Deferiprone

Deferiprone, sold under the brand name Ferriprox among others, is a medication that chelates iron and is used to treat iron overload in thalassaemia major.[3] It was first approved and indicated for use in treating thalassaemia major in 1994[4] and had been licensed for use in the European Union for many years while awaiting approval in Canada and in the United States.[3] On October 14, 2011, it was approved for use in the US under the FDA's accelerated approval program.[5][6]

Deferiprone
Clinical data
Trade namesFerriprox
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa612016
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • UK: POM (Prescription only) / P[2]
  • US: ℞-only
  • EU: Rx-only
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
MetabolismGlucuronidation
Elimination half-life2 to 3 hours
ExcretionKidney (75 to 90% in 24 hours)
Identifiers
  • 3-hydroxy-1,2-dimethylpyridin-4(1H)-one
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.157.470
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC7H9NO2
Molar mass139.154 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C\1C(\O)=C(/N(/C=C/1)C)C
  • InChI=1S/C7H9NO2/c1-5-7(10)6(9)3-4-8(5)2/h3-4,10H,1-2H3 checkY
  • Key:TZXKOCQBRNJULO-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

The most common side effects include red-brown urine (showing that iron is being removed through the urine), nausea (feeling sick), abdominal pain (stomach ache) and vomiting.[7][5] Less common but more serious side effects are agranulocytosis (very low levels of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell) and neutropenia (low levels of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that fights infections).[7][5]

Medical uses

Deferiprone monotherapy is indicated in the European Union for the treatment of iron overload in those with thalassaemia major when current chelation therapy is contraindicated or inadequate.[7]

Deferiprone in combination with another chelator is indicated in the European Union in those with thalassaemia major when monotherapy with any iron chelator is ineffective, or when prevention or treatment of life-threatening consequences of iron overload (mainly cardiac overload) justifies rapid or intensive correction.[7]

The researchers found that the oral drug, deferiprone, reactivates the “altruistic suicide response” of an HIV-infected cell, killing the HIV DNA it carries. Effective suppression of HIV-1 generation and induction of apoptosis both require deferiprone at a concentration around 150 μM in infected T-cell lines. Since a 0.5 log10 decrement in HIV-1 RNA corresponds to an additional 2 years of AIDS-free survival and a 0.3 log10 decrement reduces the annual risk of progression to AIDS-related death by 25%, the measurements suggested biological significance.[8]

Controversy

Deferiprone was at the center of a protracted struggle between Nancy Olivieri, a Canadian haematologist and researcher, and the Hospital for Sick Children and the pharmaceutical company Apotex, that started in 1996, and delayed approval of the drug in North America.[9] Olivieri's data suggested deferiprone leads to progressive hepatic fibrosis.[10][11][12]

History

Deferiprone was approved for medical use in the European Union in August 1999.[7]

It was approved for medical use in the United States in October 2011.[5][6] Generic versions were approved in August 2019.[13]

The safety and effectiveness of deferiprone is based on an analysis of data from twelve clinical studies in 236 participants.[5] Participants in the study did not respond to prior iron chelation therapy.[5] Deferiprone was considered a successful treatment for participants who experienced at least a 20 percent decrease in serum ferritin, a protein that stores iron in the body for later use.[5] Half of the participants in the study experienced at least a 20 percent decrease in ferritin levels.[5]

References
  1. "Deferiprone (Ferriprox) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 30 March 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  2. "Ferriprox 100 mg/ml oral solution - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 26 November 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  3. Savulescu J (February 2004). "Thalassaemia major: the murky story of deferiprone". BMJ. 328 (7436): 358–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7436.358. PMC 341373. PMID 14962851.
  4. Staff. "Cipla's History". Cipla. Archived from the original on 2015-10-27.
  5. "FDA Approves Ferripox (deferiprone) to Treat Patients with Excess Iron in the Body". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 14 October 2011. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. "Drug Approval Package: Ferriprox (deferiprone) Tablet NDA #021825". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 30 November 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  7. "Ferriprox EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). Retrieved 20 May 2020. Text was copied from this source which is © European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  8. Deepti Saxena, Michael Spino, Fernando Tricta, John Connelly, Bernadette M. Cracchiolo, Axel-Rainer Hanauske, Darlene D’Alliessi Gandolfi, Michael B. Mathews,Jonathan Karn,Bart Holland, Myung Hee Park, Tsafi Pe’ery, Paul E. Palumbo, Hartmut M. Hanauske-Abel (May 18, 2016). Drug-Based Lead Discovery: The Novel Ablative Antiretroviral Profile of Deferiprone in HIV-1-Infected Cells and in HIV-Infected Treatment-Naive Subjects of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Exploratory Trial.
  9. Viens AM, Savulescu J (February 2004). "Introduction to The Olivieri symposium". Journal of Medical Ethics. 30 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1136/jme.2003.006577. PMC 1757126. PMID 14872065.
  10. Brittenham GM, Nathan DG, Olivieri NF, Porter JB, Pippard M, Vichinsky EP, Weatherall DJ (June 2003). "Deferiprone and hepatic fibrosis". Blood. 101 (12): 5089–90, author reply 5090–1. doi:10.1182/blood-2002-10-3173. PMID 12788794.
  11. Wanless IR, Sweeney G, Dhillon AP, Guido M, Piga A, Galanello R, et al. (September 2002). "Lack of progressive hepatic fibrosis during long-term therapy with deferiprone in subjects with transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia". Blood. 100 (5): 1566–9. doi:10.1182/blood-2002-01-0306. PMID 12176871.
  12. Cribb R (2019-02-27). "UHN patients given unlicensed drug that led to diabetes, liver dysfunction and one death, study finds". The Star. Toronto. Retrieved 2019-02-27.
  13. "Deferiprone: FDA-Approved Drugs". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  • "Deferiprone". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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