Demographics of Argentina

Argentina is highly urbanized,[5] with the ten largest metropolitan areas accounting for half of the population, and fewer than one in ten living in rural areas. About 3 million people live in Buenos Aires proper, and including suburban Greater Buenos Aires the metropolitan area totals around 14 million - making it one of the 15 largest urban areas in the world.[8] The metropolitan areas of Córdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each,[8] and six other cities (Mendoza, Tucumán, La Plata, Mar del Plata, Salta and Santa Fe)[8][9] have at least half a million people each.

The population is unequally distributed amongst the provinces, with 61% living in the Pampa region (21% of the total area), including 17.5 million people in Buenos Aires Province, 4 million in Córdoba Province, and over 3 million each in Santa Fe Province and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. Eight other provinces each have over one million people: Mendoza, Tucumán, Salta, Entre Ríos, Misiones, Corrientes, Chaco, and Santiago del Estero. Tucumán is the most densely populated (with 75 inhabitants/km², the only Argentine province more densely populated than the world average), while the southern province of Santa Cruz has just 1.4 inhabitant/km².[10]

In the mid-19th century, a large wave of immigration started to arrive to Argentina due to new constitutional policies that encouraged immigration, and issues in the countries the immigrants came from such as wars, poverty, hunger, famines, pursuit of a better life, among other reasons. The main immigration sources were from Europe, the countries from the Near and Middle East, Russia and Japan. In fact, the immigration torrent was so strong that Argentina eventually received the second-largest number of immigrants in the world, second only to the US and ahead of such immigrant receptor countries such as Canada, Brazil, Australia, etc.[11][12]

Most of these European immigrants settled in the cities which offered jobs, education and other opportunities enabling them to enter the middle class. Many also settled in the growing small towns along the expanding railway system and since the 1930s many rural workers have moved to the big cities.[13]

Urban areas reflect the influence of European immigration, and most of the larger ones feature boulevards and diagonal avenues inspired by the redevelopment of Paris. Argentine cities were originally built in a colonial Spanish grid style, centered on a plaza overlooked by a cathedral and important government buildings. Many still retain this general layout, known as a damero, meaning checkerboard, since it is based on a pattern of square blocks. The city of La Plata, designed at the end of the 19th century by Pedro Benoit, combines the checkerboard layout with added diagonal avenues at fixed intervals, and was the first in South America with electric street lighting.[14]

Provinces and districts

Flag	Province/District	Capital	Population (2022)[1]	Rank	Density (/km2)[1]	Avg. growth from 2010 census[4][1]	Births (2021)[2]	Rate	Deaths (2021)[2]	Rate	Infant mortality (2021)[2]
	Buenos Aires City	–	3,120,612	4	15,372.5	0.64	26,044	8.3	36,201	11.6	4.6
	Buenos Aires Province	La Plata	17,569,053	1	57.1	0.98	190,096	10.8	177,133	10.1	7.9
	Catamarca Province	San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca	429,556	20	4.2	1.30	4,764	11.1	3,572	8.3	7.6
	Chaco Province	Resistencia	1,142,963	11	11.5	0.67	18,673	16.3	11,231	9.8	9.5
	Chubut Province	Rawson	603,120	18	2.7	1.42	6,426	10.7	4,484	7.4	9.2
	Córdoba Province	Córdoba	3,978,984	2	24.1	1.55	44,159	11.1	37,491	9.4	6.6
	Corrientes Province	Corrientes	1,197,553	10	13.6	1.58	15,743	13.1	9,324	7.8	11.2
	Entre Ríos Province	Paraná	1,426,426	8	18.1	1.20	16,402	11.5	13,097	9.2	9.5
	Formosa Province	Formosa	606,041	17	8.4	1.12	8,818	14.6	5,134	8.5	11.6
	Jujuy Province	San Salvador de Jujuy	797,955	14	15.0	1.43	8,434	10.6	5,786	7.3	10.0
	La Pampa Province	Santa Rosa	366,022	22	2.6	1.15	3,573	9.8	3,445	9.4	4.8
	La Rioja Province	La Rioja	384,607	21	4.3	1.19	4,605	12.0	3,176	8.3	10.6
	Mendoza Province	Mendoza	2,014,533	5	13.5	1.23	22,903	11.4	18,086	9.0	7.0
	Misiones Province	Posadas	1,280,960	9	43.0	1.27	20,584	16.1	9,643	7.5	8.4
	Neuquén Province	Neuquén	726,590	16	7.7	2.33	7,769	10.7	5,202	7.2	4.8
	Río Negro Province	Viedma	762,067	15	3.8	1.48	8,033	10.5	6,686	8.8	8.6
	Salta Province	Salta	1,440,672	7	9.3	1.43	20,366	14.1	10,092	7.0	8.7
	San Juan Province	San Juan	818,234	13	9.1	1.54	11,147	13.6	6,891	8.4	7.3
	San Luis Province	San Luis	540,905	19	7.0	1.89	6,007	11.1	4,673	8.6	9.8
	Santa Cruz Province	Río Gallegos	333,473	23	1.4	1.65	3,536	10.6	2,298	6.9	7.4
	Santa Fe Province	Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz	3,556,522	3	26.7	0.90	43,310	12.2	37,931	10.7	7.8
	Santiago del Estero Province	Santiago del Estero	1,054,028	12	7.7	1.57	13,623	12.9	8,229	7.8	6.8
	Tierra del Fuego Province a	Ushuaia	190,641	24	8.8	3.43	1,753	9.2	849	4.5	5.7
	Tucumán Province	San Miguel de Tucumán	1,703,186	6	75.6	1.36	21,987	12.9	14,906	8.8	9.9

^a Not including claims to the Islas Malvinas (Falkland Islands) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.

Sources: Pantelides and National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina[16]

The table below gives an overview of the number of birth and deaths in Argentina during the past century. Several sources were combined to compile the table.[17][18][19]

The number of births in 2021 (529,794) was 32% below the record set in 2014, while the number of deaths (436,799) was the highest ever recorded[2] - though as the population of Argentina showed a five-fold increase during the past century, the birth rate in 2021 (11.6) was a record low while the death rate (9.5) rose to its highest since 1947 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[2]

Birth rates were relatively stable from 1934 through 1980,[17] and after declining stabilized from 1995 to 2015 - before again declining sharply since then.[19]

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects[21][22] the total population was 45,276,780 in 2021 - double the number in 1966 (for a 1.27% average annual growth rate in that period). The population below the age of 15 in 2023 was 23.5%, 63.8% was between 15 and 64, while 12.7% was 65 or older.[3]

Historic population development of Argentina

Argentina's population continues to grow but at a slower rate because of its steadily declining birth rate. Argentina's fertility decline began earlier than in the rest of Latin America, occurring most rapidly between the early 20th century and the 1930s and then becoming more gradual.[5]

Life expectancy has been improving, most notably among the young and the poor.[5]

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review.[26]

• One birth every 1 minute
• One death every 1.4 minutes
• One net migrant every 111 minutes
• Net gain of one person every 3 minutes

Demographic statistics according to the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[5]

Population

46,245,668 (2022 est.)

Ethnic groups

European (mostly Spanish and Italian descent) and Mestizo (mixed European and Amerindian ancestry), 97.2%
Amerindian, 2.4%
African, 0.4% (2010 est.)

Age structure

Population pyramid of Argentina in 2017

Estimated population, fertility rate and net reproduction rate by year according to United Nations estimates

0–14 years: 24.02% (male 5,629,188 /female 5,294,723)

15–24 years: 15.19% (male 3,539,021 /female 3,367,321)

25–54 years: 39.60% (male 9,005,758 /female 9,002,931)

55–64 years: 9.07% (male 2,000,536 /female 2,122,699)

65 years and over: 12.13% (male 2,331,679 /female 3,185,262) (2020 est.)

Median age

total: 32.4 years. Country comparison to the world: 107th

male: 31.1 years

female: 33.6 years (2020 est.)

Birth rate

11.8 births/1,000 population (2020 est.) Country comparison to the world: 109th

Death rate

8.3 deaths/1,000 population (2020 est.) Country comparison to the world: 108th

Total fertility rate

1.6 children born/woman (2020 est.) Country comparison to the world: 92nd

Net migration rate

-0.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 101st

Population growth rate

0.35% (2020 est.) Country comparison to the world: 121st

Life expectancy in Argentina since 1875

Life expectancy in Argentina since 1960 by gender

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 78.3 years. Country comparison to the world: 74th

male: 75.2 years

female: 81.6 years (2022 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 8.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2020 est.)

male: 9.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2020 est.)

female: 7.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2020 est.)

Languages

Spanish (official), Italian, Portuguese, English, German, French, indigenous (Mapudungun, Quechua)

Religions

Roman Catholicism 66%, Protestantism 10%, No Religion 21%, Other 3%

Population distribution

One-third of the population lives in Buenos Aires; pockets of agglomeration occur throughout the northern and central parts of the country; Patagonia to the south remains sparsely populated

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 54.3

youth dependency ratio: 36.0

elderly dependency ratio: 18.2

potential support ratio: 5.5 (2021 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 92.5% of total population (2020)

rate of urbanization: 0.97% annual rate of change (2020–25 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2016 est.)

total population: 99.1%

male: 99.1%

female: 99.1% (2016 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 18 years

male: 16 years

female: 19 years (2016)

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

total: 18.3%. Country comparison to the world: 71st

male: 15.6%

female: 22.8% (2014 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

0–14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15–24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

25–54 years: 1 male(s)/female

55–64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.57 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

In colonial times, the ethnic composition of Argentina was the result of the interaction of the pre-Columbian indigenous population with a colonizing population of Spanish origin and with sub-Saharan African slaves. Before the middle 19th century, the ethnic make up of Argentina was very similar to that of other countries of Latin America.[28][29][30][31] Between 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second biggest immigration wave in the world, at 6.6 million, second only to the United States in the numbers of immigrants received (27 million) and ahead of other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia.[32][33] However, mass European immigration did not have the same impact in the whole country. According to the 1914 national census, 30% of Argentina's population was foreign-born, including 50% of the people in the city of Buenos Aires, but foreigners were only 2% in the provinces of Catamarca and La Rioja (North West region).[29] Strikingly, at those times, the national population doubled every two decades. This belief is endured in the popular saying "los argentinos descienden de los barcos" (Argentines descend from the ships). Therefore, most Argentines are descended from the 19th- and 20th-century immigrants of the great European immigration wave to Argentina (1850–1955),[34] with a great majority of these immigrants coming from diverse European countries, particularly Italy and Spain.[11]

Indigenous peoples

Main article: Argentine Amerindians

Distribution of the Indigenous Peoples in Argentina and The Falkland Islands (British Overseas Territory)

According to the data of INDEC's Complementary Survey of Indigenous Peoples (ECPI) 2004–2005, 600,000 officially recognized indigenous persons (about 1.4% of the total population) reside in Argentina. The most numerous of these communities are the Mapuches, who live mostly in the south, the Kollas and Wichís, from the northwest, and the Guaranis and Qom, who live mostly in the northeast.[37] In the census of 2010, 955,032 people self recognized as indigenous or descendants of indigenous peoples, thus representing 2.4% of the national population. This is without prejudice that more than half of the population has at least one indigenous ancestor, although in most cases family memory lost that origin.

Indigenous population of Argentina

Ethnic group	Survey 2004–2005
	Number	%
Aonikenk	10,590	1.8
Atacama	3,044	0.5
Avá-Guaraní	21,807	3.6
Aymara	4,104	0.7
Chané	4,376	0.7
Charrúa	4,511	0.7
Chorote	2,613	0.4
Chulupí	553	0.1
Comechingón	10,863	1.8
Diaguita/diaguita calchaquí	31,753	5.3
Guaraní	22,059	3.7
Het	736	0.1
Huarpe	14,633	2.4
Kolla	70,505	11.7
Lule	854	0.1
Mapuche	113,680	18.8
Mbyá	8,223	1.4
Mocoví	15,837	2.6
Omaguaca	1,553	0.3
Pilagá	4,465	0.7
Puelche	1,585	0.3
Qom	69,452	11.5
Quechua	6,739	1.1
Rankulche	10,149	1.7
Sanavirón	563	0.1
Selknam	696	0.1
Tapiete	524	0.1
Tonocoté	4,779	0.8
Wichí	40,036	6.6
Others	3,864	0.6
Not specified	102,247	16.0

Afro-Argentines

Main article: Afro-Argentines

Santiago Lovell, Argentine boxer and gold medalist at the 1932 Summer Olympics

Since 2013, November 8 has been celebrated as the National Day of Afro-Argentines and African Culture. The date was chosen to commemorate the recorded date for the death of María Remedios del Valle, a rabona and guerrilla fighter, who served with the Army of the North in the war of Independence.[38][39]

The black population in Argentina declined since the middle 19th century from 15% of the total population in 1857 (Blacks and Mulatto people), to less than 0.5% at present (mainly mulattoes and immigrants from Cape Verde).

Afro-Argentines were up to a third of the population during colonial times; most were slaves brought from Africa to work for the criollos. The 1813 Assembly abolished slavery and led to the Freedom of Wombs Law of 1813, which automatically freed slaves' children at birth. Many Afro-Argentines contributed to the independence of Argentina such as María Remedios del Valle who is known as "La Madre de la Patria" (mother of the fatherland in English) and Sgt. Juan Bautista Cabral. Also there is a debate, among the historians, as to whether or not Bernardino Rivadavia, the first president of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Present Argentina) had African ancestors.[40]

European settlement

As with other areas of new settlement such as Canada, Australia, the United States, Brazil, and New Zealand, Argentina is considered a country of immigrants.[41] When it is considered that Argentina was second only to the United States (27 million of immigrants) in the number of immigrants received, even ahead of such other areas of new settlement like Canada, Brazil and Australia;[32][33] and that the country was scarcely populated following its independence, the impact of the immigration to Argentina becomes evident.[32][33]

In the last national census, based on self-identification, 952,032 Argentines (2.4% of the population) declared to be Amerindians.[37] Most of the 6.2 million European immigrants arriving between 1850 and 1950, regardless of origin, settled in several regions of the country. Due to this large-scale European immigration, Argentina's population more than doubled.

Immigrant population in Argentina (1869–1991)

The majority of these European immigrants came from Spain and Italy. Thousands of immigrants also came from France, Germany, England, Portugal, Brazil, Switzerland, Wales, Scotland, Poland, Albania, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, Russia, Ukraine, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Romania, Bulgaria, Armenia, Greece, Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia.

Italian population in Argentina arrived mainly from the northern Italian regions varying between Piedmont, Veneto and Lombardy, later from Campania and Calabria;[42] Spanish immigrants were mainly Galicians and Basques.[43][44] Thousands of immigrants also came from France (notably Béarn and the Northern Basque Country), Germany, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Greece, Portugal, Finland, Russia and the United Kingdom.[45] The Welsh settlement in Patagonia, known as Y Wladfa, began in 1865; mainly along the coast of Chubut Province. In addition to the main colony in Chubut, a smaller colony was set up in Santa Fe and another group settled at Coronel Suárez, southern Buenos Aires Province.[46] Of the 50,000 Patagonians of Welsh descent, about 5,000 are Welsh speakers.[47] The community is centered on the cities of Gaiman, Trelew and Trevelin.[48]

Recent immigrants

Foreign born residents in Argentina by country of birth[49]

According to the INDEC 1,531,940 of the Argentine resident population in 2001 were born outside Argentina, representing 4.22% of the total Argentine resident population.[50][51] In 2010, 1,805,957 of the Argentine resident population were born outside Argentina, representing 4.50% of the total Argentine resident population.[50][51][52][53]

Illegal immigration has been a recent factor in Argentine demographics. Most illegal immigrants come from Bolivia and Paraguay, countries which border Argentina to the north. Smaller numbers arrive from Peru and Ecuador. The Argentine government estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched a program called Patria Grande ("Greater Homeland")[54] to encourage illegal immigrants to regularize their status; so far over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program.[55]

Rank (2010)	Country of birth	census 2010	census 2001	census 1990
1	Paraguay	550,713	325,046	254,115
2	Bolivia	345,272	233,464	145,670
3	Chile	191,147	212,429	247,987
4	Colombia	177,000	50,250	15,939
4	Peru	157,514	88,260	15,939
5	Italy	147,499	216,718	356,923
6	Uruguay	116,592	117,564	135,406
7	Spain	94,030	134,417	244,212
8	Brazil	41,330	34,712	33,966
9	China	8,929	4,184	2,297
10	Germany	8,416	10,362	15,451
11	South Korea	7,321	8,290	8,371
12	France	6,995	6,578	6,309
13	Japan	4,036	4,753	5,674
14	Taiwan	2,875	3,511	1,870
15	Syria	1,337	2,350	N/D
16	Lebanon	933	1,619	3,171
	Other countries	121,018	127,683	150,849
TOTAL		1,805,957	1,531,940	1,628,210

The official language of Argentina is Spanish, and it is spoken by practically the entire population in several different accents. The most common variation of Spanish in Argentina is the Rioplatense Spanish (Spanish: castellano rioplatense), and it is so named because it evolved in the central areas around the Río de la Plata basin. Its distinctive feature is widespread voseo, the use of the pronoun vos instead of tú for the second person singular. Additionally, the Argentinian accent sounds identical to Portuguese in the words that begin with 'll' or 'yo', and all the words in Portuguese that begin with 'ch'. For example, the following sentence English: What is your name? Portuguese: como se chama? Spanish: Como se llama? - 'chama' & 'llama' are pronounced as though they were spelled "Shama"in both Argentinian Spanish and Portuguese. Moreover, the sound shift of all of the words in Spanish that begin with "ll" or 'y' but sound like 'sh' i.e., 'llorar' 'llama, 'llegar' & 'yo'. In Portuguese the words that begin with 'ch' always sound like 'sh'. There are many more words like these shown above. The mutual intelligibility between Spanish and Portuguese is already high, but the 'sh' sound increases the intelligibility between both languages even more.

The 17th century Cathedral of Córdoba

The Constitution guarantees freedom of religion, but until 1994 the President and Vice President had to be Catholic. The society, culture, and politics of Argentina are deeply imbued with Roman Catholicism.[61]

Estimates for the number of Roman Catholics vary from 70% of the population,[62] to as much as 90%.[63] The CIA Factbook lists 92% of the country is Catholic, but only 20% are practicing regularly or weekly at a church service.[5] The Jewish population is about 300,000 (around 0.75% of the population), the community numbered about 400,000 after World War II, but the appeal of Israel and economic and cultural pressures at home led many to leave; recent instability in Israel has resulted in a modest reversal of the trend since 2003.[63][64] Muslim Argentines number about 500,000–600,000, or approximately 1.5% of the population; 93% of them are Sunni.[63] Buenos Aires is home to one of the largest mosques in Latin America. A study from 2010 found that approximately 11% of Argentines are non-religious, including those who believe in God, though not religion, agnostics (4%) and atheists (5%). Overall, 24% attended religious services regularly. Protestants were the only group in which a majority regularly attended services.[65]

• 
  Population distribution by province
• 
  Built in 1906 to welcome hundreds of newcomers daily, the Hotel de Inmigrantes is now a national museum.

• National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina
• Racism in Argentina

• Population cartogram of Argentina