Dervish

The Persian word darvīsh (درویش) is of ancient origin and descends from a Proto-Iranian word that appears in Avestan as drigu-, "needy, mendicant", via Middle Persian driyosh.[5] It has the same meaning as the Arabic word faqīr,[2][4] meaning people whose contingency and utter dependence upon God is manifest in everything they do and every breath they take.[7]

Dervishes try to approach God by virtues and individual experience, rather than by religious scholarship.[8] Many dervishes are mendicant ascetics who have taken a vow of poverty, unlike mullahs. The main reason they beg is to learn humility, but dervishes are prohibited to beg for their own good. They have to give the collected money to other poor people. Others work in common professions; Egyptian Qadiriyya – known in Turkey as Kadiri – are fishermen, for example.

Some classical writers indicate that the poverty of the dervish is not merely economic. Saadi, for instance, who himself travelled widely as a dervish, and wrote extensively about them, says in his Gulistan:

Of what avail is frock, or rosary,

Or clouted garment? Keep thyself but free
From evil deeds, it will not need for thee
To wear the cap of felt: a darwesh be

In heart, and wear the cap of Tartary.[9]

Rumi writes in Book 1 of his Masnavi:[10]

Water that's poured inside will sink the boat

While water underneath keeps it afloat.
Driving wealth from his heart to keep it pure
King Solomon preferred the title 'Poor':
That sealed jar in the stormy sea out there
Floats on the waves because it's full of air,
When you've the air of dervishood inside

You'll float above the world and there abide...

Whirling dervishes, Rumi Fest 2007

Semâ ceremony at the Dervishes Culture Center at Avanos, Turkey

The whirling dance or Sufi whirling that is proverbially associated with dervishes is best known in the West by the practices (performances) of the Mevlevi order in Turkey, and is part of a formal ceremony known as the Sama. It is, however, also practiced by other orders. The Sama is only one of the many Sufi ceremonies performed to try to reach religious ecstasy (majdhb, fana). The name Mevlevi comes from the Persian poet Rumi, who was a dervish himself. This practice, though not intended as entertainment, has become a tourist attraction in Turkey.[11][12][13]

The dance of the dervishes, Athens, Ottoman Greece, by Dodwell

There are various orders of dervishes, almost all of which trace their origins from various Muslim saints and teachers, especially Imam Ali. Various orders and suborders have appeared and disappeared over the centuries. Dervishes spread into North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Turkey, Anatolia, the Balkans, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Iran, Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan.

Other dervish groups include the Bektashis, who are connected to the janissaries, and the Senussi, who are rather orthodox in their beliefs. Other fraternities and subgroups chant verses of the Qur'an, play drums or whirl in groups, all according to their specific traditions. They practice meditation, as is the case with most of the Sufi orders in South Asia, many of whom owe allegiance to, or were influenced by, the Chishti order. Each fraternity uses its own garb and methods of acceptance and initiation, some of which may be rather severe. The form of Sufi dervishism practised during the 17th century was centered upon esotericism, patience and pacifism.[14]

Various books discussing the lives of Dervishes can be found in Turkish literature. Death and the Dervish by Meša Selimović and The Dervish by Frances Kazan extensively discussed the life of a Dervish.[16][17] Similar works on the subject have been found in other books such as Memoirs of a Dervish: Sufis, Mystics and the Sixties by Robert Erwin.[18] Majdeddin Ali Bagher Ne'matollahi has Said that Sufism is a core of being and bridge between religion and science.

Dervishes and their Sufis practices are accepted by traditional Sunni Muslims but different groups such as Deobandis, Salafis disregard various practices of Dervishes as un-Islamic.[19]

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  Dervish Azerbaijani rug, XIX c. Tabriz school, State Museum of Azerbaijan Carpet and Applied Art
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  Ottoman Dervishes portrayed by Amedeo Preziosi in Istanbul, 1857
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  A Qajar-era Persian dervish, seen here from an 1873 depiction of Tehran's Grand Bazaar
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  An Ottoman Dervish in Istanbul, 1878
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  Dervishes photographed by William H. Rau near Damascus, circa 1903
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  A Palestinian Dervish in 1913
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  Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi, leader of the Sudanese Dervishes
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  Sufi kashkuls were often made from a coco de mer which ordinary beggars would have difficulty to find
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  Kashkul, or Beggar's Bowl, with Portrait of Dervishes and a Mounted Falconer, A.H. 1280. Brooklyn Museum
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  A Gathering of Dervishes in the Mughal Empire
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  A family of Dervishes, possibly by Antoin Sevruguin (between 1876 and 1925)
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  The dance of the dervishes, Athens
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  Sufi dervishes in Omdurman, Sudan
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  Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, head of Darawiish
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  A Sheikh of the Rifa'i Sufi Order

Wikisource has the text of the Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.) article Dervish.

Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article "Dervish".

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dervishes.

• Derviş, a variant of the spelling
• Fakir
• Qalandariyya
• The Tale of the Four Dervishes Qissa Chahar Dervish
• Death and the Dervish, a novel by Yugoslav writer Meša Selimović (published in 1966)