Sahib Book ~ Chita Chola

Damdami Taksal – Official Website