Eastern Bengal Railway

The Eastern Bengal Railway (full name: "Eastern Bengal Railway Company"; shortened EBR) was one of the pioneering railway companies that operated from 1857 to 1942, in the Bengal and Assam provinces of British India.[1]

Eastern Bengal Railway
IndustryRailways
Founded1857
Defunct1942
Headquarters
Calcutta
,
British India
Area served
Bengal and Assam
ServicesRail transport

History

Formation

The Eastern Bengal Railway Company was incorporated by the Eastern Bengal Railway Act 1857 (20 & 21 Vict. c.159) of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, with the objective of introduction of railway transport in eastern Bengal and even to move into Burma. The operational area of Eastern Bengal Railway was to be the east bank of the Hooghly River, while East Indian Railway Company operated on the west bank of the river.[2][3]

Rolling stock

By the end of 1877 the company owned 43 steam locomotives, 180 coaches and 691 goods wagons.[4] By 1936, the rolling stock had increased to 327 locomotives, 3 steam railcars, 1560 coaches and 13.781 freight wagons.[5]

Classification

It was labeled as a Class I railway according to the Indian Railway Classification System of 1926.[6][7]

Subsequent developments

The EBR was taken over by the Government of India in 1884 and renamed the Eastern Bengal State Railway. The Calcutta and South Eastern Railway was merged into it in 1887. In 1915, it reverted to its old name Eastern Bengal Railway. In 1941, the Bengal Dooars Railway was merged into Eastern Bengal Railway. In 1942, the Government of India merged Assam Bengal Railway with Eastern Bengal Railway to create Bengal and Assam Railway.[8]

Railways in British India[9]
"As a child of its era, the railway left an indelible mark on the 19th century developments in India. In a country of continental distances, it provided the foundation for modern economic expansion by facilitating the carriage of huge quantities of passengers and freight over very long distances at hitherto unparalleled speeds. During the early part of 20th century, in a growing economy with rapid increase in demand for mobility, railway development was sparked off at a pace similar if not more marked than in Western countries in the 19th century. Development and rapid expansion of railway network in British India served as the backbone for economic growth and industrial development in the post independence era."

Successors

After the partition of India in 1947 the broad-gauge portion of the Bengal and Assam Railway, lying in India was added to the East Indian Railway and the metre-gauge portion became the Assam Railway.[10][11]

On 14 April 1952, the Assam Railway and the Oudh and Tirhut Railway were amalgamated to form the North Eastern Railway.[12] On the same day, the reorganized Sealdah division of the erstwhile Bengal Assam Railway (which was added to the East Indian Railway earlier) was amalgamated with the Eastern Railway.[13]

With the formation of the Northeast Frontier Railway on 15 January 1958, the portions of the erstwhile Eastern Bengal Railway that were in Assam and the Indian portion of North Bengal, came under its jurisdiction.[14]

The portion of the system which fell within the boundary of erstwhile East Pakistan was named as Eastern Bengal Railway. On 1 February 1961, the Eastern Bengal Railway was renamed as the Pakistan Railway and in 1962 it became the Pakistan Eastern Railway.[15] With the emergence of Bangladesh, it became the Bangladesh Railway.[3][11]

Lines
A switchback station loop on the East Bengal Railway, 1895. Photo by William Henry Jackson.

The first line of Eastern Bengal Railway was from Calcutta to Kushtia in 1862 (presently covered by Sealdah–Ranaghat line, Ranaghat–Gede line and Chilahati–Parbatipur–Santahar–Darshana line). It was decided in 1865 to extend the line to Goalundo Ghat. The extension opened on 31 December 1870. By 1902, it was extended north to as far as Dhubri in Assam.[3]

The Eastern Bengal Railway, which operated east of the Hooghly, was linked with the East Indian Railway, which operated west of the river, when Jubilee Bridge, linking Bandel and Naihati, was opened in 1887. The Calcutta Chord Railway constructed the line from Dum Dum to Dankuni over the Willingdon Bridge in 1932. The bridge was later renamed Vivekananda Setu.[16]

Hindrance to free flow of water

In many parts of riverine eastern Bengal, with long stretches of low lands, the railways had to be built on embankments which hindered the free flow of water. In a brief case study of Eastern Bengal Railway it has been revealed that the water regime of the Rajshahi Division of present Bangladesh was destabilized by the way the railway exposed itself to the Chalan Beel. From the beginning of the twentieth century the beel (pond or wetland) began to be bounded by the Calcutta–Siliguri main line on the west and by the Santahar–Bogra line on the north. These lines affected the feeding of the beel. Its drainage was affected by the Sirajganj branch line in the south-east.[17]

Conversion to broad gauge

The Indian part of EBR was converted to 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge in 1990s to 2010s. The Bangladesh part is under conversion to 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge.

See also

References
  1. Karmakar, Rajat (21 December 2013). "ইস্টার্ন রেলওয়ে ফুটবল ক্লাব — ১৪১ বছরের পুরনো একটি ক্লাবের ইতিহাস ও ঐতিহ্য" [Eastern Railway Football Club — History and heritage of a 141-year-old club]. archives.anandabazar.com (in Bengali). Kolkata: Anandabazar Patrika. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  2. "Eastern Bengal Railway". IRFCA. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  3. Mukherjee, Hena (2012). "Eastern Bengal Railway". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  4. Archiv für Post und Telegraphie, Band 7 (in German). Reichsdruckerei, Berlin. 1879. p. 62–63. Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  5. World Survey of Foreign Railways. Transportation Division, Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, Washington D.C. 1936. p. 213. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  6. "Indian Railway Classification". Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  7. World Survey of Foreign Railways. Transportation Division, Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, Washington D.C. 1936. p. 210–219.
  8. "Eastern Bengal Railway". fibis. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  9. "The story of Bengal Nagpur Railway (BNR) now South Eastern Railway". Anglo-India-Central. Archived from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  10. Rao, M.A. (1988). Indian Railways, New Delhi: National Book Trust, p.39
  11. "History". Northeast Frontier Railway. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
  12. Rao, M.A. (1988). Indian Railways, New Delhi: National Book Trust, pp.42-3
  13. "Engineering". Sealdah Division. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
  14. "History". North East Frontier Railway. Archived from the original on 3 January 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  15. "History". Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 15 November 2007. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
  16. R. P. Saxena. "Indian Railway History timeline". IRFCA. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  17. Khondker Iftekhar Iqbal. "Railways and the water regime of the Eastern Bengal Delta, c. 1905-1943: a reappraisal" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
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