Initiative (chess)
Initiative in a chess position belongs to the player who can make threats that cannot be ignored, thus putting the opponent in the position of having to spend turns responding to threats rather than creating new threats.[1] A player with the initiative will often seek to maneuver their pieces into more and more advantageous positions as they launch successive attacks. The player who lacks the initiative may seek to regain it through counterattack.
Discussion
Due to moving first, White starts the game with the initiative,[2] but it can be lost in the opening by accepting a gambit. Players can also lose initiative by making unnecessary moves that allow the opponent to gain tempo, such as superfluous "preventive" (prophylactic) moves intended to guard against certain actions by the opponent, that nonetheless require no specific response by them. The concept of tempo is closely tied to initiative, as players can acquire the initiative or buttress it by gaining a tempo.
The initiative is important in all phases of the game, but more important in the endgame than in the middlegame and more important in the middlegame than in the opening.[3] Having the initiative puts the opponent on the defensive.
Grandmaster Larry Evans considers four elements of chess: pawn structure, force (material), space (controlling the center and piece mobility), and time. Time is measured in tempos. Having a time advantage is having the initiative.[4] The initiative should be kept as long as possible and only given up for another advantage.[5]
References
- "Glossary : Initiative". Archived from the original on 2006-05-06. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
- (Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 181: "When play commences, White, having the first move, has the initiative; its value may become insignificant as play continues and Black is then said to have equalized.")
- (Euwe & Meiden 1966:xvii, xxii)
- (Evans 1958:123)
- (Capablanca & de Firmian 2006:65–66)
Bibliography
- Capablanca, José; de Firmian, Nick (2006), Chess Fundamentals (Completely Revised and Updated for the 21st Century), Random House, ISBN 0-8129-3681-7
- Euwe, Max; Meiden, Walter (1966), The Road to Chess Mastery, McKay, pp. xxii–xxiv, ISBN 0-679-14525-7
- Evans, Larry (1958), New Ideas in Chess, Pitman (1984 Dover edition), ISBN 0-486-28305-4
- Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1996) [First pub. 1992], The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280049-3
Further reading
- Euwe, Max; Kramer, Hans (1994), The Middlegame: Book Two: Dynamic & Subjective Features, Hays, pp. 13–48, ISBN 1-880673-96-7
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