Energy in Nepal

Nepal had a total primary energy supply (TPES) of 10.29 Mtoe in 2012.[1] Electricity consumption was 3.57 TWh. Most of this primary energy (about 80%) represents solid biofuels used in the residential sector (for heating, cooking etc.).[1] About 23% of the electricity is imported, with the rest almost completely supplied by hydroelectricity. Nepal also exports hydroelectricity to India in the wet season. The energy sources are the following, Biomass at 87%, Petroleum product 8%, Electricity 2%,and Renewable energy which includes Hydro, Nuclear, Wind, and Solar 3%.

Middle Marshyandi Hydroelectricity Dam, Udipur


Nepal has no known major oil, gas, or coal reserves,[2] and its position in the Himalayas makes it hard to reach remote communities. Consequently, most Nepali citizens have historically met their energy needs with biomass, human labor, imported kerosene, and/or traditional vertical axis water mills. Energy consumption per capita is thus low, at one-third the average for Asia as a whole and less than one-fifth of the world average.

The country has considerable hydroelectricity potential.[3] The commercially viable potential is estimated at 44 GW from 66 hydropower sites.[2]

In 2010, the electrification rate was only 53% (leaving 12.5 million people without electricity) and 76% depended on wood for cooking. With about 1 toe for every $1,000 of GDP, Nepal has the poorest energy intensity among all south Asian countries. The country has therefore very large energy efficiency potential.[1]

Oil products

Petroleum is the second largest energy fuel in Nepal after firewood and accounts for 11% of primary energy consumption in the country.[1] All petroleum products are imported from India.

At the moment, the import of petroleum products is transacted exclusively between the Nepal Oil Corporation and the Indian Oil Corporation.[4] 75% of the imports are diesel, kerosene and gasoline. Due to the high energy demand in the country, the dependence on petroleum imports is increasing. More than 62% of the petroleum products are used in the transportation sector. Besides that, petroleum products constitute important energy sources for cooking purposes in households.

Biomass

Biomass is by far the most important primary energy source in Nepal. Biomass comprises wood, agricultural residues and dung.

One major defect with this is that burning these biomass substances for cooking is a common practice (87.3%) and thus exposing many those living in the house to harmful air pollutants.[5] Those who cook and live a substantial amount of time in the household (women and children) are exposed to these pollutants and at high risks of acute respiratory infection. In addition, the burning of these biomass fuels often pollutes large quantities of greenhouse gasses (GHGs) into the outside air. One study in a mountain village of Nepal showed that carbon emissions from traditional cooking methods were 8055.47 kg per capita/year.[6]

Biogas

Farming system in Nepal is heavily dependent on livestock, with at least 1.2 million households owning cattle and buffalo. The technical biogas potential is therefore high and is estimated to be at least one million household-size plants, 57% located in the Terai plains, 37% in the hills and 6% in remote hills.

According to Nepal's Alternative Energy Promotion Centre, as of July 2011, 241,920 biogas plants were installed in more than 2,800 Village Development Committees and in all 75 Districts under their Biogas Support Program.[7]

Biogas takes advantage of a process called anaerobic digestion, where microorganisms break down organic matter into methane and carbon dioxide without oxygen.[8] A positive byproduct of biogas is that excess wastes produced by the system can be used as organic fertilizer.[8] Biogas as an alternative energy source helps reduce dependence on low grade energy sources (biomass) which pose significant health risks and contribute to GHG emissions. Barriers that Nepalese have reported facing in relation to biogas implementation include the large upfront capital costs, inability of traditional biogas systems to operate in cold and mountainous climates, and isolation of villages making installation logistics more difficult.[9]

Renewable energy
Main article: Renewable energy in Nepal

Renewable energy in Nepal comes from hydropower, solar energy, biomass, biogas, and wind energy.[10]

Nepal installed hydropower capacity is at 1,016 megawatts (MW), providing most of the country's grid-connected electricity generation.[11] The potential for economically viable hydropower in Nepal is estimated at 40,000 MW.[12]

In the wet season, Nepal exports its surplus hydroelectricity to India through Indian Energy Exchange. As of 8 June 2022, four of Nepal's hydroelectricity projects export a total of 234 MW of electricity to the Indian market.[13]

Wind

Nepal has substantial wind energy potential, with estimates of over 3000 MW total capacity. Around 448 MW is commercially viable for electricity generation [14]. Nepal's wind energy potential is concentrated in the high mountains and mid-hills regions, with favorable sites over 3,300 meters above sea level. Despite low population density and arduous geographical conditions, Khumbu Region, Kagbeni, Chusang, Thakmarpha, and Khanjiroba are some of the high-potential mountain areas for wind energy.[15].

Despite having immense potential, there has yet to be much progress in developing wind energy in Nepal. The two 10kw wind turbines installed by the Nepal Electricity Authority in Kagbeni, Mustang, in 1989 were destroyed within three months [16]. During 2018, there were only 113.6 KW of total installed wind capacity, 65 KW from AEPC, 3.5 KW from Practical Action, and 45.1 KW from the private sector. Despite some small initiatives, Nepal has abundant wind energy resources that are primarily unutilized because of inadequate policies and insufficient Investment in the sector. [17].


See also

References
  1. "Nepal". www.iea.org. International Energy Agency (IEA). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  2. "Nepal". USAID South Asia Regional Initiative for Energy Integration (SARI/EI). Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  3. Kaini, Prakash; Annandale, George (January 11, 2019). "The Way Forward for Nepal's Hydropower Development". Hydro Review. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
  4. "About us". Nepal Oil Corporation. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  5. Ranabhat Chhabi Lal et al., "Consequence of indoor air pollution in rural area of Nepal: a simplified measurement approach," Frontiers in Public Health 3 (2015), https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00005.
  6. Suwal Rajani and Bajracharya Siddhartha Bajra, "Assessment of Current Energy Consumption Practices, Carbon Emissions and Indoor Air Pollution in Samagaun, Manaslu Conservation Area, Nepal," Journal of Natural Resources and Development 6 (2016), https://doi.org/10.5027/jnrd.v6i0.07.
  7. "Installed biogas plants". Alternative Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC). Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  8. David Fulford, Small-scale rural biogas programmes a handbook (Rugby, England]: Rugby, England : Practical Action Publishing, 2015)
  9. Gloria V. Rupf et al., "Barriers and opportunities of biogas dissemination in Sub-Saharan Africa and lessons learned from Rwanda, Tanzania, China, India, and Nepal," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52, no. C (2015), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.107.
  10. "Renewable energy: Huge potentials". The Himalayan Times. 2017-10-05. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
  11. "Nepal". International Hydropower Association. Retrieved 2019-08-30.
  12. "Nepal Hydropower Development Program | Fact Sheet | Nepal | U.S. Agency for International Development". USAID. 2018-03-26. Retrieved 2019-08-30.
  13. "भारतमा बिजुली बेच्ने चौथो आयोजना बन्यो मर्स्याङ्दी". Kantipur (in Nepali). 8 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022. मर्स्याङ्दीसहित विभिन्न ४ वटा आयोजनाबाट ५६ सय मेगावाट आवर (करिब २ सय ३४ मेगावाट) बिजुली भारतमा बेचिरहेको नेपाल विद्युत् प्राधिकरणका प्रवक्ता सुरेश भट्टराइले जानकारी दिए ।
  14. Shrestha, R. Y. (2009). Small-scale wind energy market and institutional model for Nepal. Wind Engineering, 33(2), 109-121.
  15. Bhattarai, U., Maraseni, T., Apan, A., & Devkota, L. P. (2023). Rationalizing donations and subsidies: Energy ecosystem development for sustainable renewable energy transition in Nepal. Energy Policy, 177, 113570.
  16. Ghimire, M., & Poudel, R. C. (2010). Wind energy resource assessment and feasibility study of the wind farm in Kaligandaki riverbank of Mustang district. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 11, 159-166.
  17. AEPC, A. E. P. C. (2021). Annual Report.
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