World Chess Championship 1993

The World Chess Championship 1993 was one of the most controversial matches in chess history, with incumbent World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov, and official challenger Nigel Short, splitting from FIDE, the official world governing body of chess, and playing their title match under the auspices of the Professional Chess Association. In response, FIDE stripped Kasparov of his title, and instead held a title match between Anatoly Karpov and Jan Timman.

Defending champion Challenger
Garry Kasparov
Garry Kasparov
Nigel Short
Nigel Short
Russia Garry Kasparov England Nigel Short
12½
Born 13 April 1963
30 years old
Born 1 June 1965
28 years old
Winner of the 1990 World Chess Championship Winner of the 1993 Candidates Tournament
Rating: 2815 (World No. 1) Rating: 2685 (World No. 10)
1990 1995 (PCA)
Defending champion Challenger
Anatoly Karpov
Anatoly Karpov
Jan Timman
Jan Timman
Russia Anatoly Karpov Netherlands Jan Timman
12½
Born 23 May 1951
42 years old
Born 14 December 1951
41 years old
Runner-up of the 1990 World Chess Championship (replacement for Russia Garry Kasparov) Runner-up of the 1993 Candidates Tournament (replacement for England Nigel Short)
Rating: 2760 (World No. 2) Rating: 2620 (World No. 33)
1990 1996 (FIDE)

The matches were won by Kasparov and Karpov respectively. For the first time in history, there were two rival World Chess Champions, a situation which persisted until the World Chess Championship 2006.

1990 Interzonal Tournament

For the first time, the Interzonal was held as a Swiss system tournament in Manila in June and July 1990. 64 contestants played 13 rounds; the top 11 qualified for the Candidates Tournament.[1]

1990 Interzonal Tournament
Rating12345678910111213Total
1 GM Boris Gelfand (Soviet Union)2680=26+42+3=14+29=5=2=11+8=12=6=9+169
2 GM Vasyl Ivanchuk (Soviet Union)2680−54+41+43+21+8+48=1=6=12=10=5+17=39
3 GM Viswanathan Anand (India)2610=32+44−1+49−13=54+47=18=14+29+37+12=2
4 GM Nigel Short (England)2610+20−21−13=46+33+24+7−8+30+18=11=6+12
5 GM Gyula Sax (Hungary)2600=22+64+51+8=48=1=12=9=13=11=2=10=78
6 GM Viktor Korchnoi (Switzerland)2630=31+33=7=15+28=30+29=2=11=13=1=4=108
7 GM Robert Hübner (West Germany)2585=38+62=6=16=17=18−4+19+48+21=10=11=58
8 GM Predrag Nikolić (Yugoslavia)2600+13+58+12−5−2=19+40+4−1=17=21=14+258
9 GM Leonid Yudasin (Soviet Union)2615=45+49−29+55+25=14+48=5−21+16=12=1=118
10 GM Sergey Dolmatov (Soviet Union)2615=24=23+27=11+39=29+30−12+15=2=7=5=68
11 GM Alexey Dreev (Soviet Union)2615=44=32+22=10=21+13+14=1=6=5=4=7=98
12 GM Mikhail Gurevich (Soviet Union)2640+43+36−8+37=14+34=5+10=2=1=9−3−4
13 GM Branko Damljanovic (Yugoslavia)2515−8+53+4=51+3−11+34+16=5=6−17=19=15
14 GM Kiril Georgiev (Bulgaria)2580+57=16+17=1=12=9−11=31=3=15+28=8=20
15 GM Ljubomir Ljubojević (Yugoslavia)2600+40=29=16=6=18=17=21+22−10=14+36=25=13
16 GM Jaan Ehlvest (Soviet Union)2655+56=14=15=7=30=23+19−13+31−9+22+21−1
17 GM Alexander Khalifman (Soviet Union)2615=33+31−14+24=7=15+23=21=29=8+13−2=19
18 GM Yasser Seirawan (United States)2635=42=26=30+56=15=7=31=3+40−4=27=24+22
19 GM Alexei Shirov (Soviet Union)2580=55=35=23=33+42=8−16−7+32+50+29=13=17
20 GM Jóhann Hjartarson (Iceland)2520−4+61−37−40+38−36+45=47+54=39+42+34=14
21 GM Nick de Firmian (United States)2560+61+4=48−2=11+37=15=17+9−7=8−16=287
22 GM Gad Rechlis (Israel)2505=5=28−11+27=47=25+46−15+41+48−16+37−187
23 IM Vasil Spasov (Bulgaria)2495=34=10=19+36=51=16−17=44−39+43=35=26+497
24 IM Igor Štohl (Czechoslovakia)2525=10−34+45−17+58−4+43+39=50−37+44=18=277
25 GM Michael Adams (England)2590+46=63+50−29−9=22=39=49+44=27+30=15−87
26 GM Roman Dzindzichashvili (United States)2560=1=18+38−30=31=46=63=34=36=42=39=23+417
27 GM Ľubomír Ftáčnik (Czechoslovakia)2550−51+59−10−22+64=32+57=37+34=25=18=36=247
28 GM Boris Gulko (United States)2600=64=22=32+58−6=47=41=36=33+31−14+45=217
29 GM Joël Lautier (France)2570+60=15+9+25−1=10−6+50=17−3−19=39=35
30 GM Smbat Lputian (Soviet Union)2575+59=51=18+26=16=6−10=48−4+33−25=41=36
31 GM Miguel Illescas (Spain)2535=6−17=64+38=26+51=18=14−16−28=32+44=37
32 GM Božidar Ivanović (Yugoslavia)2520=3=11=28−50=36=27=53=54−19+55=31=48+56
33 GM Eugenio Torre (Philippines)2530=17−6+62=19−4=49=42+46=28−30−45+51+48
34 GM Simen Agdestein (Norway)2600=23+24+63−48+50−12−13=26−27+52+40−20=39
35 IM Mihail Marin (Romania)2485=37=19=36−39=49=42−56+55+47=40=23=50=29
36 GM Mikhail Tal (Soviet Union)2580+52−12=35−23=32+20=37=28=26+56−15=27=30
37 GM Tony Miles (England)2595=35=55+20−12+43−21=36=27+49+24−3−22=31
38 GM Jaime Sunye Neto (Brazil)2465=7=39−26−31−20=60=59+58=53+47=48=42+50
39 GM Andrei Sokolov (Soviet Union)2570=62=38=54+35−10=41=25−24+23=20=26=29=34
40 GM Petar Popović (Yugoslavia)2520−15=60=42+20+63=50−8+56−18=35−34=49=456
41 IM Goran Čabrilo (Yugoslavia)2485−48−2=59+60+56=39=28=42−22+49=50=30−266
42 GM Kevin Spraggett (Canada)2540=18−1=40+64−19=35=33=41+51=26−20=38=466
43 GM Alonso Zapata (Colombia)2545−12+52−2+53−37=57−24−51+61−23+58=54+556
44 GM Ye Rongguang (China)2525=11−3−49+62−55+58+51=23−25+57−24−31+546
45 GM Eric Lobron (West Germany)2535=9−50−24=59+52−56−20=57+60+54+33−28=406
46 IM Stuart Rachels (United States)2475−25+47=58=4=54=26−22−33−57+62=56+52=426
47 GM Margeir Petursson (Iceland)2550−63−46+57+52=22=28−3=20−35−38+60=56+596
48 GM Lajos Portisch (Hungary)2590+41+54=21+34=5−2−9=30−7−22=38=32−33
49 GM Ian Rogers (Australia)2535=50−9+44−3=35=33+55=25−37−41+53=40−23
50 GM Rafael Vaganian (Soviet Union)2630=49+45−25+32−34=40+54−29=24−19=41=35−38
51 GM Gata Kamsky (United States)2650+27=30−5=13=23−31−44+43−42=53=52−33+60
52 IM Lin Ta (China)2435−36−43+61−47−45+64+62=53=56−34=51−46+58
53 GM Vasily Smyslov (Soviet Union)2570−58−13+60−43−57+59=32=58=38=51−49=62+61
54 GM Murray Chandler (New Zealand)2560+2−48=39=63=46=3−50=32−20−45+61=43−445
55 IM Rico Mascariñas (Philippines)2465=19=37=56−9+44−63−49−35+59−32+62=61−435
56 IM Walter Arencibia (Cuba)2555−16+57=55−18−41+45+35−40=52−36=46=47−325
57 IM Herman Claudius van Riemsdijk (Brazil)2440−14−56−47+61+53=43−27=45+46−44=59−60=625
58 IM Fouad El Taher (Egypt)2375+53−8=46−28−24−44=60−38=62=61−43+59−524
59 IM Carlos Armando Juárez Flores (Guatemala)2425−30−27=41=45=62−53=38=61−55+60=57−58−474
60 IM Leon David Piasetski (Canada)2410−29=40−53−41=61=38=58=62−45−59−47+57−51
61 IM Slaheddine Hmadi (Tunisia)2335−21−20−52−57=60=62+64=59−43=58−54=55−53
62 IM Assem Afifi (Egypt)2400=39−7−33−44=59=61−52=60=58−46−55=53=57
63 GM Valery Salov (Soviet Union)2655+47=25−34=54−40+55=26------
64 IM Praveen Thipsay (India)2490=28−5=31−42−27−52−61------1

Salov and Thipsay withdrew after seven rounds.

1991–93 Candidates Tournament

The final four players from the 1988–90 Candidates tournament—Karpov, Timman, Yusupov and Speelman—were seeded directly into the Candidates. They were joined by the top 11 finishers from the Interzonal. These 15 players played a series of Candidates matches.[2] If matches were tied after the allotted games, extra pairs of rapid chess games were played until one player had the lead.[3]

The preliminary matches were played in Sarajevo (Timman-Hübner and Gelfand-Nikolić), Wijk aan Zee (Korchnoi-Sax and Yusupov-Dolmatov), Riga (Ivanchuk-Yudasin), London (Short-Speelman), and Madras (Anand-Dreev) in January and February 1991. All four quarterfinals were played in Brussels in August 1991, both semifinals in Linares in April 1992, and the final in San Lorenzo del Escorial in January 1993.

Round of 16 (best of 8) Quarterfinals (best of 8) Semifinals (best of 10) Final (best of 14)
            
Netherlands Jan Timman
Germany Robert Hübner
Netherlands Jan Timman
Switzerland Victor Korchnoi
Switzerland Victor Korchnoi
Hungary Gyula Sax
Netherlands Jan Timman 6
Russia Artur Yusupov 4
Soviet Union Artur Yusupov
Soviet Union Sergey Dolmatov
Soviet Union Artur Yusupov
Soviet Union Vasyl Ivanchuk
Soviet Union Vasyl Ivanchuk
Soviet Union Leonid Yudasin ½
Netherlands Jan Timman
England Nigel Short
England Nigel Short
England Jon Speelman
England Nigel Short 5
Soviet Union Boris Gelfand 3
Soviet Union Boris Gelfand
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Predrag Nikolić
England Nigel Short 6
Russia Anatoly Karpov 4
India Viswanathan Anand
Soviet Union Alexei Dreev
India Viswanathan Anand
Soviet Union Anatoly Karpov
(no opponent)
Soviet Union Anatoly Karpov

1993 PCA match

Before the match could take place, both Kasparov and Short complained of corruption and a lack of professionalism within FIDE and split from FIDE to set up the Professional Chess Association (PCA), under whose auspices they held their match. The event was orchestrated largely by Raymond Keene. Keene brought the event to London (FIDE had planned it for Manchester), and England was whipped up into something of a chess fever: Channel 4 broadcast some 81 programmes on the match, the BBC also had coverage, and Short appeared in television beer commercials. The Kasparov–Short final was best of 24 games, played in London in September and October 1993.[4]

PCA World Chess Championship Match 1993
Rating1234567891011121314151617181920Total
 Garry Kasparov (Russia)2815 1½11½½1½1½½½½½10½½½½12½
 Nigel Short (England)2665 0½00½½0½0½ ½½½½01½½½½

After the actual match, the players filled out the last four days of the playing schedule by playing a series of seven exhibition games (with openings chosen by the arbiter) that Kasparov won 5–2 (+4−1=2). There was also a game in which Kasparov and Short teamed up to play against the commentary team (which lost). In the wake of the decisive victory by Kasparov, interest in chess in the UK soon died down.

1993 FIDE match

As a result of the unauthorized PCA match, FIDE stripped Kasparov of his title, removed him and Short from their rating lists, and arranged an "official" match between Timman and Karpov, whom Short had beaten in the Candidates final and semifinal respectively. The FIDE match was played in Zwolle, Arnhem, Amsterdam, and Jakarta in September to November 1993.

FIDE World Chess Championship Match 1993
Rating123456789101112131415161718192021Total
 Jan Timman (Netherlands)2620 01½½½0½½½0½½½000½½½1½
 Anatoly Karpov (Russia)2760 10½½½1½½½1 ½½½111½½½0½12½

Karpov won the best-of-24 match and thus regained the FIDE championship title that he had previously held from 1975 to 1985 before losing it to Kasparov.[5]

References

  1. 1990 Manila Interzonal Tournament, Mark Weeks' Chess Pages
  2. 1991–93 Candidates Matches, Mark Weeks' Chess Pages
  3. World Championships 1/4-finals, round 8, Usenet rec.games.chess, August 24, 1991
  4. 1993 Kasparov–Short PCA Title Match, Mark Weeks' Chess Pages
  5. 1993 Karpov–Timman FIDE Title Match, Mark Weeks' Chess Pages
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