Extended chord

In music, extended chords are certain chords (built from thirds) or triads with notes extended, or added, beyond the seventh. Ninth, eleventh, and thirteenth chords are extended chords.[2] The thirteenth is the farthest extension diatonically possible as, by that point, all seven tonal degrees are represented within the chord (the next extension, the fifteenth, is the same as the root of the chord). In practice however, extended chords do not typically use all the chord members; when it is not altered, the fifth is often omitted, as are notes between the seventh and the highest note (i.e., the ninth is often omitted in an eleventh chord; the ninth and eleventh are usually omitted in a thirteenth chord), unless they are altered to give a special texture.[3][4]

For chains of secondary dominants, see Extended dominant.
Dominant thirteenth extended chord: C–E–G–B♭–D–F–A playⓘ. The upper structure or extensions, i.e. notes beyond the seventh, in red.
A thirteenth chord (E13) "collapsed" into one octave results in a dissonant, seemingly secundal[1] tone cluster. Playⓘ

Chords extended beyond the seventh are rarely seen in the Baroque era, and are used more frequently in the Classical era. The Romantic era saw greatly increased use of extended harmony. Extended harmony prior to the 20th century usually has dominant function – as V9, V11, and V13, or V9/V, V13/ii etc.[5]

Examples of the extended chords used as tonic harmonies include Wild Cherry's "Play That Funky Music" (either a dominant ninth or dominant thirteenth).[6]

Common practice period

During the common practice period of Western classical music, composers orchestrating chords that are voiced in four or fewer parts would select which notes to use so as to give the desired sonority, or effect of the intended chord. Generally, priority was given to the third, seventh and the most extended tone, as these factors most strongly influence the quality and function of the chord.[7] The root is never omitted from the texture. The third defines the chord's quality as major or minor. The extended note defines the quality of the extended pitch, which may be major, minor, perfect, or augmented. The seventh factor helps to define the chord as an extended chord (and not an added note chord), and also adds to the texture. Any notes which happen to be altered, such as a flatted fifth or ninth, should also be given priority. For example: in a thirteenth chord, one would play the root, third, seventh, and thirteenth, and be able to leave out the fifth, ninth, and eleventh without affecting the function of the chord. The eleventh chord is an exception to this voicing, in which the root, seventh, ninth, and eleventh are most commonly used.[8]

In the classical practices of western music, extended chords most often have dominant function (dominant or secondary dominant), and will resolve in circle progression (down a fifth) in much the same way that V7, V7/ii, V/IV, etc. might resolve to their respective tonics. Extended chords can also be altered dominants, and the extended pitch may be altered in several ways (such as V flat 13 in a major key).[9]

Following standard voice leading rules:

Voice leading for dominant ninth chords in the common practice period.[10] Playⓘ
V9 to I or i
  • The third, which will also be the seventh scale degree, always resolves upward to tonic.
  • The seventh resolves downwards stepwise to the third factor of the chord of resolution.
  • The extended pitch will resolve downward.
Voice leading for dominant eleventh chords in the common practice period.[10] Playⓘ
V11 to I or i
  • The seventh resolves downwards stepwise to the third factor of the chord of resolution.
  • The ninth resolves downwards stepwise to the fifth factor of the chord of resolution.
  • The eleventh doesn't move, and becomes the root of the chord of resolution.
Voice leading for dominant thirteenth chords in the common practice period.[10] Playⓘ
V13 to I or i
  • The seventh resolves downwards stepwise to the third factor of the chord of resolution.
  • The third, which will also be the seventh scale degree, always resolves upward to tonic.
  • The thirteenth, will resolve downward to the tonic, and often includes a passing tone through the ninth factor of the chord of resolution. Less often, the thirteenth may also remain the same and become the third of the chord of resolution.

An important distinction between extended and added chords must be made, since the added tones and extended tones are enharmonic, but differ in function. Extended chords always have at least one octave between their lowest pitch, and extended note, otherwise the extended factor would be considered an added pitch. Extended chords usually must be resolved when used in a dominant function, whereas added chords are most often textures added to a tonic.

History
Fifteenth chord discussed by Marpurg as resulting from the addition of a ninth below a (dominant) seventh chord[11] Playⓘ

18th century

In the 18th century, ninth and eleventh chords were theorized as downward extensions of seventh chords, according to theories of supposition.[12]

In 1722, Jean-Philippe Rameau first proposed the concept that ninth and eleventh chords are built from seventh chords by (the composer) placing a "supposed" bass one or two thirds below the fundamental bass or actual root of the chord.[13] With the theoretical chord F–A–C–E–G–B the fundamental bass would be considered C, while the supposed bass would be F.[13] Thus the notes F and A are added below a seventh chord on C, C–E–G–B, triadically (in thirds). This is also referred to as the "H chord".[14]

The theory of supposition was adopted and modified by Pierre-Joseph Roussier, Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg, and other theorists. A. F. C. Kollmann, following Johann Kirnberger, adopted a simpler approach and one closer to that prevalent today, in which Rameau's "supposed" bass is considered the fundamental and the ninth and eleventh are regarded as transient notes inessential to the structure of the chord.[13] Thus F–A–C–E–G–B is considered a seventh chord on F, F–A–C–E, with G and B being nonchord tones added above triadically.[15]

19th century
Chromaticism from voice leading and borrowed and extended chords from the end of Scriabin's Preludes, Op. 48, No. 4; "though most vertical sonorities include the seventh, ninth, eleventh, and thirteenth, the basic harmonic progressions are strongly anchored to the concept of root movement by fifths."[16] Playⓘ

In 19th-century classical music the seventh chord was generally the upper limit in "chordal consonance", with ninth and eleventh chords being used for "extra power" but invariably with one or more notes treated as appoggiaturas.[12] The thickness of complete ninth, eleventh or thirteenth chords in close position was also generally avoided through leaving out one or more tones or using wider spacing (open position).[12]

20th century
A diatonic fifteenth chord on B opens Franz Liszt's Ossa arida (1879), in, "a striking anticipation of twentieth-century harmonic experimentation".[17] Playⓘ

In the 20th century, especially in jazz and popular music, ninth chords were used as elaborations of simpler chords, particularly as substitutes for the tonic triad at the end of a piece.[12] The "piling up" of thirds above the tonic to make seventh, ninth, eleventh, or even thirteenth chords "is one of the most important characteristics of jazz harmony".[12] Vítězslav Novák's student Jaroslav Novotný (1886–1918) used a fifteenth chord in the fourth song of his 1909 song cycle Eternal Marriage.[18]

Chord structure
Final chord of Arnold Schoenberg's Sechs kleine Klavierstücke, 2nd movement,[19] in thirds: C–E–G–B–D♯–F♯–A♯–Cdouble sharp. Playⓘ

Building on each of the major scale degrees the thirteenth chord chord quality that is harmonic to such scale (i.e. with all its notes belonging to such scale), results in the following table. The numbering is relative to the scale degree numbers of the major scale that has the major scale degree in question as tonic:

Chord rootChord quality135791113
IIM13♮♮♮♮♮♮♮
iiiim13♮♭♮♭♮♮♮
iiiiiim7♭9♭13♮♭♮♭♭♮♭
IVIVM13♯11♮♮♮♮♮♯♮
VV13♮♮♮♭♮♮♮
vivim7♭13♮♭♮♭♮♮♭
viioviiø7♭9♭13♮♭♭♭♭♮♭

Other thirteenth chord qualities do exist but they do not belong to any mode of the major scale.

From the table it is clear that adding an eleventh or a thirteenth makes the seven chord qualities distinguishable from each other, as without an eleventh added the I and IV chord quality would be identical, and without a thirteenth added the ii and vi chord quality would be identical.

Jazz, jazz fusion and funk

Jazz from the 1930s onward, jazz fusion from the 1970s onward and funk all have been seen to use extended chords as a key part of their sound. In these genres, chords often include added ninths, elevenths and thirteenths and altered variants, such as flat ninths, sharp ninths, sharp elevenths and flat thirteenths. In jazz and jazz fusion, compositions consist of complex chord progressions in which many of the chords are extended chords and in which many of the dominant seventh chords are altered extended chords (e.g., A7add9♯11 or D7♭9♯11). Funk also uses altered extended chords, but in this genre, pieces are usually based on a vamp on a single chord, because rhythm and groove are the key elements of the style. When extended chords are voiced in jazz or jazz fusion, the root and fifth are often omitted from the chord voicing, because the root is played by the bass player.[20]

See also

References
  1. Cope, David (2000). New Directions in Music. p. 6. ISBN 1-57766-108-7.
  2. Basic Music. Secretary of the Army. 1978.
  3. Latarski, Don (1982). An Introduction to Chord Theory: A Practical, Step by Step Approach to the Fundamentals of Chord Construction, Analysis, and Function. Alfred Music. ISBN 978-1-4574-6317-4.
  4. Schmidt-Jones, Catherine (2018-01-28). Understanding Basic Music Theory. 12th Media Services. ISBN 978-1-68092-154-0.
  5. Sarath, Ed (2013-07-04). Music Theory Through Improvisation: A New Approach to Musicianship Training. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-21527-9.
  6. Stephenson, Ken (2002). What to Listen for in Rock: A Stylistic Analysis. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-300-09239-4.
  7. "DISCOVERED CLASSICAL". Bellevue Publishing & Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
  8. "Common Practice Period|Piano Lessons|Piano Teaches|Piano lessons sydney". Mezzo Piano Lessons. 2013-09-24. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
  9. "Local Harmonic Grammar in Western Classical Music" (PDF). Mozartwriteup.
  10. Benward, Saker (2009). Music in Theory and Practice: Volume II (8th ed.). p. 184. ISBN 978-0-07-310188-0.
  11. Sheldon, David A. (1989). Marpurg, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Marpurg's Thoroughbass and Composition Handbook: A Narrative Translation and Critical Study. Pendragon Press. p. 8. ISBN 9780918728555.
  12. Sadie, Stanley, ed. (1980). "Ninth chord". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. vol. 13, p. 252. ISBN 1-56159-174-2.
  13. Sadie, Stanley, ed. (1980). "Supposition". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. vol. 18, p. 373. ISBN 1-56159-174-2.
  14. "extended tertian harmony". music.red-carlos.com. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
  15. Jazz Player. Dorn Publications, Incorporated. 1993.
  16. Cooper, Paul (1975). Perspectives in Music Theory, p.229. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company. ISBN 0-396-06752-2. Original with Roman numeral analysis only.
  17. Arnold, Ben, ed. (2002). The Liszt Companion. Greenwood. p. 361. ISBN 9780313306891.
  18. Schweiger, Dominik; Urbanek, Nikolaus (2009). webern_21. Böhlau Verlag Wien. p. 45. ISBN 9783205771654.
  19. Shawn, Allen (2003). Arnold Schoenberg's Journey. Harvard. p. 120. ISBN 9780674011014. Technically a fifteenth chord
  20. "Chord Extensions 9ths, 11ths & 13ths | Extended Jazz Piano Chords". PianoGroove.com. Retrieved 2021-04-23.

Further reading
  • Popp, Marius (1998). Applicatory Harmony in Jazz, Pop & Rock Improvisation. ISBN 973-569-228-7.
  • Blumenfeld, Aaron. A Method for Avant Garde Piano Improvisation: A New Perspective on Harmony. United States: A. Blumenfeld, 1983.
  • Schmidt-Jones, Catherine. Understanding Basic Music Theory. N.p.: 12th Media Services, 2018. ISBN 978-168-0921-540
  • The piano odyssey: Piano repertoire. Canada: Frederick Harris Music, 2001.
  • Proceedings of the Musical Association. United Kingdom: Stanley Lucas, Weber & Company, 1966.
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