Flora of Nepal

The flora of Nepal is one of the richest in the world due to the diverse climate, topology and geography of the country. Research undertaken in the late 1970s and early 1980s documented 5067 species of which 5041 were angiosperms and the remaining 26 species were gymnosperms.[1] The Terai area has hardwood, bamboo, palm, and sal trees.[2] Notable plants include the garden angelica, Luculia gratissima, Meconopsis villosa, and Persicaria affinis. However, according to ICOMOS checklist (as of 2006), in the protected sites, there are 2,532 species of vascular plants under 1,034 genera and 199 families. The variation in figures is attributed to inadequate floral coverage filed studies.[3] Some of the plants contain medicinal values. It contains certain chemical which is used to heal wound by There are 400 species of vascular plants which are endemic to Nepal. Of these, two in particular are orchids Pleione coronaria and Oreorchis porphyranthes. The most popular endemic plant of Nepal is rhododendron (arboreum) which in Nepali language is called lali guras.[4]

rhododendron (arboreum), the national flower of Nepal
Part of a series on the
Wildlife of Nepal
Himalyan Monal (Danphe) - National bird of Nepal
Biodiversity
Lists
Protected areas
Conservation
Projects
Acts of Parliament
  • National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973
  • Forest Act, 1993
Organisations
National
International
Related topics
  • Nepalese natural history

Human consumption

93% of human diet depend upon plants and remaining 7% of food rely on animals that directly or indirectly depends upon plants.[5] Nepalese people consume plants according to the geographical structure of Nepal. Human consume seed, root, whole plants, flower as their food.[6]

Seeds

Seeds consumed in Nepal usually are:[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

  • Rice
    Rice
  • Maize
    Maize
  • Wheat
    Wheat
  • Barley
    Barley
  • Pumpkin
    Pumpkin

Leaves

Leaves consumed in Nepal usually includes:[16][17][18][19]

Fruits

Fruits of Nepal usually includes:[20][21][22][23][24]

Roots

Some of the roots consumed as food in Nepal are:[25][26][27]

Medical usage

Plants were the main source of therapy till the middle of the 19th century. More than 50% of world population depends on traditional medicine.[28] There are between 1600 and 1900 plant species present in Nepal, and a large variety of them are frequently used in traditional medical practices. These plants are used for their medical benefits and have a profound cultural impact on the nation.[29] The oldest repository that is known to record the medicinal plants used in the Himalayas is known as Rigveda (4500 BC and 1600 BC), which explained the medical usage of 67 plants. The Ayurveda (the foundation of science of life and the art of healing of Hindu culture) explain the therapeutic properties of 1200 plants.[30]

S.N Scientific Name

(family)

 English Name Nepali Name Part Usage
1. Abies spectabilis(Pinaceae) Himalayan salla Gobre salla leaves used to cure cough and cold[31]
2. Acacia catechu(Mimosaceae) Cutch tree Khair wood used to cure cough and cod[31]
3. Aconitum Ferox (Ranunculaceae) Himalayan monkshook Bikh roots paste is used for joint pain[31]
4. Aconitum heterophyllum

(Ranunculaceae)

 Aconites Bish rhizome used to cure fever, body ache cold, cough, running nose etc.[31]
5. Aesculus indica

(Sapindaceae)

 Indian horse chestnut Karu seed oil extracted from seed is used for joint pain skin[31]
6. Ageratum conyzoides(Asteraceae) Ageratum Gnadhe Jhar leaf juice extracted is applied to cure wounds.

docoction is also use for diarrhea, dysentery etc.[31]

7. Amaranthus spinosus(Amaranthaceae) Prickly amaranth Bagani dhap root paste is applied to heal cuts and wounds[31]
8. Andrographis paniculata(Acanthaceae) Kalmegh Kariyat whole plant Plant juice is used to cure infections[31]
9. Acorus calamus L.

(Araceae)

 Sweet flag Bojho root paste is used to heal wounds in cattles [32]
10. Ageratum conyzoides L.(Asteraceae) Goat weed Gandhe jhar leaf juice is used to cure wounds[32]
11. Aloe Barbadensis Miller Asphodelaceae(Lilaceae) Aloe vera Ghiu kumari leaf gel extracted from leaf is applied to heal wounds[33][34]
12. Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Besser (Asteraceae) Mugwort Titepati leaf and rhizome applied on wounds to stop bleeding[32][35]
13. Azadirachta indica A. Juss

(Meliaceae)

 Margosa Neem leaf leaf decoction is applied to wounds of cattle and human[32]
14. Cannabis sativa L.

(Cannabineae)

 Hemp Bhang Leaf extracted juice from leaf applied to wounds[32]
15. Centella Asiatical(l.) Urb. Pennywort Ghodtapre leaf juice is used to treat wounds[32]
16. Curcuma Augustifolia Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) Turmeric Beshar root paste made of turmeric powder and oil is applied to wounds[33]
17. Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.

(Poaceae)

 Bermuda grass Dubo whole plant paste of whole plant is applied to wounds
18. Jatropha curcas L.(Euphoriaceae) Physic nut Saruwa Latex Latex is used to care gums infection[36]
19. Ocimum tenuflorum L.

(Lamiaceae)

 Holy basil Tulashi leaf leaf juice is applied to wounds [32]
20. Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae) Indian sorrel Chari amilo plant the juice of the plant is applied to heal wounds[32]
  • Azadirachta indica
    Azadirachta indica
  • Abies spectabiis
    Abies spectabiis
  • Acorus calamus
    Acorus calamus
  • Oxalis corniculata
    Oxalis corniculata

Spices

Herbs and spices are food additives used to enhance taste, color, aroma and to preserve food. Most of the spices have health benefits and are used as traditional medicine.[37] Following are the list of plants used as spices

S.N Scientific Name

(Family)

 English Name Nepali Name part use as spices
1. Acorus calamus L.

(Acoraceae)

 Sweet flag Bojo leaves, steam and rhizomes[38]
2. Allium hypsistum stearn

(Amarylidaceae)

 Jimbu Jimbhu Dried leaves[39]
3. Allium sativum L.

(Amarylidaceae)

 Garlic Lasun Leaves and cloves[40]
4. Allium cepa L.

(Amarylidaceae)

 Onion Pyaj Leaf and bulb[41]
5. Amomum subulatum Roxb.

(Zingiberaceae)

 Black cardamom Alichi Dried seed[42]
6. Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees &Eberm

(Lauceae)

 Bay leaf Tejpat fresh or dried leaf[43]
7. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl

(LAuraceae)

 Cinamon Dalchini Dried bark[44]
8. Coriandrum sativum L.

(Apiaceae)

 Coriander Dhaniya Fresh leaves and dried seed[45]
9. Cuminum cyminum L.

(Apiaceae)

 Cummin Jeera Seed
10. Curcuma Longa L.

(Zingiberaceae)

 Tumeric Besar rhizome[46]
11. Elettaria cardamomum L. Maton

(Zingiberaceae)

 True cardamom Sukmel dried seed[47]
12. Ferula assa-foetida L.

(Apiaceae)

 Asafetida Hing rhizome[46]
13 Mentha arvensis L.

(Lamiaceae)

 Wild mint pudina/barbari leaves[48]
14. Myristica fragrans Houtt.

(Myristicaceae)

 Nutmeg Jaiphal seed[49]
15. Nigella sativa L.

(Rananculaceae)

 Black cumin Mungrelo seed[50]
16. Piper nigrum L.

(Piperaceae)

 Black pepper Marich fruit[51]
17. Sesamum indicum L.

(Pedaliaceae)

 Sesame Til seed[48]
18. Syzygium aromaticum (L.)Merr. & L.M. Perry Clove Lwang flower bud[52]
19. Trigonella foenumgraecum L.

(Fabaceae)

 Fenugreek Methi dried fruits[53]
20. Zingiber officinale Roscoe(Zingiberaceae) Ginger Aduwa fresh and dried rhizome[54]

See also

References
  1. National Register of Medicinal Plants. IUCN. 2000. pp. 3–. ISBN 978-92-9144-048-1.
  2. Zuchora-Walske, Christine (1 September 2008). Nepal in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-0-8225-8578-7.
  3. "Biodiversity Assessment" (PDF). Icimod Organization. pp. 18, 33–35. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  4. "Nepal". Living National Treasures.Com. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  5. Borlaug, Norman E. (1983-02-11). "Contributions of Conventional Plant Breeding to Food Production". Science. 219 (4585): 689–693. doi:10.1126/science.219.4585.689. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17814030. S2CID 40490405.
  6. Behre, Karl-Ernst (2007-11-26). "Collected seeds and fruits from herbs as prehistoric food". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 17 (1): 65–73. doi:10.1007/s00334-007-0106-x. ISSN 0939-6314. S2CID 83710773.
  7. Subedi, S.; Ghimire, Y.N.; Adhikari, S.P.; Devkota, D.; Shrestha, J.; Poudel, H.K.; Sapkota, B.K. (2019-12-10). "Adoption of certain improved varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in seven different provinces of Nepal" (PDF). Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science. 4 (4): 404–409. doi:10.26832/24566632.2019.040406. ISSN 2456-6632. S2CID 209513490.
  8. Gadal, N.; Shrestha, J.; Poudel, M.N.; Pokharel, B. (2019-03-10). "A review on production status and growing environments of rice in Nepal and in the world" (PDF). Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science. 4 (1): 83–87. doi:10.26832/24566632.2019.0401013. ISSN 2456-6632. S2CID 188790603.
  9. "Current Status of Global Barley Production and Utilization", Barley for Food and Health, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 204–209, 2008, doi:10.1002/9780470369333.ch9, ISBN 9780470369333, retrieved 2023-07-07
  10. Joshi, BK; Mudwari, A; Bhatta, MR. "Wheat Genetic Resources in Nepal". Nepal Agriculture Research Journal. 7: 1–10. doi:10.3126/narj.v7i0.1859. ISSN 1029-533X.
  11. Boonman, Joseph G. (1993), "Fodder oats", East Africa’s grasses and fodders: Their ecology and husbandry, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 285–287, doi:10.1007/978-94-015-8224-7_16, ISBN 978-90-481-4176-0, retrieved 2023-07-07
  12. KC, Govind; Karki, Tika B; Shrestha, Jiban; Achhami, Buddhi B (2015-12-30). "Status and prospects of maize research in Nepal". Journal of Maize Research and Development. 1 (1): 1–9. doi:10.3126/jmrd.v1i1.14239. ISSN 2467-9305.
  13. Johnson, S. E.; Lauren, J. G.; Welch, R. M.; Duxbury, J. M. (2005-09-30). "A Comparison of the Effects of Micronutrient Seed Priming and Soil Fertilization on the Mineral Nutrition of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum), Lentil (Lens culinaris), Rice (Oryza sativa) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Nepal". Experimental Agriculture. 41 (4): 427–448. doi:10.1017/s0014479705002851. ISSN 0014-4797. S2CID 86324845.
  14. Dhakal, Shiva Chandra; Regmi, Punya Prasad; Thapa, Resham Bahadur; Sah, Shrawan Kumar; Khatri-Chhetri, Dilli Bahadur (2015-12-30). "Productivity and profitability of maize-pumpkin mix cropping in Chitwan, Nepal". Journal of Maize Research and Development. 1 (1): 112–122. doi:10.3126/jmrd.v1i1.14249. ISSN 2467-9305.
  15. Baniya, Bimal K; Tiwari, Radha K; Chaudhary, Pashupati; Shrestha, Surendra K; Tiwari, Pushpa R. "Planting Materials Seed Systems of Finger Millet, Rice and Taro in Jumla, Kaski and Bara Districts of Nepal". Nepal Agriculture Research Journal. 6: 10–22. doi:10.3126/narj.v6i0.3343. ISSN 1029-533X.
  16. Gahatraj, Sachin; Raı, Harsha Hang; Uprety, Rajendra (2019). "Assessment of contribution of cabbage in rural livelihood and constraints of production in Dhankuta, Nepal". International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences. 3 (3): 150–154. doi:10.31015/jaefs.2019.3.6. ISSN 2618-5946. S2CID 210305658.
  17. Jones, Katharine M.; Specio, Sheila E.; Shrestha, Parvati; Brown, Kenneth H.; Allen, Lindsay H. (2005). "Nutrition Knowledge and Practices, and Consumption of Vitamin A–Rich Plants by Rural Nepali Participants and Nonparticipants in a Kitchen-Garden Program". Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 26 (2): 198–208. doi:10.1177/156482650502600204. ISSN 0379-5721. PMID 16060221. S2CID 22038064.
  18. Harmayani, Eni; Anal, Anil Kumar; Wichienchot, Santad; Bhat, Rajeev; Gardjito, Murdijati; Santoso, Umar; Siripongvutikorn, Sunisa; Puripaatanavong, Jindaporn; Payyappallimana, Unnikrishnan (2019). "Healthy food traditions of Asia: exploratory case studies from Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Nepal". Journal of Ethnic Foods. 6 (1). doi:10.1186/s42779-019-0002-x. ISSN 2352-6181. S2CID 257159466.
  19. Dahal, Januka; Pandey, Utshay; Bhandari, Upakar; Tiwari, Sabina; Shrestha, Suchit (2021). "Performance of Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.) Genotypes with Respect to Morphological, Yield and Quality Traits at Two Localities of Nepal". Nepalese Horticulture. 15: 64–72. doi:10.3126/nh.v15i0.36650. ISSN 2542-2936. S2CID 244221812.
  20. Phulara, Gayatri; Budha, Janaki; Puri, Chiranjibi; Pant, Prakash (2020). "Economics of Production and Marketing of Banana in Kailali, Nepal". Food and Agribusiness Management. 1 (1): 43–46. doi:10.26480/fabm.01.2020.43.46. ISSN 2716-6678. S2CID 225842641.
  21. Pandey, Jitendra; Bastola, Tonking; Tripathi, Julu; Tripathi, Milu; Rokaya, Rabindra Kumar; Dhakal, Bhawana; D. C., Rabin; Bhandari, Ravin; Poudel, Amrit (2020). "Estimation of Total Quercetin and Rutin Content in Malus domestica of Nepalese Origin by HPLC Method and Determination of Their Antioxidative Activity". Journal of Food Quality. 2020: 1–13. doi:10.1155/2020/8853426. ISSN 1745-4557.
  22. Acharya, Suraj (2021). "Resource Productivity Analysis of Organic Turmeric Production in Surkhet District, Nepal". Economic Affairs. 66 (2). doi:10.46852/0424-2513.2.2021.2. ISSN 0424-2513. S2CID 238758035.
  23. Singh, S.P. (2011), "Guava ( Psidium guajava L.)", Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Elsevier, pp. 213–246e, doi:10.1533/9780857092885.213, ISBN 9781845697358, retrieved 2023-07-07
  24. Mishra, Ashok K.; Kumar, Anjani; Joshi, Pramod K.; D'Souza, Alwin (2018). "Cooperatives, contract farming, and farm size: The case of tomato producers in Nepal". Agribusiness. 34 (4): 865–886. doi:10.1002/agr.21563. ISSN 0742-4477. S2CID 158424089.
  25. Sapkota, Mahesh; Bajracharya, Mahima (2018). "Resource Use Efficiency Analysis for Potato Production in Nepal". Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council. 4: 54–59. doi:10.3126/jnarc.v4i1.19690. ISSN 2392-4543. S2CID 51786435.
  26. Karki, Tika; Ojha, Pravin; Panta, Om Prakash (2016), "Ethnic Fermented Foods of Nepal", Ethnic Fermented Foods and Alcoholic Beverages of Asia, New Delhi: Springer India, pp. 91–117, doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2800-4_4, ISBN 978-81-322-2798-4, retrieved 2023-07-07
  27. Sapkota, Arati; Sharma, Moha Dutta; Giri, Hom Nath; Shrestha, Bishal; Panday, Dinesh (2021). "Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nitrogen on Growth, Yield, and Quality of Beetroot Varieties in Nepal". Nitrogen. 2 (3): 378–391. doi:10.3390/nitrogen2030026. ISSN 2504-3129.
  28. Shrestha, Prasanna M.; Dhillion, Shivcharn S. (2003-05-01). "Medicinal plant diversity and use in the highlands of Dolakha district, Nepal". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 86 (1): 81–96. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00051-5. ISSN 0378-8741. PMID 12686446.
  29. Baral, Sushim Ranjan; Kurmi, Puran Prasad (2006). A compendium of medicinal plants in Nepal. Kathmandu: Rachana Sharma. ISBN 978-99946-2-027-2.
  30. Paudel, Anil; Neupane, Awijit; Khadka, Santosh; Adhikari, Laxmi; Paudel, Shishir; Kaphle, Maheshor (2023-05-08). "Factors affecting Premarital Sex among Nepalese Undergraduates". Journal of Public Health and Development. 21 (2): 152–167. doi:10.55131/jphd/2023/210213. ISSN 2673-0774. S2CID 258580310.
  31. Manandhar, Narayan P. (2002). Plants and people of Nepal. Portland: Timber press. ISBN 0881925276.
  32. Bhattarai, Nirmal K (1997). "Traditional Herbal Medicines Used to Treat Wounds and Injuries in Nepal". Tropical Doctor. 27 (1_suppl): 43–47. doi:10.1177/00494755970270S114. ISSN 0049-4755. PMID 9204725. S2CID 40765263.
  33. Shedoeva, Aleksandra; Leavesley, David; Upton, Zee; Fan, Chen (2019-09-22). "Wound Healing and the Use of Medicinal Plants". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2019: 1–30. doi:10.1155/2019/2684108. ISSN 1741-427X. PMC 6778887. PMID 31662773.
  34. doi:10.5935/2525-5711.20190005
  35. Shrestha, Nawal; Shrestha, Saugat; Koju, Laxmi; Shrestha, Krishna Kumar; Wang, Zhiheng (2016). "Medicinal plant diversity and traditional healing practices in eastern Nepal". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 192: 292–301. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.067. PMID 27469196.
  36. Kunwar, Ripu M.; Acharya, Ram P.; Chowdhary, Chhote L.; Bussmann, Rainer W. (2015). "Medicinal plant dynamics in indigenous medicines in farwest Nepal". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 163: 210–219. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.035. PMID 25655999.
  37. Preedy, Victor; Patel, Vinood; Rajendram, Rajkumar (2023-06-12). Ancient and Traditional Foods, Plants, Herbs and Spices used in Cardiovascular Health and Disease. doi:10.1201/9781003220329. ISBN 9781003220329.
  38. Khare, C.P. (2007), "Acorus calamus Linn.", Indian Medicinal Plants, New York, NY: Springer New York, p. 1, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70638-2_38, ISBN 978-0-387-70637-5, retrieved 2023-07-06
  39. Kattel, A.; Maga, J.A. (1995), "Volatile compounds from dried Jimbu (Allium wallichii)", Food Flavors: Generation, Analysis and Process Influence, Proceedings of the 8th International Flavor Conference, Developments in Food Science, Elsevier, vol. 37, pp. 919–928, doi:10.1016/s0167-4501(06)80207-4, ISBN 9780444820136, retrieved 2023-07-06
  40. El-Saber Batiha, Gaber; Magdy Beshbishy, Amany; G. Wasef, Lamiaa; Elewa, Yaser H. A.; A. Al-Sagan, Ahmed; Abd El-Hack, Mohamed E.; Taha, Ayman E.; M. Abd-Elhakim, Yasmina; Prasad Devkota, Hari (2020-03-24). "Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review". Nutrients. 12 (3): 872. doi:10.3390/nu12030872. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 7146530. PMID 32213941.
  41. Marrelli, Mariangela; Amodeo, Valentina; Statti, Giancarlo; Conforti, Filomena (2018-12-30). "Biological Properties and Bioactive Components of Allium cepa L.: Focus on Potential Benefits in the Treatment of Obesity and Related Comorbidities". Molecules. 24 (1): 119. doi:10.3390/molecules24010119. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 6337254. PMID 30598012.
  42. Gautam, Nawaraj; Bhattarai, Rewati Raman; Khanal, Bal Kumari Sharma; Oli, Prakash (2016-06-27). "Technology, Chemistry and Bioactive Properties of Large Cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.): An Overview". International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology. 4 (2): 139–149. doi:10.3126/ijasbt.v4i2.15104. ISSN 2091-2609.
  43. Rao, Pasupuleti Visweswara; Gan, Siew Hua (2014). "Cinnamon: A Multifaceted Medicinal Plant". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014: 642942. doi:10.1155/2014/642942. ISSN 1741-427X. PMC 4003790. PMID 24817901.
  44. Gruenwald, Joerg; Freder, Janine; Armbruester, Nicole (2010-09-30). "Cinnamon and Health". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 50 (9): 822–834. doi:10.1080/10408390902773052. ISSN 1040-8398. PMID 20924865. S2CID 205689307.
  45. Nadeem, Muhammad; Muhammad Anjum, Faqir; Issa Khan, Muhammad; Tehseen, Saima; El‐Ghorab, Ahmed; Iqbal Sultan, Javed (2013-05-10). "Nutritional and medicinal aspects of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)". British Food Journal. 115 (5): 743–755. doi:10.1108/00070701311331526. ISSN 0007-070X.
  46. Eigner, D; Scholz, D (1999). "Ferula asa-foetida and Curcuma longa in traditional medical treatment and diet in Nepal". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 67 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00234-7. ISSN 0378-8741. PMID 10616954.
  47. Ashokkumar, Kaliyaperumal; Murugan, Muthusamy; Dhanya, M.K.; Warkentin, Thomas D. (2020). "Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of cardamom [Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton] – A critical review". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 246: 112244. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112244. ISSN 0378-8741. PMID 31541721. S2CID 202718372.
  48. Gupta, Mradu (2010-08-12). "Pharmacological Properties and Traditional Therapeutic Uses of Important Indian Spices: A Review". International Journal of Food Properties. 13 (5): 1092–1116. doi:10.1080/10942910902963271. ISSN 1094-2912. S2CID 95370104.
  49. Ha, Manh Tuan; Vu, Ngoc Khanh; Tran, Thu Huong; Kim, Jeong Ah; Woo, Mi Hee; Min, Byung Sun (2020). "Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Myristica fragrans Houtt.: an updated review". Archives of Pharmacal Research. 43 (11): 1067–1092. doi:10.1007/s12272-020-01285-4. ISSN 0253-6269. PMID 33206347. S2CID 227037204.
  50. Ahmad, Aftab; Husain, Asif; Mujeeb, Mohd; Khan, Shah Alam; Najmi, Abul Kalam; Siddique, Nasir Ali; Damanhouri, Zoheir A.; Anwar, Firoz (2013). "A review on therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa: A miracle herb". Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 3 (5): 337–352. doi:10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60075-1. ISSN 2221-1691. PMC 3642442. PMID 23646296.
  51. Takooree, Heerasing; Aumeeruddy, Muhammad Z.; Rengasamy, Kannan R.R.; Venugopala, Katharigatta N.; Jeewon, Rajesh; Zengin, Gokhan; Mahomoodally, Mohamad F. (2019-02-11). "A systematic review on black pepper (Piper nigrum L.): from folk uses to pharmacological applications". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 59 (sup1): S210–S243. doi:10.1080/10408398.2019.1565489. ISSN 1040-8398. PMID 30740986. S2CID 73445549.
  52. Devkota, Hari Prasad; Adhikari-Devkota, Anjana (2020), "Cold pressed clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oil", Cold Pressed Oils, Elsevier, pp. 273–276, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818188-1.00023-2, ISBN 9780128181881, S2CID 226456442, retrieved 2023-07-06
  53. Wani, Sajad Ahmad; Kumar, Pradyuman (2018). "Fenugreek: A review on its nutraceutical properties and utilization in various food products". Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 17 (2): 97–106. doi:10.1016/j.jssas.2016.01.007. ISSN 1658-077X.
  54. Mao, Qian-Qian; Xu, Xiao-Yu; Cao, Shi-Yu; Gan, Ren-You; Corke, Harold; Beta, Trust; Li, Hua-Bin (2019-05-30). "Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)". Foods. 8 (6): 185. doi:10.3390/foods8060185. ISSN 2304-8158. PMC 6616534. PMID 31151279.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flora of Nepal.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.