Drifting ice station

A drifting ice station is a temporary or semi-permanent facility built on an ice floe. During the Cold War the Soviet Union and the United States maintained a number of stations in the Arctic Ocean on floes such as Fletcher's Ice Island for research and espionage, the latter of which were often little more than quickly constructed shacks. Extracting personnel from these stations proved difficult and in the case of the United States, employed early versions of the Fulton surface-to-air recovery system.

Soviet drifting ice station depicted on a 1955 stamp.

Overview

Soviet and Russian-staffed drifting ice stations are research stations built on the ice of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean. They are important contributors to exploration of the Arctic. The stations are named "North Pole" (NP; Russian: Северный полюс, romanized: Severny polyus, СП), followed by an ordinal number: North Pole-1, etc. NP drift stations carry out the program of complex year-round research in the fields of oceanology, ice studies, meteorology, aerology, geophysics, hydrochemistry, hydrophysics, and marine biology. On average, an NP station is the host for 600 to 650 ocean depth measurements, 3500 to 3900 complex meteorology measurements, 1200 to 1300 temperature measurements and sea water probes for chemical analysis, and 600 to 650 research balloon launches. Magnetic, ionosphere, ice and other observations are also carried out there. Regular measurements of the ice floe coordinates provide the data on the direction and speed of its drift.

The modern NP drifting ice station resembles a small settlement with housing for polar explorers and special buildings for the scientific equipment. Usually an NP station begins operations in April and continues for two or three years until the ice floe reaches the Greenland Sea. Polar explorers are replaced yearly. Since 1937 some 800 people were drifting at NP stations.

There are two groups of NP stations:

  • stations, drifting on the pack ice (i.e. relatively thin and short-lived ice): NP-1 through NP-5, NP-7 through NP-17, NP-20, NP-21
  • stations, drifting on ice islands (glacier fragments, that were split from the shore): NP-6, NP-18, NP-19, NP-22.

All NP stations are organized by the Russian (former Soviet) Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI).

History

The idea to use the drift ice for the exploration of nature in the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean came from Fridtjof Nansen, who fulfilled it on Fram between 1893 and 1896. The first stations to use drift ice as means of scientific exploration of the Arctic originated in the Soviet Union in 1937, when the first such station in the world, North Pole-1, started operations.[1]

North Pole-1 was established on 21 May 1937 some 20 km from the North Pole by the expedition into the high latitudes. Sever-1, led by Otto Schmidt. "NP-1" operated for 9 months, during which the ice floe travelled 2,850 kilometres. On 19 February 1938, Soviet ice breakers Taimyr and Murman took off four polar explorers from the station, who immediately became famous in the USSR and were awarded titles Hero of the Soviet Union: hydrobiologist Pyotr Shirshov, geophysicist Yevgeny Fyodorov, radioman Ernst Krenkel and their leader Ivan Papanin.

Since 1954 Soviet NP stations worked continuously, with one to three such stations operating simultaneously each year. The total distance drifted between 1937 and 1973 was over 80,000 kilometres. North Pole-22 is particularly notable for its record drift, lasting nine years. On 28 June 1972 the ice floe with North Pole-19 passed over the North Pole for the first time ever.

During such long-term observations by NP stations numerous important discoveries in physical geography were made such as valuable conclusions on regularities and the connection between processes in the polar region of the Earth's hydrosphere and atmosphere and the deep water Lomonosov Ridge,[2] which crosses the Arctic Ocean, other large features of the ocean bottom's relief, the discovery of two systems of the drift (circular and "wash-out"), and the fact of cyclones' active penetration into the Central Arctic.

The last Soviet NP station, North Pole-31, was closed in July 1991.

In the post-Soviet era, Russian exploration of the Arctic by drifting ice stations was suspended for twelve years. The year 2003 was notable for Russia's return into the Arctic. As of 2006, three NP stations had carried out scientific measurements and research since then: "NP-32" through "NP-34". The latter was closed on 25 May 2006.

"NP-35" started operations on 21 September 2007 at the point 81°26′N 103°30′E, when flags of Russia and Saint Petersburg were raised there. 22 scientists, led by A.A.Visnevsky are working on the ice floe. Establishment of the station was the third stage of the Arktika 2007 expedition. An appropriate ice floe was searched for from Akademik Fedorov research vessel, accompanied by nuclear icebreaker Rossiya, using MI-8 helicopters, for a week, until an ice floe with an area of 16 square kilometres was found.[3] The ice has since shrunk significantly, however, and the station is now being abandoned ahead of schedule.[4]

Replacement

Since the mid-2000s it became difficult to find a suitable ice floe to station camp on,[5][6] due to global warming, and several stations had to be evacuated prematurely because of unexpectedly fast thawing of the ice,[4] so in 2008 an idea to replace the ice camps with a drifting research vessel as a station core was proposed.[5] After almost a decade of deliberation, a contract of building the station vessel was awarded to Admiralty Shipyard in Saint Petersburg in 2017.[7] This will take a form of a large self-propelled ice resistant barge of ~10000 tons displacement, getting to the initial point of the mission by itself or with a help of an icebreaker and continuing to drift with the surrounding ice.[6] The barge, intended to function autonomously for 2–3 years, but equipped to be supplied by air or passing icebreakers, and equipped with the required research equipment, is expected to be commissioned in 2020.[6]

Past stations

Station name Head of the first shift Drift dates Drift coordinates Distance (km)
Began Ended Start Finish
North Pole-1I.D. PapaninMay 21, 1937February 19, 193889°25′N 78°40′W70°40′N 19°16′W2,850
North Pole-2M.M. SomovApril 2, 1950April 11, 195176°03′N 166°36′W81°44′N 163°48′W2,600
North Pole-3A.F. TrioshnikovApril 4, 1954April 20, 195585°58′N 175°00′W86°00′N 24°00′W1,865
North Pole-4E.I. TolstikovApril 8, 1954April 19, 195775°48′N 178°25′W85°52′N 00°00′W6,970
North Pole-5N.A. VolkovApril 21, 1955October 8, 195682°10′N 156°51′E84°18′N 63°20′E3,630
North Pole-6K.A. SychevApril 19, 1956September 14, 195974°24′N 177°04′W82°06′N 03°56′E8,650
North Pole-7V.A. VedernikovApril 23, 1957April 11, 195982°06′N 164°11′W85°14′N 33°03′W3,520
North Pole-8V.M. RogachyovApril 27, 1959March 19, 196276°11′N 164°24′W83°15′N 132°30′W6,090
North Pole-9V.A. ShamontyevApril 26, 1960March 28, 196177°23′N 163°00′E86°36′N 76°00′W2,660
North Pole-10N.A. KornilovOctober 17, 1961April 29, 196475°27′N 177°10′E88°32′N 90°30′E3,960
North Pole-11N.N. BryazginApril 16, 1962April 20, 196377°10′N 165°58′W81°10′N 139°34′W2,400
North Pole-12L.N. BelyakovApril 30, 1963April 25, 196576°50′N 165°34′W81°06′N 145°47′W1,595
North Pole-13A.Ya. BuzuyevApril 22, 1964April 20, 196773°55′N 161°19′W87°55′N 03°32′E3,545
North Pole-14Yu.B. KonstantinovMay 1, 1965February 12, 196672°42′N 175°25′W76°59′N 154°49′E1,040
North Pole-15V.V. PanovApril 15, 1966March 25, 196878°49′N 168°08′E85°45′N 10°30′W2,330
North Pole-16Yu. B. KonstantinovApril 10, 1968March 22, 197275°31′N 172°00′W86°00′N 85°27′W5,850
North Pole-17N.I. BlinovApril 18, 1968October 16, 196980°30′N 165°26′E86°48′N 25°20′E1,750
North Pole-18N.N. OvchinnikovOctober 9, 1969October 24, 197175°10′N 165°02′W86°06′N 153°51′E5,240
North Pole-19A.N. ChilingarovNovember 7, 1969April 16, 197374°54′N 160°13′E83°08′N 16°17′E6,705
North Pole-20Yu. P. TikhonovApril 22, 1970May 17, 197275°56′N 175°22′E81°44′N 166°47′W3,780
North Pole-21G.I. KizinoApril 30, 1972May 17, 197474°06′N 178°15′E86°16′N 143°35′E3,605
North Pole-22V.G. MorozSeptember 13, 1973April 8, 198276°16′N 168°31′W86°10′N 00°00′W17,069
North Pole-23V.M. PiguzovDecember 5, 1975November 1, 197873°51′N 178°25′W87°40′N 22°31′W5,786
North Pole-24I.K. PopovJune 23, 1978November 19, 198076°45′N 163°00′E86°03′N 29°40′E5,652
North Pole-25V.S. SidorovMay 16, 1981April 20, 198475°01′N 168°35′E85°50′N 122°15′W5,754
North Pole-26V.S. SidorovMay 21, 1983April 9, 198678°30′N 174°46′E82°46′N 170°31′W5,380
North Pole-27Yu. P. TikhonovJune 2, 1984May 20, 198778°31′N 160°30′E86°28′N 09°02′W5,655
North Pole-28A.F. ChernyshovMay 21, 1986January 23, 198980°40′N 168°29′E79°40′N 03°09′E7,634
North Pole-29V.V. LukinJune 10, 1987August 19, 198880°22.8′N 112°59′E84°42.8′N 56°34.3′W2,686
North Pole-30V.M. PiguzovOctober 9, 1987April 4, 199174°18′N 171°24′W82°31′N 126°26′W7,675
North Pole-31V.S. SidorovOctober 22, 1988July 25, 199176°35′N 153°10′W73°33′N 161°04′W5,475
North Pole-32V.S. KoshelevApril 25, 2003March 6, 200487°52.5′N 148°03′E84°41′N 03°33′W2,418
North Pole-33A.A. VisnevskySeptember 9, 2004October 5, 200585°05′N 156°31′E86°14′N 95°54′E3,156
North Pole-34T.V. PetrovskySeptember 19, 2005May 25, 200685°39′N 115°19′E87°26′N 07°39′E2,032
North Pole-35Vladimir Chupun[8] September 21, 2007July 22, 200881°30′N 103°54′E81°00′N 31°18′E3,614
North Pole-36Yuri KatrayevSeptember 7, 2008August 24, 200982°32′N 144°56′E85°53′N 26°41′W2,905
North Pole-37Sergey LesenkovSeptember 7, 2009May 31, 201081°28′N 164°35′W80°04′N 140°40′W2,076
North Pole-38Tomash PetrovskiyOctober 14, 2010September 20, 201176°07′N 176°32′W83°53′N 154°18′W3,024
North Pole-39Alexander IpatovOctober 2, 2011September 15, 201284°10′N 148°49′W83°57′N 96°44′W1,885
North Pole-40Nikolai FomichevOctober 1, 2012June 7, 201385°21′N 142°53′W82°25′N 130°25′W1,736
North Pole-2015Dmitrij MamadalievApril 11, 2015August 9, 2015

89°34′N 17°08′W

86°15′N 07°52′W714

See also

References

  1. "North Pole drifting stations (1930s-1980s)". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
  2. Calvert, James, Vice Admiral USN Ret. (1996) [1960]. Surface at the Pole. Annapolis, Maryland: Bluejacket Books. p. 86. ISBN 1-55750-119-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. September 21, 2007 Press-Release by AARI
  4. 14 July 2008 news story by the Associated Press
  5. TASS, Artics Today, in Russian
  6. Admiralty Shipyard begun building a "North Pole" drifting station Fontanka.ru, 20 Decemped 2018, in Russian
  7. Admiralty Shipyard goes adrift, Kommersant, 9 October 2017, in Russian
  8. Скалина, Ирина (10 July 2008). "Опасный дрейф; Полярников эвакуируют на судне "Михаил Сомов"" (web). Российская газета. Retrieved 2008-07-12.(Russian/English)Skalina, Irina (July 10, 2008). "A dangerous drift; Polarnik evacuated on the ship "Mikhail Somov"" (web). Google Translation. Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
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