Freestone County, Texas

Freestone County is a county in the east-central part of the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 19,435.[1] Its county seat is Fairfield.[2] The county was created in 1850 and organized the next year.[3]

Freestone County
County
The Freestone County Courthouse in Fairfield
The Freestone County Courthouse in Fairfield
Map of Texas highlighting Freestone County
Location within the U.S. state of Texas
Map of the United States highlighting Texas
Texas's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 31°42′N 96°09′W
Country United States
State Texas
Founded1851 (1851)
SeatFairfield
Largest cityTeague
Area
 • Total892 sq mi (2,310 km2)
 • Land878 sq mi (2,270 km2)
 • Water14 sq mi (40 km2)  1.6%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total19,435
 • Density22/sq mi (8.4/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional districts6th, 17th
Websitewww.co.freestone.tx.us

History

Native Americans

Archeological evidence of the farming Kichai[4] band of the Caddoan Mississippian culture dates to 200 BCE in the area.[5]

The Hernando de Soto expedition of 1541 resulted in violent encounters with the Caddo Native Americans who occupied the area. Spanish and French missionaries carried smallpox, measles, malaria, and influenza as endemic diseases; the Caddo suffered epidemics, as they had no acquired immunity to these new diseases.[6] Eventually, the Caddo were forced to reservations.

The Tawakoni[7] branch of Wichita Indians originated as a tribe north of Texas, but migrated south into East Texas. From 1843 onward, the Tawakoni were part of treaties made by both the Republic of Texas and the United States. The name of the Tawakoni was also sometimes spelled as Tehuacana.

County established
Old Freestone County Jail, Fairfield, Texas
This cannon was taken at the Civil War battle of Val Verde. It is on the courthouse grounds

In 1826, empresario David G. Burnet received a grant from the Coahuila y Tejas legislature to settle 300 families.[8] By contracting how many families each grantee could settle, the government sought to have some control over colonization.

The threat of Indian hostilities kept most from homesteading in Freestone County until the Treaty of Bird's Fort.[9] Within three years of the treaty, colonization, primarily from Southern states, had been so successful that the counties surrounding Freestone had already been organized. In 1850, the Texas Legislature formed Freestone County from Limestone County. Freestone is a descriptive name referring to the quality of the soil.[10] The county was organized in 1851. Fairfield was designated as the county seat. Of the county's total 1860 population of 6,881,[11] more than half (3,613) were slaves.

Freestone County voted 585–3 in favor of secession from the Union. After the Civil War, while the loss of slave labor may have hurt the planters in the local county economy, by the end of Reconstruction, the number of farms doubled, with more smaller farms than before the war. Continuing economic and social tensions after Reconstruction resulted in Whites lynching Blacks to keep them in place as second-class citizens. Freestone County had nine such lynchings from 1877 into the early 20th century, most around the turn of the century. This was the fifth-highest total in the state, tied with that of Grimes County, Texas.[12]

The Houston and Texas Central Railway was constructed to skirt the county to the west and south in 1870, giving the local economy a boost.[13] and the International – Great Northern Railroad[14] The Trinity and Brazos Valley Railway,[15] laid track across the county in 1906, helping the growing economy.

The Prohibition Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution took effect in 1920, banning the sale, manufacturing, and transportation of alcoholic beverages for public consumption. In the period until its repeal by the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1933,[16] some enterprising individuals in Freestone followed a national trend and began bootlegging for profit. This illegal activity put food on the table for some people during a period when the local economy was in a downward slide.

In 1969, the Texas Utilities Generating Company located a new power plant near Fairfield called Big Brown Power Plant. A dam was built to create Fairfield Lake to provide stored water for a cooling system for the plant.[17] Fairfield Lake State Park was established around the lake and opened to the public in 1976.[18] Big Brown was shut down in February 2018.[19]

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 892 sq mi (2,310 km2), of which 878 sq mi (2,270 km2) are land and 14 sq mi (36 km2) (1.6%) are covered by water.[20]

Major highways

Adjacent counties

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18606,881—
18708,13918.3%
188014,92183.3%
189015,9877.1%
190018,91018.3%
191020,5578.7%
192023,26413.2%
193022,589−2.9%
194021,138−6.4%
195015,696−25.7%
196012,525−20.2%
197011,116−11.2%
198014,83033.4%
199015,8186.7%
200017,86713.0%
201019,81610.9%
202019,435−1.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[21]
1850–2010[22] 2010[23] 2020[24]
Freestone County, Texas - Demographic Profile
(NH = Non-Hispanic)
Race / Ethnicity Pop 2010[23] Pop 2020[24] % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 13,656 12,817 68.91% 65.95%
Black or African American alone (NH) 3,164 2,740 15.97% 14.10%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 77 64 0.39% 0.33%
Asian alone (NH) 50 66 0.25% 0.34%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 5 11 0.03% 0.06%
Some Other Race alone (NH) 8 46 0.04% 0.24%
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) 162 536 0.82% 2.76%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 2,694 3,155 13.60% 16.23%
Total 19,816 19,435 100.00% 100.00%

Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.

As of the census[25] of 2010, 19,816 people, 6,588 households, and 4,664 families were residing in the county. The population density was 20 people/sq mi (7.7 people/km2). The 8,138 housing units averaged 9 per square mile (3.5/km2).

The racial makeup of the county was 73.1% White, 16.1% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 8.1% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. About 13.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 7,259 households, 28% had children under 18 living with them, 54.5% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.6% were not families. About 27% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.51, and the average family size was 3.05.

In the county, the age distribution was 23.6% under 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 110.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.80 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $44,560, and for a family was $59,696. Males had a median income of $30,633 versus $19,214 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,338. About 9.80% of families and 14.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.80% of those under age 18 and 14.30% of those age 65 or over.

Media

Freestone County is currently listed as part of the Dallas-Fort Worth DMA, although it is located in eastern Central Texas, geographically closer to the Waco metropolitan area. Local media outlets include: KDFW-TV, KXAS-TV, WFAA-TV, KTVT-TV, KERA-TV, KTXA-TV, KDFI-TV, KDAF-TV, and KFWD-TV, and all of the Waco/Temple/Killeen market stations also provide coverage for Freestone County. They include: KCEN-TV, KWTX-TV, KXXV-TV,KAKW-TV and KWKT-TV.

The Freestone County Times and The Fairfield Recorder newspapers serve the county. The Teague Chronicle is the hometown newspaper of Teague (Freestone County), Texas, and has served Teague and Freestone Counties for over a century.

Communities

Cities

Towns

Unincorporated communities

Ghost town

Notable people

Politics
United States presidential election results for Freestone County, Texas[26]
Year Republican Democratic Third party
No. %No. %No. %
2020 6,991 80.25% 1,635 18.77% 85 0.98%
2016 6,026 78.42% 1,471 19.14% 187 2.43%
2012 5,646 74.58% 1,850 24.44% 74 0.98%
2008 5,205 71.42% 2,034 27.91% 49 0.67%
2004 5,057 70.62% 2,070 28.91% 34 0.47%
2000 4,247 63.95% 2,316 34.87% 78 1.17%
1996 2,888 47.37% 2,630 43.14% 579 9.50%
1992 2,316 36.39% 2,445 38.41% 1,604 25.20%
1988 3,159 51.85% 2,916 47.87% 17 0.28%
1984 3,624 59.20% 2,489 40.66% 9 0.15%
1980 2,468 46.88% 2,739 52.02% 58 1.10%
1976 1,674 38.39% 2,679 61.43% 8 0.18%
1972 2,459 65.61% 1,283 34.23% 6 0.16%
1968 958 23.41% 2,066 50.48% 1,069 26.12%
1964 1,074 27.60% 2,816 72.35% 2 0.05%
1960 1,629 44.63% 1,997 54.71% 24 0.66%
1956 1,627 47.09% 1,813 52.47% 15 0.43%
1952 1,707 37.02% 2,902 62.94% 2 0.04%
1948 460 14.24% 2,265 70.12% 505 15.63%
1944 277 9.17% 2,427 80.31% 318 10.52%
1940 481 12.03% 3,514 87.85% 5 0.13%
1936 134 6.48% 1,929 93.23% 6 0.29%
1932 170 6.40% 2,481 93.41% 5 0.19%
1928 1,178 47.14% 1,318 52.74% 3 0.12%
1924 608 19.17% 2,484 78.31% 80 2.52%
1920 378 13.74% 1,463 53.16% 911 33.10%
1916 637 27.56% 1,575 68.15% 99 4.28%
1912 475 26.24% 1,305 72.10% 30 1.66%

See also

References
  1. "Freestone County, Texas". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  2. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  3. "Texas: Individual County Chronologies". Texas Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. The Newberry Library. 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  4. "Kichai Indian History". Access Genealogy. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  5. "Caddo Timeline". Texas Beyond History. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  6. "Caddo (Kadahadacho)". Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on July 19, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2010. Oklahoma Historical Society
  7. Krieger, Margery H: Tawakoni Indians from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 2 May 2010. Texas State Historical Association
  8. "Empresario Contracts in the Colonization of Texas 1825–1834". Texas A & M University. Archived from the original on June 15, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2010. Wallace L. McKeehan,
  9. "Treaty Negotiations 1825–1834". Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  10. Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 132.
  11. Leffler, John: Freestone County from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved May 2, 2010. Texas State Historical Association
  12. "Lynching in America, Third Edition: Supplement by County" (PDF). eji.org. Mobile, AL: Equal Justice Initiative. 2017. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
  13. Werner, George C: Houston Texas and Central Railway from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved May 2, 2010. Texas State Historical Association
  14. Werner, George C: International-Great Northern Railroad from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved May 2, 2010. Texas State Historical Association
  15. "Trinity and Brazos Valley Railway". Don's Depot. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  16. "Freestone Bootlegging". Fairfield Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  17. "Fairfield Lake (Trinity River Basin)". Texas Water Development Board. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  18. "Fairfield Lake State Park History". Texas Parks & Wildlife Department. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  19. Zhou, Jeff (November 6, 2017). "ERCOT OKs Vistra's plan to retire 2,400 MW coal capacity in Texas". Platts. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  20. "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
  21. "Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades". US Census Bureau.
  22. "Texas Almanac: Population History of Counties from 1850–2010" (PDF). Texas Almanac. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
  23. "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Freestone County, Texas". United States Census Bureau.
  24. "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Freestone County, Texas". United States Census Bureau.
  25. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
  26. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved July 23, 2018.

31.70°N 96.15°W / 31.70; -96.15

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