En Avant (steam launch)

Henry Morton Stanley (1841–1904) in 1884

In April 1882 Stanley left for the Upper Congo in the En Avant, going up to Mwata, where he founded a station.[16] The Belgians suffered from the heat of the boiler combined with the heat of the sun, which penetrated the canvas walls. Their boxes and bundles made most uncomfortable seats.[19] Stanley returned to Léopoldville, then set off again past Mwata to the Kwah (Kasai), a tributary of the Congo. He went up this river to Lake Léopold II (Lake Mai-Ndombe), which he circumnavigated. He fell ill and returned downstream en route for Europe. At Vivi he met Dr. Eduard Pechuël-Loesche, to whom he handed over command.[16]

Edmond Hanssens was given command of the Bas-Congo region and arrived in Léopoldville on 3 September 1882.[20] On 17 December 1882 Nicolas Grang tried out the steamer En Avant, with captain G.-H. Vandevelde, but without success. The steam inlet valve had somehow been removed and the tubes carrying steam to the cylinders leaked badly.[21] The essential component would only be found when Stanley returned.[20]

In May 1883 Alphonse van Gèle and Camille Coquilhat were appointed to accompany Stanley in his expedition to the Upper Congo.[22] The expedition left Léopoldville on 9 May 1883 with all their steamers: En Avant, Eclaireur, Royal and A.I.A.. The expedition had seven Europeans and 67 Africans.[23] Stanley reached the mouth of the Ruki River on 9 June 1883 and directed Van Gèle and Coquilhat to build a station there.[22] It was called Equator Station, or Station de l’Équateur, then Equateurville, later Coquilhatville, today Mbandaka.[24]

While the Équateur station was being built, Stanley explored the Lulonga River and Lake Tumba.[23] On 23 June 1883 Stanley steamed up the Lukanga River, which led into Lake Mantumba (Lake Tumba).[25] He circumnavigated the shallow lake, a distance of 144 miles (232 km).[26] He returned to Leopoldville, then immediately left for the Falls. He returned to Équateurville, where he praised the station, the discipline of the soldiers and the good but not over-familiar relations with the local people.[23]

Edmond Hanssens (1843–1884)

On 15 February 1884 Hanssens met Stanley in Léopoldville and was directed to establish presence in the region between Équateur and the Falls. Hanssens organized an expedition with three small steamers with a total of about 20 tons: the En-Avant, A.I.A. and Royal, and a few small sailboats. There were seven Belgians, about fifty Africans and large amounts of goods and supplies.[20] Hanssens reached Équateurville on 17 April 1884 with the three steamers and six Europeans, Wester, Amelot, Drees, Guérin, Courtois and Nicholls.[27]

At the suggestion of Van Gele and Coquihat, Hanssens interrupted his journey to explore the mouth of the Ubangi River He left in the En Avant on 19 April 1884 with Van Gèle, Courtois, Guérin and Amelot, ten Zanzibaris and one local African as an interpreter.[27] Going downstream the steamer skirted the right bank of the Congo River, but was carried by the current into a maze of islands. After three days they saw some native fishermen in a canoe.[28] Van Gèle managed to persuade them to act as pilots, and after four hours of full steam on 21 April 1884 entered a strong stream of yellow water, the Ubangi, which they ascended to the Bisongo village.[29] After returning to Equateurville Hanssens left Van Gèle in charge and took Coquihat with him to found the Bangala station, the future Nouvelle Anvers.[22]

On return to Équateur, Hanssens made careful preparation for his expedition to the Bangalas, where he expected to place Coquilhat in command of a new station. The flotilla reached Luluonga on 27 April 1884, where the chiefs signed treaties. On 4 May 1884 it reached Makanza, where the local people were distrustful of the Belgians, having had a bad experience with Stanley. Hanssens landed first, armed only with his pipe and tobacco pouch, and walked through the crowd of armed men to the chief, whom he shook by the hand. This broke the ice, and the chief proposed that they become blood brothers, which was done.[30] Hanssens left for Équateur on 11 May 1884 to obtain more supplies for his journey to the Falls, and returned to Iboko on 24 May 1884, where Coquilhat was organizing the post.[20]

Hanssens left the next day, and briefly explored the Mongala River, signing a treaty with Chief Mobeka near its mouth. On 4 June 1884 the expedition reached the Itimbiri River, and went up it for 15 kilometres (9.3 mi). On 21 June 1884 it reached Basoko at the mouth of the Aruwimi River, where a post of three Hausas was established. The expedition reached the Falls on 3 July 1884, and left on 11 July 1884. Hanssens returned downstream along the left bank, and entered the Lomami River. He landed at Iboko on 19 July 1884. The people there were suspicious, and he stayed for a few days to reassure them that the Belgians wanted friendship with all the tribes, but would not side with one against another.[20]

Hanssens left Iboko on 22 July 1884, and returned to Léopoldville on 6 August 1884. He met the Association's general administrator, Sir Francis de Winton, in Léopoldville. He requested and received the emergency dispatch of supplies and reinforcements for the Bangalas. He then returned upstream to obtain new treaties to confirm the rights of the Association over all the territory between Kwamouth and Bolobo.[20] Hanssens left Léopoldville for Belgium on 8 November after dividing his command into two regions. Guillaume Casman was given the territory from the Pool to Equateur, while Van Gèle took the territory from there to the Falls.[20]

Guillaume Casman (1854–1885)

On 11 November 1884 Casman left for Équateur in an expedition with three steamers: the Royal, A.I.A. and En Avant. The members included Casman, Charles Liebrechts and Camille Van den Plas. They stopped at Kimpoko to embark the Swedish lieutenant Edde Gleerup, who had been appointed second to Wester at the Falls. On 24 November 1884 they reached Msuata.[31] Casman arrived at Equateur Station on 12 December 1884, where Van Gèle handed over command in a ceremony before the native chiefs.[31]

Van Gèle left for a visit to the Falls accompanied by the intendant Van den Plas and Gleerup.[22] Well before reaching the Aruwimi River he noticed that the local people had been terrorized by a recent attack by the Arabs against the Basokos. The expedition continued on to Stanley Falls.[32] Soon after the expedition reached the Falls, Tippu Tip visited Van Gèle and assured him he wanted cordial relations with the Europeans and would stop hunting for slaves.[33] Van Gèle thought it was better to try to use Arab power to help the Belgians get established, as did Hanssens and Coquilhat. He left Lieutenant Gleerup at the Falls with Tippo-Tip to support Lieutenant Arvid Wester.[22]

Hermann Wissmann and Ludwig Wolf used the En Avant to explore the Sankuru River in 1885–1886.

Stanley was charged with leading the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, which was to travel up the Congo River and overland to Equatoria rather than take the shorter route from the east coast. He met Anthony Swinburne in Paris in late January 1887. Swinburne was returning to the Congo from leave. He explained to Stanley how run down the king's flotilla had become, and hinted that he might lend him the company steamer Florida. When Stanley reached Boma he was told by Louis Valcke that the largest steamer, the Stanley, was damaged, the En Avant had no engine and the Royal was rotten. On 1 April 1887 Swinburne lent Stanley the Florida for use as a barge, despite knowing his boss Sanford would be furious about the loan.[34]

Zongo falls

Later in 1887 Alphonse van Gèle left Léopoldville on the En-Avant towing a large pirogue from the Falls to make his second attempt on the Ubangi, again with Liénart. They reached Zongo on 21 November 1887.[22] It was not possible to pass the rapids, so Van Gèle decided to clear a road through the forest, disassemble the steamer, carry it round the rapids, and then reassemble it. While this was being done, he went by pirogue up to the Bonga rapids, which he decided the steamer could pass. After he returned the steamer was brought round the Zongo falls and relaunched. It passed the Bonga rapids without difficulty, and passed the Buzy rapids with the help of cables. On 1 January 1888 the steamer reached the region of the hostile Yakoma people.[22] The Yakoma population thought the Belgians were Sudanese merchants. Lieutenant Liénart was attacked, and the Belgians fought back and burned the village. The expedition was now at the point where the Mbomou River joins the Uele River to form the Ubangi.[35] During a forced halt to repair the En Avant the expedition was attacked by the Yakomis in a flotilla of pirogues but managed to fight them off. Van Gele returned to Equateurville on 1 February 1888, then continued to Léopoldville.[35]

Alphonse van Gèle (1848–1939)

In January 1889 the king gave Van Gèle a mission to further explore the Ubangi and its tributaries. He left Antwerp on 6 February 1889 with the rank of State Inspector. His expedition left Léopoldville on 21 May 1889 on the En Avant and the Association internationale Africaine. The expedition reached Zongo on 25 June 1889, where a station was founded as a base of operations with Captain Léon Hanolet in command. The Association Internationale Africaine was almost lost in the Zongo rapids.[36] In September 1889 they reached what would become Banzyville.[37] They established a post here, 300 kilometres (190 mi) above Zongo, and sub-lieutenant Léon Busine was put in command. Van Gèle and Georges Le Marinel studied the north shore of the river between Banzyville and Mokoangai and discovered the mouths of the Kuanga and Benghi rivers.[36]

On 7 December 1889 Van Gèle started a new exploration further up the Ubangi. He explored the lower course of the right tributary Kotto River, which he reached on 12 December 1889. He returned downstream to Banzyville, which he reached in January 1890. He left there on 11 May 1890, and reached the mouth of the Kotto at Bendé on 29 May 1890. He went up this river and signed treaties with the local chiefs. Van Gèle returned to the junction of the Bomu, the Mbomo river described by Wilhelm Junker, and the large Koyou river coming from the southeast, which was Junker's Makoua and Schweinfurth's Uele.[38] He founded a large station at the juncture of the two rivers. At about 22°28' longitude the river was blocked by a series of rocky obstacles that the steamers could not pass. The water level rose in July and the steamers entered the Uele, but at 22°40' longitude they were blocked by impassible rapids. Van Gèle continued by pirougue, passing the rapids at Banafia and Bogazo, but could not pass the Mokwangou falls. After returning to the Yakoma camp, Van Gèle decided to explore the Bomu river and visit Bangassou, but the steamers were blocked after a day by the Goui falls. Bangassou came to visit Van Gèle, who then returned to Banzyville.[39]

On 27 May 1890 the expedition of Léon Roget and Jules Alexandre Milz reached the Uele River opposite the Djabir village. Sultan Djabir signed a treaty with Milz and a post was established on the site of the former Egyptian zeriba of Deleb.[40] Roget, guided by Sultan Djabir, tried unsuccessfully to join Van Gèle in Yakoma.[41] Van Gèle heard of the presence of a European in Djabir on 18 November 1890 and set out via a roundabout route up the Uele, reaching the village of Gamanza on 2 December. The next day he met Milz, who was coming to meet him.[42] Together they reached Djabir on 6 January 1891. On 15 January Van Gèle descended the Uele and reached Yakoma on 20 January 1891. This resolved the Ubangi-Uele question.[42][lower-alpha 3] In November 1891 Van Gele handed over to Georges Le Marinel and left for Europe.[43]