Ergun City

Ergun (Chinese: 额尔古纳市; Mongolian: ᠡᠷᠬᠥᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ), formerly Ergun Right Banner (Chinese: 额尔古纳右旗), is a county-level city in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, containing the autonomous region's northernmost point. The city has an area of 28,958 square kilometres (11,181 sq mi),[3] and a population of 79,155 as of the 2019.[4]: 20–1 

Ergun
额尔古纳市 • ᠡᠷᠬᠥᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ
County-level city
Village on the Argun River
Village on the Argun River
Ergun in Hulunbuir
Ergun in Hulunbuir
Ergun is located in Inner Mongolia
Ergun
Ergun
Location in Inner Mongolia
Ergun is located in China
Ergun
Ergun
Ergun (China)
Coordinates: 50°14′35″N 120°10′52″E
CountryChina
Autonomous regionInner Mongolia
Prefecture-level cityHulunbuir
Municipal seatLabdalin Subdistrict
Area
[1]
 • County-level city28,400 km2 (11,000 sq mi)
 • Urban
303.00 km2 (116.99 sq mi)
Population
 (2020)[2]
 • County-level city68,482
 • Density2.4/km2 (6.2/sq mi)
 • Urban
[1]
38,100
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code
022050
Area code0470
Websitewww.eegn.gov.cn
Ergun City
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese额尔古纳市
Traditional Chinese額爾古納市
Former name
Simplified Chinese额尔古纳右旗
Traditional Chinese額爾古納右旗
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicЭргүнэ хот
Mongolian scriptᠡᠷᠬᠥᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ
Russian name
RussianАргунь

History

For most of its history, the region of present-day Ergun has not been controlled by Chinese states.[5] The area first came under Chinese control during the Qing dynasty, when it was administered as part of Hulunbuir.[5]

In 1908, the Jilalin Administrative Bureau (Chinese: 吉拉林设治局; pinyin: Jílālín Shèzhì Jú) was established to govern the area.[5]

In 1920, the area was re-organized as the Qiqan Administrative Bureau (Chinese: 奇乾设治局; pinyin: Qíqián Shèzhì Jú), but the area was re-organized again in 1921 as Qiqan County (Chinese: 奇乾县; pinyin: Qíqián Xiàn).[5]

In 1933, the area was re-organized as Ergun Right Banner (Chinese: 额尔古纳右旗; pinyin: É'ěrgǔnà Yòu Qí).[5] From 1948 to 1966, Ergun Right Banner was merged with Ergun Left Banner, which occupied present-day Genhe, as Ergun Left Banner.[5] In 1994, Ergun Right Banner was abolished and the county-level city of Ergun was established.[5]

21st century

By 2000, the city administered five towns, one township, and two ethnic townships.[5] In 2001, the city was restructured to administer one subdistrict, two towns, one township, and two ethnic townships.[5]

In 2006, Xincheng Subdistrict (Chinese: 新城街道; pinyin: Xīnchéng Jiēdào) was renamed to Labdalin Subdistrict, and Shangkuli Township (Chinese: 上库力乡; pinyin: Shàngkùlì Xiāng) was upgraded to Shangkuli Subdistrict.[5]

In 2011, Shiwei Russian Ethnic Township (Chinese: 室韦俄罗斯族民族乡; pinyin: Shìwéi Èluósī Zú Mínzú Xiāng) was abolished and Enhe Russian Ethnic Township and Mengwu Shiwei Sum were established.[5] Engh Had was also established.[5]

In 2013, Qiqan Township was established.[5]

Geography

Administratively, Ergun is part of the prefecture-level city of Hulunbuir, and spans 11.4% of Hulunbuir's area.[3][6] It occupies 28,958 square kilometres (11,181 sq mi), bounded to the north and west by the Argun River, which forms China's border with Russia's Zabaykalsky Krai (formerly, Chita Oblast).[3][7] The city's border with Russia spans 675 kilometres (419 mi).[3] Ergun is also bordered by Genhe to the east, and the county-level city of Mohe in Heilongjiang to the northeast.[3]

The city stands at the foothills of the Greater Khingan Mountains.[3] 73.4% of the city's area is forested, with much of it being virgin forests.[3][6] 17% of the city's area is natural grassland, particularly in the city's south, and 6% is cultivated.[3]

Apart from the Argun River, major rivers in the city include the Delbur River, the Gen River, the Hawu'er River, the Jiliu River, the Wuma River, and the Engh Had River, all of which are tributaries of the Argun River.[3]

  • Jiqian (labelled as Ch'i-kan 奇乾) (1951)
    Jiqian (labelled as Ch'i-kan 奇乾) (1951)
  • Map including part of Ergun (AMS, 1951)
    Map including part of Ergun (AMS, 1951)

Ergun Wetlands

The city hosts Ergun Wetlands (formerly known as the Genhe Wetlands), a plain delta formed by the Argun River, the Gen River, the Delbur River, and the Hawu'er River. The Ergun Wetlands is one of the largest wetlands in Asia, lying about 3 km to the west of Labdalin Subdistrict, Ergun's urban area and seat of government.

After the end of September the wetlands wither and turn dark.[8] A panoramic view of the wetlands is afforded from a tourist scenic view overlooking the area from a hill 720 meters above sea level.[9]

The encroachment of urban development has made preservation of the wetland difficult but were bolstered by a wetland protection law in 2012.[10]

Climate

The city experiences an average annual temperature of −3.1 °C (26.4 °F), and an average annual precipitation of 375 millimetres (14.8 in).[3]

Climate data for Ergun (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) −2.1
(28.2)		 2.4
(36.3)		 17.1
(62.8)		 28.4
(83.1)		 35.2
(95.4)		 39.0
(102.2)		 37.9
(100.2)		 35.2
(95.4)		 33.4
(92.1)		 26.0
(78.8)		 11.8
(53.2)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 39.0
(102.2)
Average high °C (°F) −22.0
(−7.6)		 −15.2
(4.6)		 −3.9
(25.0)		 9.7
(49.5)		 19.0
(66.2)		 24.9
(76.8)		 26.5
(79.7)		 24.4
(75.9)		 18.0
(64.4)		 7.5
(45.5)		 −7.7
(18.1)		 −19.8
(−3.6)		 5.1
(41.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −28.0
(−18.4)		 −22.7
(−8.9)		 −11.1
(12.0)		 2.7
(36.9)		 11.7
(53.1)		 18.0
(64.4)		 20.3
(68.5)		 17.8
(64.0)		 10.4
(50.7)		 0.4
(32.7)		 −13.8
(7.2)		 −25.1
(−13.2)		 −1.6
(29.1)
Average low °C (°F) −32.7
(−26.9)		 −28.7
(−19.7)		 −18.1
(−0.6)		 −4.1
(24.6)		 3.9
(39.0)		 10.6
(51.1)		 14.2
(57.6)		 11.7
(53.1)		 3.9
(39.0)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 −18.9
(−2.0)		 −29.6
(−21.3)		 −7.8
(18.0)
Record low °C (°F) −45.4
(−49.7)		 −44.0
(−47.2)		 −36.7
(−34.1)		 −20.5
(−4.9)		 −10.7
(12.7)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 3.5
(38.3)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 −10.3
(13.5)		 −21.1
(−6.0)		 −41.3
(−42.3)		 −44.5
(−48.1)		 −45.4
(−49.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 4.8
(0.19)		 3.3
(0.13)		 5.5
(0.22)		 12.4
(0.49)		 23.9
(0.94)		 55.1
(2.17)		 98.7
(3.89)		 84.4
(3.32)		 33.5
(1.32)		 16.1
(0.63)		 7.2
(0.28)		 6.4
(0.25)		 351.3
(13.83)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 9.1 5.5 5.0 6.1 7.7 11.4 14.8 12.8 9.4 6.4 8.2 10.9 107.3
Average snowy days 11.4 8.0 7.6 6.3 1.6 0.1 0 0 0.7 5.6 11.3 14.1 66.7
Average relative humidity (%) 72 71 65 50 45 59 69 71 64 61 72 74 64
Mean monthly sunshine hours 164.9 207.5 273.1 260.3 273.1 275.9 251.2 244.0 221.7 208.0 165.0 136.1 2,680.8
Percent possible sunshine 62 72 73 62 57 56 51 55 60 64 62 55 61
Source: China Meteorological Administration[11][12]

Administrative divisions

Ergun is divided into 2 subdistricts, 3 towns, 1 township, 2 ethnic townships and 1 sum.[13] The city's seat of government is located in Labudalin Subdistrict.[3][14]

Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Mongolian (Hudum Script) Mongolian (Cyrillic) Population (2010)[5] Notes
Subdistricts
Labudalin Subdistrict 拉布大林街道 Lābùdàlín Jiēdào ᠯᠠᠪᠳᠠᠯᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Лавталин зээл гудамж 35,727
Shangkuli Subdistrict 上库力街道 Shàngkùlì Jiēdào ᠱᠠᠩ ᠺᠦ᠋ ᠯᠢ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Шан кү ли зээл гудамж 6,708
Towns
Heishantou 黑山头镇 Hēishāntóu Zhèn ᠾᠧᠢ ᠱᠠᠨ ᠲᠧᠦ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ Гей шин дүү балгас 2,029
Moridaga 莫尔道嘎镇 Mò'ěrdàogā Zhèn ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ Мордоо балгас 17,970
Enhehada 恩和哈达镇 Ēnhéhādá Zhèn ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠬᠠᠳᠠ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ Энх хад балгас N/A
Township
Qigan Township 奇乾乡 Qíqián Xiāng ᠴᠢᠴᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ Чичан шиян N/A
Ethnic township
Sanhe Hui Ethnic Township 三河回族乡 Sānhé Huízú Xiāng ᠰᠠᠨ ᠾᠧ ᠬᠣᠲᠣᠩ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ Сан ге хотон үндэстэний шиян 10,648
Enhe Russian Ethnic Township 恩和俄罗斯族民族乡 Ēnhé Èluósīzú Mínzúxiāng ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ Энх огус үндэстэний шиян N/A (Russian)
Эньхэ-Русская национальная волость
Sum
Mengwu Xiboge Sum 蒙兀室韦苏木 Méngwùshìwéi Sūmù ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠰᠢᠭᠤᠢ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ Монгол шугуй сум N/A
Other Township-level Divisions
Inner Mongolia Labudalin Ranch 内蒙古拉布大林农牧场 Nèi Ménggǔ Lābùdàlín Nóngmùchǎng N/A
Inner Mongolia Sanhe Stallion Ranch 内蒙古三河种马场 Nèi Ménggǔ Sānhé Zhǒngmǎchǎng
Inner Mongolia Shangkuli Farm 内蒙古上库力农场 Nèi Ménggǔ Shàngkùlì Nóngchǎng
Inner Mongolia Suqin Ranch 内蒙古苏沁农牧场 Nèi Ménggǔ Sūqìn Nóngmùchǎng

    Demographics

    Ergun is one of the least populated county-level divisions of Inner Mongolia, with a population of 79,155 as of 2019, making it the 87th most populated of the autonomous region's 103 divisions.[4]: 20–1  This figure reflects a 1.0% decline from the 2018 population of 79,942.[4]: 20–37 [15] As of 2010, Ergun had a population of 76,667.[5]

    Ethnicity
    Ergun City Ethnic Composition
    Ethnic group 2000[5] 2006[16] 2018[15]
    Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
    Han Chinese 62,224 77.43% 64,591 75.84% 58,778 73.53%
    Mongol 4,839 6.02% 7,294 8.56% 7,897 9.88%
    Hui 6,616 8.23% N/A N/A 6,583 8.23%
    Russian 2,713 3.38% 2,468 2.90% 2,613 3.27%
    Manchu 2,713 3.38% N/A N/A N/A N/A
    Daur 763 0.95% N/A N/A N/A N/A
    Korean 182 0.23% N/A N/A N/A N/A
    Evenk 156 0.19% N/A N/A N/A N/A
    Oroqen 63 0.08% N/A N/A N/A N/A
    Miao 55 0.07% N/A N/A N/A N/A
    Tujia 29 0.04% N/A N/A N/A N/A
    Sibe 3 <0.01% N/A N/A N/A N/A
    Yi 2 <0.01% N/A N/A N/A N/A
    Other 0 0.00% 10,809 12.69% 4,071 5.09%
    Total 80,358 100.00% 85,162 100.00% 79,942 100.00%

    In Ergun's towns and villages along the Argun River are thousands of descendants of intermarriages between Han Chinese men and Russian women.[17] This Russian descended population forms a large portion of the total number of Russians in China. One of these locations is Enhe Russian Ethnic Township, the sole official ethnic Russian township.[17]

    Economy

    Ergun's gross domestic product was ¥4.059 billion as of 2019,[4]: 20–37 [18] and ¥4.519 billion as of 2018.[15] As of 2018, 42.1% of the city's gross domestic product came from its primary sector, 11.1% came from its secondary sector, and 46.8% came from its tertiary sector.[15] The city's public budget revenue in 2019 was ¥150.55 million, ranking 91st out of Inner Mongolia's 103 county-level divisions.[4]: 20–4  Its consumer retail sales totaled ¥1.826 billion, and its foreign trade totaled 56.32 million USD.[15]

    Ergun City Economic Composition
    Sector 2018[15] 2019[4]: 20–37 
    Total (RMB) Percent of whole Total (RMB) Percent of whole
    Primary 1.902 billion 42.09% 1.70576 billion 42.02%
    Secondary 0.502 billion 11.11% 0.45242 billion 11.14%
    Tertiary 2.115 billion 46.80% 1.90133 billion 46.84%
    Total 4.519 billion 100.00% 4.05951 billion 100.00%

    The average household disposable income of Ergun's residents totaled ¥30,371 in 2019, a 7.8% increase from the ¥28,173 reported in 2018.[4]: 20–37 [15] For urban households, this number stood at ¥30,953 in 2019,[4]: 20–37  a 7.0% increase from the ¥28,928 reported in 2018,[4]: 20–37 [15] which ranked 75th of the 101 county-level divisions in Inner Mongolia for which this statistic was reported.[4]: 20–5  Rural households in Ergun average ¥28,470 in disposable income as of 2019,[4]: 20–37  a 10.0% increase from 2018,[4]: 20–37  which ranked the 3rd highest of the 90 county-level divisions in Inner Mongolia which reported this statistic.[4]: 20–6 

    As of 2019, there are 99,140 mobile telephone subscriptions in Ergun (1.25 per capita), and 28,962 internet subscriptions (0.37 per capita).[4]: 20–37 

    Mineral deposits in Ergun include coal, gold, lead, zinc, iron, tungsten, copper, and fluorite.[3]

    Agriculture

    The total value of Ergun's agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and aquaculture industry as of 2018 was ¥3.072 billion.[15]

    In 2019, Ergun produced 263,482 tons of grain, the 37th most of the 96 county-level divisions of Inner Mongolia which reported this statistic.[4]: 20–2  The city produced 9,255 tons of meat the same year, ranking 74th of Inner Mongolia's 103 county-level divisions.[4]: 20–3 

    Tourism

    Ergun has a significant tourism industry, attracting 5.733 million tourists in 2019 alone.[18]

    The Ergun Wetland Scenic Area (Chinese: 额尔古纳湿地景区) is designated as a AAAA Tourist Attraction.[6]

    Enhe Russian Ethnic Township has become a major tourist destination in recent years, attracting about 500,000 tourists in 2017 alone.[19] Much of the town's tourism is derived from its small rural character, as well as its unique intersection of Russian and Chinese culture.[19] Due to the cold climate of the region, most of the ethnic township's tourism takes place in summer months.[19]

    Ergun also hosts the ancient ruins of the city of Heishantou and portions of the Great Wall of Jin.[3]

    Education

    As of 2019, the city has 10 primary schools and 5 secondary schools.[4]: 20–37 

    Secondary schools include:[20]

    • Ergun City No. 2 Secondary School (额尔古纳市第二中学)
    • Ergun City No. 3 Secondary School (额尔古纳市第三中学)
    • Ergun City Moridaga Secondary School (额尔古纳市莫尔道嘎中学)
    • Ergun City Sanhe Secondary School (额尔古纳市三河中学)

    Primary schools include:[20]

    • Ergun City No. 1 Primary School (额尔古纳市第一小学)
    • Ergun City No. 2 Primary School (额尔古纳市第二小学)
    • Ergun City No. 3 Primary School (额尔古纳市第三小学)
    • Ergun City Enhe Primary School (额尔古纳市恩和小学)
    • Ergun City Heishantou Primary School (额尔古纳市黑山头小学)
    • Ergun City Moridaga Primary School 1 (额尔古纳市莫尔道嘎一小)
    • Ergun City Sanhe Primary School (额尔古纳市三河小学)
    • Ergun City Shangkuli Primary School (额尔古纳市上库力小学)
    • Ergun City Shiwei Primary School (额尔古纳市室韦小学)
    • Ergun City Suqin Primary School (额尔古纳市苏沁小学)

    Healthcare

    As of 2019, Ergun's medical institutions have 414 beds, and are staffed by 597 personnel.[4]: 20–37 

    Transportation

    Ergun hosts 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) of highway as of 2019.[4]: 20–37  Inner Mongolia Provincial Highway 201 and Inner Mongolia Provincial Highway 301 both run through Ergun.[3]

    Ergun has two international border crossings: one in Shiwei, and another in Heishantou.[7]

    References
    1. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, ed. (2019). China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017. Beijing: China Statistics Press. p. 46. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
    2. Inner Mongolia: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties
    3. 额尔古纳市概况地图 [Ergun Overview]. xzqh.org (in Chinese). 2016-01-04. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
    4. 内蒙古统计年鉴—2020 [Inner Mongolia Statistical Yearbook 2020]. tj.nmg.gov.cn (in Chinese). Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regional Bureau of Statistics. 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
    5. 额尔古纳市历史沿革 [Ergun City Organizational History]. xzqh.org (in Chinese). 2016-01-04. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
    6. 市情概况 [City Situation] (in Chinese). Ergun Municipal People's Government. 2020-03-11. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
    7. 市情概述 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 2012-11-28. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
    8. Wang, Kaihao (October 17, 2013). "River valley produces wetlands wonder". China Daily.
    9. "Ergun wetland in Inner Mongolia, one of the largest in Asia". ecns.com. November 11, 2013.
    10. Wang, Qian; Zheng, Jinran (May 14, 2012). "Ergun wetland threatened by development, urbanization". China Daily.
    11. 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
    12. 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
    13. 2022年统计用区划代码（额尔古纳） [2020 Statistical Division Codes (Ergun)] (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2022.
    14. 额尔古纳市拉布大林街道办事处 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
    15. 额尔古纳市2018年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 [Ergun City 2018 Economic and Social Development Report] (in Chinese). Ergun Municipal People's Government. 2019-04-01. Archived from the original on 2019-04-13. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
    16. 额尔古纳市概况 [Description of Ergun City]. Hulunbuir People's Government (in Simplified Chinese).
    17. Entangled Histories: The Transcultural Past of Northeast China (PDF). London: Springer. 2014. pp. 47–58.
    18. 额尔古纳经济发展概况 [Ergun Economic Development Overview] (in Chinese). Ergun Municipal People's Government. 2020-03-11. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
    19. Zhang, Wei (2017-08-03). 中国唯一俄罗斯民族乡：异域风情范儿的边疆小镇 [China's only Russian Ethnic Township: An exotic frontier town]. www.chinanews.com (in Chinese). China News Service. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
    20. 义务教育学校名录 [List of Compulsory Education Schools]. gk.eegn.gov.cn (in Chinese (China)). Ergun Municipal People's Government. 2021-11-26. Archived from the original on 2022-02-16. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
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