FlexRay

• Audi A4 (B9) (2015–)[4]
• Audi A5 (F5) (2016–)[5]
• Audi A6 (C7) (2011-2018)[6]
• Audi A7
• Audi A8 (D4) (2010–2017)[7]
• Audi Q7 (2015-)
• Audi TT Mk3 (2014–)
• Audi R8 (2015–)
• Bentley Flying Spur (2013-2019)
• Bentley Mulsanne (2010–)[3]
• BMW X5 (E70) (2006–2013)[3]
• BMW X6 (E71) (2008–2014)[8]
• BMW 1 Series
• BMW 3 Series
• BMW 5 Series (2009–2017)[3]
• BMW 6 Series (2011–2018)[9]
• BMW 7 Series (2008–2015)[3]
• Lamborghini Huracán
• Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222) (2013–2020)[10]
• Mercedes-Benz S-Class (C217) (2014–2020)[11]
• Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W213) (2016–2023)
• Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W205)
• Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206) (2021–)
• Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223) (2020–)
• Rolls-Royce Ghost (2009–)[3]
• Land Rover
• Volvo XC90 (2015–)[12]

The FlexRay system consists of a bus and ECUs (Electronic control unit). Each ECU has an independent clock. The clock drift must be not more than 0.15% from the reference clock, so the difference between the slowest and the fastest clock in the system is no greater than 0.3%.

This means that, if ECU-s is a sender and ECU-r is a receiver, then for every 300 cycles of the sender there will be between 299 and 301 cycles of the receiver. The clocks are resynchronized frequently enough to assure that this causes no problems. The clock is sent in the static segment.[13]

At each time, only one ECU writes to the bus. Each bit to be sent is held on the bus for 8 sample clock cycles. The receiver keeps a buffer of the last 5 samples, and uses the majority of the last 5 samples as the input signal.

Single-cycle transmission errors may affect results near the boundary of the bits, but will not affect cycles in the middle of the 8-cycle region.

The value of the bit is sampled in the middle of the 8-bit region. The errors are moved to the extreme cycles, and the clock is synchronized frequently enough for the drift to be small. (Drift is smaller than 1 cycle per 300 cycles, and during transmission the clock is synchronized more than once every 300 cycles).

All the communication is sent in the form of frames. The message consists of bytes ${\displaystyle \{x_{0},x_{1},\dots ,x_{m-1}\}}$, packed in the following way:

• Transmission Start Signal (TSS) – bit 0
• Frame Start Signal (FSS) – bit 1
• m times:
  • Byte Start Signal 0 (BSS0) – bit 1
  • Byte Start Signal 1 (BSS1) – bit 0
  • 0th bit of i-th byte
  • 1st bit of i-th byte
  • 2nd bit of i-th byte
  • ...
  • 7th bit of i-th byte
• Frame End Signal (FES) – bit 0
• Transmission End Signal (TES) – bit 1

If nothing is being communicated, the bus is held in state 1 (high voltage), so every receiver knows that the communication started when the voltage drops to 0.

The receiver knows when the message is complete by checking whether BSS0 (1) or FES (0) was received.

Note that 8-cycle per bit has nothing to do with bytes. Each byte takes 80 cycles to transfer. 16 for BSS0 and BSS1 and 64 for its bits. Also note that BSS0 has value 1, and BSS1 has value 0.

Clocks are resynchronized when the voted signal changes from 1 to 0, if the receiver was in either idle state or expecting BSS1.

As synchronization is done on the voted signal, small transmission errors during synchronization that affect the boundary bits may skew the synchronization no more than 1 cycle. As there are at most 88 cycles between synchronization (BSS1, 8 bits of the last byte, FES and TES - 11 bits of 8 cycles each), and the clock drift is no larger than 1 per 300 cycles, the drift may skew the clock no more than 1 cycle. Small transmission errors during the receiving may affect only the boundary bits. So in the worst case the two middle bits are correct, and thus the sampled value is correct.

Here's an example of a particularly bad case - error during synchronization, a lost cycle due to clock drift and error in transmission.

Errors that happened in the example:

• Because of a single-bit error during synchronization, the synchronization was delayed by 1 cycle
• Receiver clock was slower than sender clock, so receiver missed one cycle (marked X). This will not happen again before the next synchronization due to limits on maximum allowable clock drift.
• Because of a single-bit error during transmission, a bit was voted wrongly near the result.

Despite so many errors, the communication was received correctly.

The green cells are sampling points. All except the first are synchronized by the 1->0 edge in the transmission fragment shown.

Ethernet may replace FlexRay for bandwidth intensive, non-safety critical applications.[14]