Diamantina, Minas Gerais

Diamantina (Portuguese pronunciation: [dʒiamɐ̃ˈtʃinɐ]) is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Minas Gerais. Its estimated population in 2020 was 47,825 in a total area of 3,870 km2.[3]

For other uses, see Diamantina (disambiguation).
Diamantina
Municipality
Municipality of Diamantina
Flag of Diamantina
Flag
Official seal of Diamantina
Seal
Location of Diamantina
Country Brazil
State Minas Gerais
Founded6 March 1831
Government
 • MayorJuscelino Brasiliano Roque (DEM)
Area
 • Total3 869 km2 (1,493 sq mi)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total47,825[1]
 • Density12.3/km2 (32/sq mi)
DemonymDiamantinense
Time zoneUTC−3 (BRT)
Postal Code
39100-000
Area code(s)
+55 38
HDI (2010)0.716 – high[2]
Websitediamantina.mg.gov.br
Official nameHistoric Centre of the Town of Diamantina
TypeCultural
Criteria(ii); (iv)
Designated1999
Reference no.890
RegionSouth America

Arraial do Tijuco (as Diamantina was first called) was built during the colonial era in the early 18th century. As its name suggests, Diamantina was a center of diamond mining in the 18th and 19th centuries. A well-preserved example of Brazilian Baroque architecture, Diamantina is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Other historical cities in Minas Gerais are Ouro Preto, São João del-Rei, Mariana, Tiradentes, Congonhas and Sabará.

Statistical micro-region

Diamantina is a statistical micro-region that includes the following municipalities: Diamantina, Datas, Felício dos Santos, Gouveia, Presidente Kubitschek, São Gonçalo do Rio Preto, Senador Modestino Gonçalves, and Couto de Magalhães de Minas. The area of this region is 7,348 km2 and in 2006 the population was 80,063 inhabitants. The population density (2000) was 11.2 inhabitants/km2.

History

Prehistory

Before the arrival of Portuguese settlers, in the 16th century (the first reports give account of expeditions that went up the Jequitinhonha and São Francisco Rivers), Diamantina, like the entire region of the current state of Minas Gerais, was occupied by indigenous peoples of the Macro-Jê languages.[4]

Foundation and exploration of diamonds

Diamantina was founded as Arraial do Tejuco in 1713, with the construction of a chapel that honored the patron Saint Anthony of Padua. The locality had strong growth when the Diamonds were discovered in 1729. At the end of the 18th century, it was the third largest population in the Captaincy General of Minas, behind the capital Vila Rica, today Ouro Preto, and with a population similar to that of the prosperous São João del-Rei.

In the 18th century it grew due to the large local production of diamonds, which were exploited by the Portuguese crown. It was initially known as Arraial do Tejuco (or Tijuco) (from the Tupi tyîuka, "rotten water"), Tejuco and Ybyty'ro'y (Tupi word meaning "cold mountain", by the junction of ybytyra ("mountain").) and ro'y ("cold"). During the 18th century, the city was famous for having sheltered Chica da Silva, a freed slave who was the wife of the richest man in Colonial Brazil, João Fernandes de Oliveira.

Diamantina represented the largest mining of diamonds in the western world in the 18th century, and for nine years, the Portuguese Crown was not aware of the discovery of diamonds in the region, which was done by the governor of the Captaincy, in 1729, the then D. Lourenço de Almeida.

Portugal's response was to impose full control over the diamond regions of Minas Gerais. In 1734, the Intendency of Diamonds was created, whose regime was totally controlling and authoritarian.

The Portuguese Crown's monopoly over diamond deposits lasted until 1845.

Incorporation, transformation into historical heritage and recent history

Diamantina emancipated itself from the municipality of Serro only in 1831, changing its name to Diamantina because of the large volume of diamonds found in the region. The delay was due to the need for greater local control by the colonial authorities, since in the mid-18th century the population was larger than that of Vila do Príncipe do Serro Frio, head of the region. Life in Diamantina at the end of the 19th century was portrayed by Alice Brant in her book Minha Vida de Menina, which became a landmark in Brazilian literature after being rediscovered by Elizabeth Bishop.

Mining for diamonds near Diamantina. River has been diverted by means of the flume shown in the middle ground, and the dried bed is searched for diamonds

In 1938, Diamantina celebrated its 100th anniversary as a city, receiving the title of "National Historic Heritage" from the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage.

With the arrival of Juscelino Kubitschek to the state government and later to the Presidency of the Republic, many improvements were made in Diamantina, such as the foundation of the Federal School of Dentistry of Diamantina, the Hotel Tijuco, the Júlia Kubitschek State School and the Diamantina Sports Square.

In 1999, it was elevated to the category of "heritage of humanity" by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Location

Diamantina is located 292 kilometers almost directly north of the state capital, Belo Horizonte, in a mountainous area. The elevation of the municipal seat is 1,114 meters. The Jequitinhonha River, one of Brazil's most important rivers, flows to the east of the municipal seat. Diamantina is linked to the state capital by federal highway BR-259, by way of Curvelo. Diamantina Airport has regular flights to Belo Horizonte.

The municipality contains the 16,999 hectares (42,010 acres) Biribiri State Park, created in 1998, which contains the historic village of Biribiri.[5]

Neighboring municipalities are: Olhos d'Água and Bocaiúva (N); Carbonita, Senador Modestino Gonçalves, São Gonçalo do Rio Preto, and Couto de Magalhaes de Minas (E); Santo Antônio do Itambé, Datas, Serro and Monjolos (S); Augusto de Lima, Buenópolis, and Engenheiro Navarro (W).

Climate
Climate data for Diamantina, Minas Gerais, 1981-2010 normals, extremes 1961-2010
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.7
(90.9)		 31.6
(88.9)		 31.0
(87.8)		 30.2
(86.4)		 28.8
(83.8)		 27.4
(81.3)		 28.2
(82.8)		 30.5
(86.9)		 33.1
(91.6)		 35.8
(96.4)		 33.6
(92.5)		 31.6
(88.9)		 35.8
(96.4)
Average high °C (°F) 25.8
(78.4)		 26.0
(78.8)		 25.6
(78.1)		 24.6
(76.3)		 23.0
(73.4)		 21.9
(71.4)		 21.4
(70.5)		 22.9
(73.2)		 24.5
(76.1)		 25.5
(77.9)		 24.5
(76.1)		 24.9
(76.8)		 24.2
(75.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 20.6
(69.1)		 20.6
(69.1)		 20.3
(68.5)		 19.3
(66.7)		 17.4
(63.3)		 16.1
(61.0)		 15.7
(60.3)		 16.8
(62.2)		 18.4
(65.1)		 19.7
(67.5)		 19.6
(67.3)		 20.0
(68.0)		 18.7
(65.7)
Average low °C (°F) 16.8
(62.2)		 16.7
(62.1)		 16.6
(61.9)		 15.6
(60.1)		 13.6
(56.5)		 11.9
(53.4)		 11.3
(52.3)		 11.8
(53.2)		 13.6
(56.5)		 15.3
(59.5)		 15.9
(60.6)		 16.5
(61.7)		 14.6
(58.3)
Record low °C (°F) 7.0
(44.6)		 11.1
(52.0)		 11.8
(53.2)		 10.0
(50.0)		 5.6
(42.1)		 4.6
(40.3)		 2.8
(37.0)		 6.2
(43.2)		 6.7
(44.1)		 8.2
(46.8)		 6.5
(43.7)		 9.9
(49.8)		 2.8
(37.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 236.7
(9.32)		 142.7
(5.62)		 185.0
(7.28)		 76.6
(3.02)		 22.9
(0.90)		 6.3
(0.25)		 4.7
(0.19)		 13.2
(0.52)		 33.1
(1.30)		 118.5
(4.67)		 232.7
(9.16)		 302.9
(11.93)		 1,375.3
(54.16)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 13 11 12 7 3 1 1 2 4 9 15 18 96
Average relative humidity (%) 78.5 76.1 79.5 78.7 77.1 74.8 71.6 68.2 67.9 69.4 79.1 81.6 75.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 183.7 176.5 182.9 190.5 208.4 190.9 226.3 239.2 195.0 181.6 147.5 149.8 2,272.3
Percent possible sunshine 46 50 49 55 60 58 66 68 55 47 38 37 52
Source: INMET[6]

Economic activities

The main economic activities are tourism, services, small industry and agriculture. The GDP in 2005 was R$184 million, with 140 million coming from services, 23 million from industry, and 8 million from agriculture. In 2006 there were 1,248 rural producers on 73,000 hectares of land. Only 24 of the establishments had tractors. There were 14,000 head of cattle.[7]

Health and education

The social indicators rank Diamantina in the top tier of municipalities in the state.

  • Municipal Human Development Index: 0.748 (2000)
  • State ranking: 298 out of 853 municipalities as of 2000
  • National ranking: 1933 out of 5,138 municipalities as of 2000
  • Literacy rate: 86%
  • Life expectancy: 68 (average of males and females)
  • Infant mortality: 32.8

[8]

The highest ranking municipality in Minas Gerais in 2000 was Poços de Caldas with 0.841, while the lowest was Setubinha with 0.568. Nationally the highest was São Caetano do Sul in São Paulo with 0.919, while the lowest was Setubinha. In more recent statistics (considering 5,507 municipalities) Manari in the state of Pernambuco has the lowest rating in the country—0,467—putting it in last place.[8]

There were 2 hospitals and 31 health clinics in 2005. Educational needs were met by 30 primary schools and 9 middle schools.[7]

There were 3 institutions of higher learning: Faculdade de Ciências Jurídicas de Diamantina - FCJ (a law school), Faculdade de Filosofia e Letras de Diamantina - FAFIDIA (humanities), and Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - UFVJM (federal public).[9]

Famous natives of Diamantina

Twin towns – sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Brazil

Diamantina is twinned with:[10]

Friendly cities

Diamantina also cooperates with Třeboň in the Czech Republic.[11]

References
  1. IBGE 2020
  2. "Archived copy" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. IBGE 2020
  4. "Relação das Comunidades Negras Quilombolas em Minas Gerais". www.cedefes.org.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-01-25.
  5. "Parque Estadual do Biribiri", Descubra Minas (in Portuguese), Senac Minas, retrieved 2016-11-30
  6. "Normais Climatológicas do Brasil". National Institute of Meteorology. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
  7. IBGE Archived January 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  8. Frigoletto
  9. "Mundo Vestibular". Archived from the original on 2016-03-26. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
  10. "Sister Cities of Volusia". volusiasistercitie.wixsite.com. Volusia Sister Cities. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
  11. "Spolupracující města". mesto-trebon.cz (in Czech). Třeboň. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
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